Neuroscience Quiz: Axon and Action Potentials

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes axon and signal transduction?

Forward axonal transport returns old cellular components from the axon terminal to the cell body.

The electrical signals reaching the axon terminal can stimulate the secretion of neurotransmitters. (correct)

It functions to enhance the electrical signals from the integrating centre of the neuron to the target cells at the axon terminal.

Slow axonal transport moves soluble proteins and cytoskeleton proteins in both directions.

Which of the following is the CORRECT order of generation of electrical potential once the neuron cells are activated upon stimulation?

5, 3, 1, 2, 6, 4

5, 3, 2, 6, 4, 1

2, 6, 5, 1, 4, 1

2, 6, 4, 5, 3, 1 (correct)

Which of the following CORRECTLY describes action potentials?

Absolute refractory period can have continuous action potentials in response to continuous stimuli.

A stronger and longer stimulus can increase the amplitude of the action potential as compared to weaker and shorter stimulus after achieving threshold potential.

Second action potentials can be generated during absolute refractory period but not during relative refractory period.

Suprathreshold and threshold stimuli can produce an action potential. (correct)

Which of the following describes the inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in a postsynaptic neuron upon neurotransmitter binding?

2, 4 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the function of the gray matter in the central nervous system?

It is used for neural integration and synaptic communication. Lecture 11 slide 28 Signup and view all the answers

The brain structure that plays important roles in learning, memory, and spatial awareness is the

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sensory pathways can project to different parts in the brain, including thalamus, before sending their cerebral cortex?

Equilibrium (balance) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the role of the adrenal medulla in sympathetic activation of the autonomic nervous system?

1, 2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the origins and/or properties of sympathetic and/or parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?

Sympathetic pathways have short preanglionic and long postganglionic neurons, while parasympathetic pathways have long preanglionic and short postanglionic neurons. Signup and view all the answers

Which following neurotransmitters and associated receptors involved in preanglionic and postanglionic neurons in sympathetic and/or parasympathetic autonomic nervous system?

Parasympathetic: postanglionic (acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the types of muscles in the human body?

Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles are striated due to the alternating light and dark bands seen under the light microscope. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes myofibrils in the sarcoplasm?

Myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the sarcomere?

A sarcomere has two Z disks with thin filaments found between them. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence for skeletal muscle contraction?

2, 4, 1, 3, 5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the myosin head movement along actin filaments during contraction?

Release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) allows myosin head swing to the Z disk (M line). Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following primary functions of respiratory system is the most common? {Slide 4}

Exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the function of pulmonary surfactant? {Slide 5}

It prevents the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the percentage of O₂ transport in the arterial blood? {SLIDE 7

<blockquote> 98% in HbO2; dissolved O2 < 2%; </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following two factors can increase the binding affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin? {SLIDE- 15}

Lower blood pH and low plasma O2 Signup and view all the answers

Airway resistance is the force that makes it difficult for air to flow through the respiratory system. Which of the following hormones can decrease the airway resistance? {SLIDE 8}

Epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is involved in calculating minute breathing? {SLIDE 21}

Tidal volume, breathing frequency Signup and view all the answers

Which of gas partial pressure in the blood can be monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors (carotid body and aorta)? {Slide 24 and 27}

pH, PO2, and pCO2 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a part of the innate immune system? {slide 17}

Production and activation of lymphocytes Signup and view all the answers

Which cells are responsible for increasing or recruiting additional leukocytes in the adaptive immune system? {Slide 30}

Helper T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which method in the following that antibodies use to inactivate antigens? {Slide

Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adaptive (acquired) immunities that a fetus receives the maternal antibodies across the placenta? Slide 24

Naturally acquired passive immunity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following immunities describe that a human injected with an animal plasma containing self-made antibodies after viral injection? {slide 24}

Passive immunization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the molecules or proteins secreted by natural killer cells and cytotoxic T cells to kill the invaded pathogen by making a membrane pore that allows the granzymes to enter? {Slide 14}

Perforins Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Axon and Signal Transduction

Forward axonal transport returns old cellular components from the axon terminal to the cell body.
Slow axonal transport moves soluble proteins and cytoskeletal proteins in both directions.
Axon terminal signal transduction involves stimulating secretion of neurotransmitters.

Electrical Potential Generation

The correct order for electrical potential generation in neurons activated by a stimulus is:
- Sodium channel activation
- Sodium ions enter the cell, leading to depolarization
- Voltage-regulated potassium channels open, potassium moves out of the cell
- Sodium channels become inactivated
- Potassium channels close
- A temporary hyperpolarization occurs

Action Potentials

Action potentials can be generated during the relative refractory period, but not the absolute refractory period
A stronger and longer stimulus can increase the amplitude of the action potential in comparison to a weaker or shorter stimulus.

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

An IPSP increases the membrane potential, making it less likely to fire an action potential.
It's associated with the opening of postsynaptic Cl- channels.

Gray Matter Function

Gray matter in the central nervous system carries sensory and processed information to and from the CNS, and carries information from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS, also called white matter.
It controls eye movement, provides neural integration and synaptic communication.

Neurotransmitters and Receptors

For sympathetic preganglionic neurons, the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and the receptor is muscarinic.
For sympathetic postganglionic neurons, the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and the receptor is adrenergic.
For parasympathetic preganglionic neurons, the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and the receptor is muscarinic.
For parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, the neurotransmitter is acetylcholine and the receptor is muscarinic.

Muscle Types

Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles are striated (have alternating light and dark bands visible under a light microscope).
Smooth muscles can contract without conscious direction.
Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles contract in response to a signal from a somatic motor neuron.

Myofibrils in Sarcoplasm

Myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments.

Skeletal Muscle Contraction Sequence

The correct sequence for skeletal muscle contraction is:
1. Events at the neuromuscular junction
2. Ca2+ signal
3. Excitation-contraction coupling
4. Contraction-relaxation cycle
5. Muscle twitch and sliding filament theory

Myosin Head Movement

ATP binding decreases the actin-binding affinity of myosin.
The power stroke begins after Ca2+ binds to tropomyosin (troponin).

Respiratory System Functions

The most common function of the respiratory system is exchanging gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
A pulmonary surfactant functions to prevent alveoli collapse after exhalation.
O2 transport in the arterial blood is typically > 98% in HbO2, with dissolved O2 making up <2%.

Airway Resistance

Hormones such as epinephrine, insulin, oxytocin, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, and aromatase can decrease airway resistance.

Minute Breathing Calculation

Calculating minute breathing involves using tidal volume and breathing frequency.

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

Peripheral chemoreceptors monitor the partial pressure of gases in the blood, specifically pH, pO2, and pCO2

Innate Immune System

The skin, being an epithelial membrane, is part of the innate immune system.

Adaptive Immune System Cell Recruitment

Helper T cells are responsible for increasing or recruiting additional leukocytes in the adaptive immune system.

Antibody Methods of Antigen Inactivation

Antibody methods of antigen inactivation include agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, and complement protein activation, and chemotaxis.

Acquired Immunity in the Fetus

Materally acquired passive immunity is the process through which a fetus receives maternal antibodies across the placenta.

Self-Made Antibodies

Injections with an animal plasma containing self-made antibodies after viral infection would be considered to be innate immunity.

Hormones that Trigger Ovulation

LH and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Hormones with Function in Parturition

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, leading to labor.
Estrogen and progesterone may signal to begin labor.
Maintaining higher levels of corticotropin releasing hormone and prolactin during labor.

The Body's Tissues

The four primary tissue types in the human body are muscle, nervous, epithelial, and connective tissue.

Chemical Elements

The four most common chemical elements in the human body are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

Energy Source for Cells

Glucose is the primary direct source of energy for cells.

Energy Storage

Glycogen and fats are important compounds for energy storage in the body.

Plasma Membrane Characteristics

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable.

Plasma Membrane Proteins

Proteins in the plasma membrane perform various functions, including structural support and serving as receptors.

Methods of Transport

Active transport moves molecules against their concentration gradient
Vesicular transport includes endocytosis and exocytosis.

Cell Communication

Gap junctions and local communication allow direct cytoplasmic transfer, where chemical and electrical signals are transmitted between adjacent cells.
Paracrine messengers communicate locally through an organ between target cells, differentiating from the more widely dispersed endocrine signaling.

Signal Molecules

Hydrophilic signal molecules, which dissolve in water but not lipids, cannot cross the cell membrane and require receptor molecules.
Hydrophobic signal molecules, which dissolve in lipids but not water, can cross the cell membrane and function directly inside the cell.

Hormone Control

The hypothalamus, a brain region, regulates the anterior pituitary gland through feedback mechanisms and hormone secretion.
Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus produce hormones (like oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone) that are stored and released by the posterior pituitary.

Chemical Messenger Classifications

Hormones are chemical messengers that are released into the bloodstream.
Hormones are categorized by their structures: peptides, amines, or steroids.

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Description

Test your understanding of axonal transport, signal transduction, and the generation of action potentials in neurons. This quiz covers the mechanisms involved in neuronal communication and the electrical processes that underlie neural activity.