Neuroscience Quiz: Axon and Action Potentials

<p>2, 4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is used for neural integration and synaptic communication. Lecture 11 slide 28 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hippocampus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Equilibrium (balance) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1, 2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic pathways have short preanglionic and long postganglionic neurons, while parasympathetic pathways have long preanglionic and short postanglionic neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic: postanglionic (acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles are striated due to the alternating light and dark bands seen under the light microscope. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myosin forms the thick filaments, and actin forms the thin filaments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sarcomere has two Z disks with thin filaments found between them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2, 4, 1, 3, 5 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of inorganic phosphate (Pi) allows myosin head swing to the Z disk (M line). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exchanges gases between the atmosphere and the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents the alveoli from collapsing after exhalation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<blockquote> <p>98% in HbO2; dissolved O2 &lt; 2%; (A)</p> </blockquote> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower blood pH and low plasma O2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epinephrine, estrogen, progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tidal volume, breathing frequency (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>pH, PO2, and pCO2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production and activation of lymphocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Helper T cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agglutination, precipitation, neutralization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Naturally acquired passive immunity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive immunization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perforins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The study of the normal functions of the organ systems.

The basic unit of the nervous system.

Neurons communicate with each other using both electrical and chemical signals.

A received neural impulse travels from dendrites, through the cell body, and down the axon.

Concentration gradients move potassium ions out of the cell when the membrane is at rest.

Adrenergic receptors are not receptors for acetylcholine (ACh).

All chemical changes in an organism.

A group of tissues that work together to form a specific part.

The endocrine system is responsible for the secretion of hormones.

Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecule and are a major source of energy in our bodies.

Endergonic reactions require energy input and involve processes like active transport, cell movement, and anabolism.

The plasma membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it allows some substances to pass through while blocking others.

DNA synthesis is carried out by DNA polymerase, an enzyme found in the nucleus, not the plasma membrane.

Proteins on the outer surface of cells act as receptors or binding sites for hormones and other chemical messengers.

Voltage-gated channels and antiport carriers are both types of transporters, allowing the movement of substances across the membrane.

Oxygen molecules are transported across the lung membrane via simple diffusion, not a carrier protein.

Primary active transport requires ATP utilization to move substances against their concentration gradients

The Na+/K+ pump transports 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell for every 2 potassium ions (K+) it transports in.

Vesicular transport involves the movement of substances within membrane-bound vesicles. The two main types are endocytosis (bringing substances into the cell) and exocytosis (releasing substances from the cell).

Paracrine signaling involves local communication within an organ, while autocrine signaling involves cells communicating with themselves.

Gap junctions allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells.

True. Paracrine signals diffuse locally throughout an organ, communicating among target cells within that organ.

Hydrophilic substances readily dissolve in water but do not readily dissolve in lipids.

Receptor molecules can be located in the cytosol, the nucleus, or on the cell membrane.

True. Nonpolar signal molecules can diffuse directly through the cell membrane since they are lipophilic (lipid-loving).

Neurotransmitters and neurohormones both affect only cells with specific receptors. Neurotransmitters are released locally, while neurohormones travel in the blood to reach target cells.

In a negative feedback control system, the output or response inhibits the original input or stimuli to restore the regulated variable at a relatively steady set point.

The hormone oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback loop during childbirth.

The hypothalamus acts as the integrating center in the body's temperature regulation system.

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a dynamic steady state of the internal environment, despite constant changes.

Chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called hormones.

True. Releasing and inhibiting hormones produced by the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary gland.

False. Neurosecretory cells secrete oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone directly into the posterior pituitary gland for storage and release.

True. Hormones are long-range chemical messengers released by endocrine glands into the blood in response to specific signals.

True. Only target cells with specific receptors for a particular hormone will respond to its effects.

True. Lipophilic hormones can easily pass through cell membranes to reach intracellular receptors and activate transcription.

Hormones can be classified by their chemical structure: steroids, amino acids (including amines), and thyroid hormones.

Cholesterol is the precursor molecule for steroid hormones.

Steroid hormones are synthesized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the cell.

Catecholamines are derived from the amino acid tyrosine.

The posterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) and oxytocin into the blood.

The hypothalamus closely regulates the secretion of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland.

Trophic hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to secrete hormones.

Trophic hormones stimulate cellular growth and development.

Hormonal stimulus describes the stimulation of endocrine organs by other hormones.

Peptide/protein hormones typically act through membrane receptors, G protein-linked receptors, and enzyme-linked receptors. They do not directly activate transcription.