Pharmacognosy-II Lecture 6 Barks - Fall Semester 2023-2024

Pharmacognosy-II Fall Semestre 2023-2024 Shaza Hussiny Aly, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Badr University in Cairo November 2023 Lecture 6 5-11-2023 Barks ✓ Lectures outline: Barks I. Introduction to barks. II. Barks contain...

Pharmacognosy-II Fall Semestre 2023-2024 Shaza Hussiny Aly, PhD Lecturer of Pharmacognosy Faculty of Pharmacy Badr University in Cairo November 2023 Lecture 6 5-11-2023 Barks ✓ Lectures outline: Barks I. Introduction to barks. II. Barks containing Alkaloids: Cinchona & Pomegranate III. Barks containing Volatile oil : Cinnamon & Cassia IV. Barks containing Anthraquinone glycosides: Cascara & Frangula V. Barks containing Saponin glycosides: Quillaia VI. Barks containing Phenolic glycosides: Salix VII. Barks containing Tannins: Hamamelis IV. Barks containing Anthraquinones, Cascara & Frangula Cascara Frangula ‫القشر المقدس‬ ‫قشر الفرانجيولة‬ Sacred bark, Cascara, Alder Buckthorn Bark Buckthorn, Cascara Sagrada Black Alder Bark IV. Barks containing Anthraquinones, Cascara & Frangula Cascara Frangula Origin Dried stem bark of Dried stem bark of Rhamnus purshianus Rhamnus frangula Fam. Rhamnaceae Fam. Rhamnaceae Collected 1 year before being used in medicine & not after 4 years of collection. Why? An irritant substance present in the bark disappears upon storage.  The fresh bark is unsuitable for drug use ✓ Causing gripping and nausea, thus the bark is stored at least one year before being processes. ✓ During this time, enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation modify the anthraquinone constituents and thus the cathartic activity Powder Cascara Sclerides Crystal Cork sheath cells IV. Barks containing Anthraquinones, Cascara & Frangula Cascara Frangula Active constituents Anthraquinone glycosides Anthraquinone glycosides Cascarosides A, B. Glucofrangulin & frangulin Free anthraquinones Free anthraquinone  Uses and Contraindications: Uses: 1. Laxative and purgative, it stimulates the muscular coat of the large intestine and produces purgation. 2. Used in slimming herbal teas. Contraindications: 1. Pregnant women. 2. Lactating mother. 3. Children. 4. Inflammatory conditions of the alimentary tract. 5. Intestinal obstruction. IV. Barks containing Saponin glycosides, Quillaia Syn.: Soap Bark, Panama wood. Origin: Dried inner barkof Quillaia saponaria Fam. Rosaceae [incomplete barks!!!] Shape: Large flat pieces & chips. Key Elements: Styloids or prism of Ca ox. Styloid crystals A.C.: 10% Saponin glycosides (mainly Quillajic acid & quillaia- sapotoxin). Chemical Test: 1.[Froth test]: On shaking the powder with water, persistent froth is produced indicating saponin. 2.Haemolysis test. Action & Uses: 1. An emulsifying agent. 2. Expectorant (low doses). 3. Hair preparations, shampoos & anti-dandruff. 4. Foaming agent. 5. Manufacture of cortisone & sex hormones. IV. Barks containing Phenolic glycosides, Salix Salicis Bark ‫قشر الصفصاف‬ Syn.: Willow Bark, Salix. Origin: Dried bark of the young (2-3 YO) branches of Salix alba , Salix purpurea and other Salix species Family Salicaceae Shape: Channeled pieces & chips.  Active constituents: Phenolic glycosides: salicin and salicortin Tannins: mainly catechins, gallotannins and condensed tannins (procyanidins) Flavonoids: isoquercitrin, and naringin Chemical tests: FeCl3 test Ammonia test (flavonoids)  Pharmacology and Uses: Salicin is converted by intestinal flora to salicylic acid Used in fever, rheumatic ailments, and headaches. In treatment of common cold or influenza Used as analgesic for treatment of headache and toothache Barks containing Tannins  Hamamelis barks Witch Hazel (Winter bloom) Origin: Dried barks of Hamamelis viriginiana L. Fam. Hamamelidaceae Active constituents: Tannins (up to 10%) Mixture of gallic acid, hamamelitannin (Hydrolysable tannins), proanthocyanidins (Condensed tannins)  Hamamelis barks Witch Hazel (Winter bloom)  Hamamelis barks Witch Hazel (Winter bloom) Uses: Topically for 1. Inflammatory skin conditions (Acne) 2. Hemorrhoids and varicose veins  Wood (Lignum) Heart wood  Definition of Wood or Lignum: All tissues inside the cambium. Composition of Wood: Secondary xylem, primary xylem & pith. Elements of Wood: 1. Tracheides 2. Vessels 3. Medullary rays. 4. Wood parenchyma. 5. Fibers.  Types of Wood Sap wood Heart wood Color Lighter Darker Composition ◼Outer newly ◼ Inner & central formed. portion. ◼Still living. ◼ Dead. Function ◼ Water No more transport. functioning, vessels [Conducting & are blocked by resin, support] coloring matter. [Support] Example Quassia wood Guaiacum wood  Xylem vessels Are narrow or wide long tubes. Formed from a number of cells placed end to end. The vessels may be: Annular ( the thickening is in the form of separate rings). Spiral ( Spirally coiled around the vessel) Reticulate (The thickening meet together forming a network) Pitted (The thickening leaving very small pits).  Tyloses When the vessel stops its function, the parenchyma around it grows inside the vessel through the pits, so the vessel become blocked. These inner growths are called Tyloses E.g. Guaiacum Wood. Annual Rings In most Woody plants, according to the climatic variation (Distinct wet & dry seasons), cambium exhibits a periodic seasonal activity. Formation of alternate cylindrical layers that appears in transverse section as cross rings that each corresponds to one year growth. Determine plant’s age. Quassia Wood Syn.: Bitter wood, Jamaica wood. Origin: Dried sap wood of the trunk & branches of Picrasma excelsa (Jamaica Quassia) Family Simarubaceae.  R.L.S. T.L.S. Crystal sheath Ca. Ox.Prism Starch granules Wood fibers R.L.S.  Active Constituents: 1. Bitter principles [Picrasmin, quassin & neoquassin]. 2. starch. Chemical test: Heat Residue Powder + alcohol Filter Phloroglucin + conc. Hcl Red color (Lignified elements) Uses: 1. As a non-astringent bitter tonic. 2.Parasiticide for head & body lice. 3.Anthelmintic for threadworms.  Guiacum Wood Origin: Dried Heart wood of Guaiacum officinale & Guiaicum sanctum Family Zygophyllaceae. A.C.: Guaiacum resin (guaiac blue). Saponins.  Test for Guaiac blue : Tincture + FeCl3 gives blue color. Medicinal uses: 1. Local antibacterial in sore throat (mouth wash). 2. Fungistatic. 3. Respiratory complaints. 4. Resin useful in chronic gout & rheumatism (folk medicine). 5. Bed sores. Galls ‫العفص‬ Syn.: Aleppo galls, Blue galls, Nut galls Nature: Pathological outgrowth (excrescence). Origin: Pathological outgrowths formed by the deposition of an egg by the Gall-wasp insect, Adleria gallae tinctoria Fam. Cynipidae on the twigs of Quercus infectoria Fam. Fagaceae. The galls are collected before the escape of the insect. Insect punctures the Deposition of eggs twigs Hydrolytic Eggs hatch into larva Enzymes Stimulation of rapid Rapid hydrolysis of growth of tissues starch into sugar Gall formation enclosing the larva inside a cavity, changing into pupa & then perfect insect  What is the difference between blue & white galls? Blue galls White galls Collection Before escape of After escape of the insect insect Weight Heavier in weight Lighter in weight Sink in water Floats in water Color Dark bluish green Yellowish or olive green A.C. Higher amount of Lower amount of Hydrolyzable Hydrolyzable tannins tannins  Starch granules Lignin bodies Sclerids Ca. Tannin plates ox. Powdered Galls  A.C. : 50-70% Hydrolysable tannins Chemical test: Ferric chloride – Blue color Uses: 1. Local astringent (suppository or ointment in piles & hemorrhoids). 2. Alkaloid poisoning. 3. Antioxidant. 4. Anti-inflammatory. 5. Tanning, dying & manufacture of leather. 6. Manufacture of ink.