Air Law PDF - National Ground School Program

AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.01 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...............................................

AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.01 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.01.01 Introduction to the canadian Aviation reglulations (CARs)......................................................................4 401.01.02 TC AIM......................................................................................................................................................5 401.01.03 Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)...............................................................................................................5 401.01.04 Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB)..........................................................................................5 401.01.05 NAV CANADA Services..............................................................................................................................6 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................7 October 21, 2024 Page 2/7 National Ground School Program 401.01 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Transport Canada TP14371E Transport Canada Study and Reference Guide Glider Pilot – TP 876 Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) From the Ground Up Preparation: For in person training: Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation. Prepare electronic links and on screen displays of CARs, etc. MTPs: 401.01.01 Introduction to the Canadian Aviation regulations (CARs) 401.01.02 TC AIM 401.01.03 Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) 401.01.04 Transportation Safety Board (TSB) 401.01.05 NAV CANADA Services INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will introduce air law in Canada and some of the documents and agencies that support civil aviation. At the end of the class, you should have a basic understanding of Canadian air law and the publications and agencies that support aviation. October 21, 2024 Page 3/7 National Ground School Program 401.01 MAIN BODY 401.01.01 INTRODUCTION TO THE CANADIAN AVIATION REGLULATIONS (CARS) The Aeronautics Act: the legal document governing aviation in Canada. This is the act that enables/empowers the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs). Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs): CARs are a compilation of regulatory requirements designed to enhance safety and the competitiveness of the Canadian aviation industry. Are divided into two subcomponents: Regulatory text: these can be found on the Justice Laws Website. They are law. They can be easily identified as the second digit is a zero “0”. They take precedence over the standards, so if there is ever a disagreement between the two subcomponents (regulatory text and standards), the regulatory text is taken as correct. Example: CAR 401.05 Recency Requirements Standards: the standards can be found on Transport Canada’s website. Standards are meant to elaborate on the regulatory text. They can easily be identified as the second digit is a two “2”. Not all regulatory text has associated standards. Example: 421.05 Recency Requirements, expands on the information found in CAR 401.05, but not all the points found in CAR 401.05 are expanded on in 421.05. It is always recommended to read the Regulatory text and the associated standards together to properly understand the CARs. Subsection of the CARs: CARs correspond to the broad areas of aviation which Transport Canada, Civil Aviation is mandated to regulate. CARs are broken down into 9 main components called “Parts”: Part I General Provisions Part II Aircraft Identification and Registration and Operation of a Leased Aircraft by a Non- registered Owner Part III Aerodromes, Airports and Heliports Part IV Personnel Licensing and Training Part V Airworthiness Part VI General Operating and Flight Rules Part VII Commercial Air Services Part VIII Air Navigation Services Part IX Repeals and Coming into Force October 21, 2024 Page 4/7 National Ground School Program 401.01 401.01.02 TC AIM The Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) can be found free online or hard copy and contains detailed information about Air Law including aerodromes, meteorology, rules of the air, Air Traffic Control, licensing and airmanship. New editions of the TC AIM are published twice a year. The term “should” implies that TC encourages all pilots to conform to the applicable procedure. This means that it is not supported by regulation (CARs) but is recommended and usually improves safety and supports best practices in aviation. The term “shall” implies that the applicable procedure is mandatory as it is supported by regulation (CARs). 401.01.03 CANADA FLIGHT SUPPLEMENT (CFS) The Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) is a joint civil/military publication. The civilian organization involved in the publication of the CFS is NAV CANADA. A new version is issued ever 56 days. The publication contains the following sections: General: Tables, legends and associated information pertinent to interpretation of the supplement. Aerodrome Directory: Data and sketches for Canadian aerodromes and heliports and selected aerodromes in the North Atlantic. Planning: Information for flight planning, characteristics of airspace, chart updating, flight restrictions, Instrument Flight Rule routes, airway intersections and chart distributors. Radio Navigation and Communications: Data for radio navigation aids and communication facilities. Military: Flight procedures and data, including sections on procedures for flight in the USA, North Atlantic and Alaska, air/ground communications and military training routes/areas. Emergency: Emergency procedures. 401.01.04 TRANSPORTATION SAFETY BOARD OF CANADA (TSB) The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) was established under the Canadian Transportation Accident Investigation and Safety Board Act. responsible for investigating all transportation occurrences in Canada, including Canadian or non-Canadian registered aircraft investigators are on 24-hour standby October 21, 2024 Page 5/7 National Ground School Program 401.01 objective of an aviation safety investigation is to prevent further occurrences does not assign blame or liability NOTE: The RCAF Director of Flight Safety carries out this role for the ACGP 401.01.05 NAV CANADA SERVICES In Canada ATC Services are provided by NAV CANADA. Some NAV CANADA services include: Area Control Centers (ACC): Canada’s Airspace is divided into 7 flight information regions and each one has an area control centre. These centres control aircraft that are en route, approaching or departing airports. They provide ATC services to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights. Air Traffic Control Towers: Canada’s busier airports are equipped with an ATC Tower that controls traffic on and around the airport to maintain safety and keep the traffic moving in an orderly fashion. Flight Service station (FSS): At less busy airports FSS will provide advisory services to aircraft, including things such as traffic in the area, runway conditions, winds, weather, amongst other things. Flight Information Centre (FIC): Manned with flight service specialists that help pilots by filing and closing flight plans, providing weather and advisory services and they will notify emergency services when an aircraft is late or missing. Community Aerodrome Radio Stations (CARS): A contracted service to provide weather and communication services in Canada’s north (Territories and northern Quebec). CONFIRMATION Confirmation questions: Q: If you see the number 426.21 where would this part of the CARs be found and is it regulatory or a standard? A: TC website, it is a standard Q: What does the term “shall” imply? A: That the procedure described is mandatory and part of the CARs Q: What can be found in the CFS? October 21, 2024 Page 6/7 National Ground School Program 401.01 A: General, Aerodrome Directory, Planning, Radio navigation and Communications, Military, Emergency Q: What does TBS do? A: Investigates aviation accidents and incidents that occur in Canada, not assign blame Q: What is an ACC? A: Area Control Centre (ACC): Canada’s Airspace is divided into 7 flight information regions and each one has an area control centre. These centres control aircraft that are en route, approaching or departing airports. They provide ATC services to IFR flights and controlled VFR flights. CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. This class we discussed important aviation documents and agencies. You should be familiar with this cornerstone information because as a pilot you will be responsible for following the laws and knowing where to find information. October 21, 2024 Page 7/7  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.02 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.02.01 Terminology..............................................................................................................................................4 401.02.02 Logging of Flights......................................................................................................................................4 401.02.03 ATC Clearances and Instructions..............................................................................................................5 401.02.04 Visual Light Signals....................................................................................................................................5 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................7 October 21, 2024 Page 2/7 National Ground School Program 401.02 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Transport Canada TP14371E Preparation: For in person training: Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation. Prepare whiteboard / markers for illustrations. MTPs: 401.02.01 Terminology 401.02.02 Logging of Flights 401.02.03 ATC Clearances and Instructions 401.02.04 Visual Light Signals INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss: Terminology and definitions important to the understanding of air law Times that need to be logged How ATC communicates with aircraft At the end of the class, you should be able to explain aviation terminology, identify the times that need to be logged following a flight and describe different ways that ATC communicates with aircraft. October 21, 2024 Page 3/7 National Ground School Program 401.02 MAIN BODY 401.02.01 TERMINOLOGY Visual Flight Rules (VFR): the rules which apply when flying by means of visual reference to the ground. Instrument Flight Rules (IFR): the rules which apply when flying by means of reference to the instruments in the cockpit. Special Visual Flight Rules (SVFR): the rules for operating in weather conditions that are less than VFR within a control zone where some aircraft are permitted flight under visual flight rules. Visibility: the ability, as determined by atmospheric conditions and expressed in units of distance, to see and identify prominent unlighted objects by day and prominent lighted objects by night. Ceiling: the lowest height at which a broken or overcast condition exists, or the vertical visibility when an obscured condition such as snow, smoke, or fog exists, whichever is the lower. Flight Visibility: the average range of visibility at any given time forward from the cockpit of an aircraft in flight. Ground Visibility: the visibility at an aerodrome as contained in a weather observation reported by an ATC unit, Flight Service Station (FSS), or AWOS Day or Daylight: -TC definition; - the time between the beginning of morning civil twilight and the end of evening Night: -TC definition: - the time between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight.civil twilight. Civil Twilight is usually defined as when the centre of the sun’s disc is less than 6o below the horizon. 401.02.02 LOGGING OF FLIGHTS CAR 401.08 - every student and pilot must keep an up-to-date personal logbook in order to keep track of experience and recency. Flight time: total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off until the moment it comes to rest. Flight time is used by pilots in their personal logs. Air time: when an aircraft leaves the surface to the time it touches down. Air time is entered into the aircraft technical records and is used to determine when inspections are due. IAW CAR 401.08(2) a personal log shall contain the pilot’s name and for each flight: The date of the flight The type of aircraft and its registration markings (for example type could be SGS 2-33 for the Schweizer 2-33A glider and a call sign would look something like C-FARD) October 21, 2024 Page 4/7 National Ground School Program 401.02 The flight crew position in which the holder acted (frequently there are columns where you can log the flight time according to the position, for example if you were a student during the flight they you would log the time in the “dual” column) The flight conditions with respect to day, night, VFR and IFR (gliders cannot fly at night or IFR so it is assumed it is day VFR unless otherwise noted) The flight time For gliders: The method of launch used for the flight For aeroplanes: The place of departure and the place of arrival All intermediate take-offs and landings Never make an entry in a personal log unless it is your log or the owner has given you permission to do so. 401.02.03 ATC CLEARANCES AND INSTRUCTIONS ATC Clearance: authorization by an ATC unit for an aircraft to proceed within controlled airspace under specified conditions. Once accepted by the pilot, the clearance shall be complied with. ATC Instruction: a directive issued by an ATC unit for ATC purposes. Pilots shall comply with ATC instructions. 401.02.04 VISUAL LIGHT SIGNALS When an ATC tower is unable to communicate by radio to an aircraft either on the ground or in the air, they can give visual light signals to the aircraft to provide clearances and instructions visually. Visual signals to aircraft on the ground: SERIES OF FLASHES – GREEN CLEARED TO TAXI STEADY LIGHT – GREEN CLEARED FOR TAKEOFF SERIES OF FLASHES – RED TAXI CLEAR OF LANDING AREA IN USE STEADY LIGHT – RED STOP FLASHING LIGHT – WHITE RETURN TO STARTING POINT AT AIRPORT BLINKING RUNWAY LIGHTS VEHICLES AND PEDESTRIANS ARE TO VACATE RUNWAYS IMMEDIATELY October 21, 2024 Page 5/7 National Ground School Program 401.02 Visual signals to aircraft in flight: SERIES OF FLASHES – GREEN RETURN TO LANDING STEADY LIGHT – GREEN CLEARED FOR LANDING SERIES OF FLASHES – RED AIRPORT UNSAFE; DO NOT LAND STEADY LIGHT – RED GIVE WAY TO OTHER AIRCRAFT AND CONTINUE CIRCLING THE FIRING OF A RED DO NOT LAND FOR THE TIME BEING PYROTECHNICAL LIGHT* *At military control towers only CONFIRMATION Confirmation activities for in-person learning: Show students an example of a glider pilot logbook and have them make a new entry based on the scenario you provide. Divide class into pairs and provide each pair with a flashlight and coloured cellophane (green and red). Have them practice sending and receiving light signals. Using coloured sheets of paper show the class different signals and patterns. Confirms the cadets' knowledge of signal recognition. Confirmation questions: Q: What does VFR mean? A: the rules which apply when flying by means of visual reference to the ground. Q: What is a ceiling? A: the lowest height at which a broken or overcast condition exists, or the vertical visibility when an obscured condition such as snow, smoke, or fog exists, whichever is the lower. Q: What is Air Time? A: The time starting when the aircraft leaves the surface and ending when it lands. Q: What is an ATC instruction? A: a directive issued by an ATC unit for ATC purposes, the pilot shall conply Q: What does a flashing green light indicate on the ground and in the air? A: cleared to taxi, return for landing October 21, 2024 Page 6/7 National Ground School Program 401.02 CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. This class we discussed aviation terminology, definitions, and look at ways in which ATC communicates with aircraft. You should now be able to explain aviation terminology, identify the times that need to be logged following a flight and describe the difference between an ATC clearance and instruction and identify visual light signals given by ATC. October 21, 2024 Page 7/7  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.03 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.03.01 Licence Validity.........................................................................................................................................4 401.03.02 Privileges of a Pilot’s Licence & Prohibitions............................................................................................7 401.03.03 Requests for Production of Documents....................................................................................................8 401.03.04 Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences...................................................................................................8 401.03.05 Requirement to Keep Technical Records..................................................................................................9 401.03.06 Technical records (Log) - General.............................................................................................................9 401.03.07 Journey Log Requirements.....................................................................................................................10 401.03.08 Journey Log – Carrying on Board............................................................................................................10 401.03.09 Liability Insurance...................................................................................................................................11 401.03.10 Documents Required to be Carried on Board.........................................................................................11 CONFIRMATION...........................................................................................................................................................12 CONCLUSION...............................................................................................................................................................12 October 21, 2024 Page 2/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) Regulatory text available on the Justice Laws Website document number SOR/96-433 CARs Standards available on the Transport Canada (TC) website Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) TP 14371E (2024-1) available on the TC website Preparation: For virtual instructor lead training:  Instructor should have personal licences available to show For in person instructor lead training:  Instructor should have personal licences available to show  Instructor should bring an aircraft journey log MTPs: 401.03.01 Licence Validity 401.03.02 Privileges of a Pilot’s Licence 401.03.03 Requests for Production of Documents 401.03.04 Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences 401.03.05 Requirement to Keep Technical Records 401.03.06 Technical Records (Log) -General 401.03.07 Journey Log Requirements 401.03.08 Journey Log -Carrying on Board 401.03.09 Liability Insurance 401.03.10 Documents Required to be Carried on Board INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss glider pilot licensing including how to keep a licence valid and the privileges associated with that licence. At the end of the class, you should be able to recall the regulations related to different aviation documents and how to maintain them appropriately. October 21, 2024 Page 3/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 Licences, logbooks and technical records are considered official and legal aviation records and must be used and maintained properly and in accordance with the law. As a pilot you will regularly be required to handle these documents and it is therefore critical that you understand what your responsibilities are towards them. MAIN BODY 401.03.01 LICENCE VALIDITY Ref: A. CAR 401.03(1) Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew Permit, Licence or Rating B. AIM section LRA topic 1.0 You cannot act as aircrew unless: 1. You hold the appropriate permit, licence or rating; 2. The permit, licence or rating is valid; 3. You have a valid medical certificate; and 4. You can produce it. Further information (not tested): 1. You hold the appropriate permit, licence or rating. Before going solo on the GPTC or PPTC you need to have a Student Pilot Permit. According to CAR 401.19(1) this allows you to act as pilot-in- command as long as it is for your flight training, it is in Canada, day VFR, there are no passengers, and you are under the supervision of a qualified person (flight instructor). If you already have a glider pilot’s licence, CAR 401.24(c) allows you to act as pilot-in-command of ANY aircraft provided that there are no passengers on board, and you are under the direct supervision of a qualified instructor (for the type of aircraft you will be flying). The same would be true for the reverse, if you already hold a Private Pilot’s Licence, then the reference is CAR 401.26(c). Therefore, if you already hold a licence, you do not need to be issued a Student Pilot Permit if you start training on a different category of aircraft. 2. The permit, licence or rating must be valid. Some ratings expires, for example a glider instructor rating is only valid for 3 years. Once you have been issued your Aviation document booklet, you will receive licences in the form of a label or sticker. To be valid, according to CAR 401.12 (1) if the licence that is in the form of a booklet label (sticker) is only valid if: a. It is affixed in an Aviation Document Booklet; b. The number on the label matches the Aviation Document Booklet number; c. The booklet is signed; and d. CAR 401.12(2) requires that the booklet not be expired 3. Different licences and ratings require different categories of medical certificates. You can read more about licences and licensing in the TC Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) in section LRA. October 21, 2024 Page 4/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 Recency Requirements: Ref : A. CAR 401.05(1) and (2) Recency Requirements B. CAR Standard 421.05(1) and (2) C. AIM LRA topic 1.12 To use your licence, you must have met three recency requirements: 1. Complete one of the following, either: a. have acted as PIC or Co-Pilot of an aircraft within the last 5 years; or b. have completed a flight review with an instructor in the last 12 months, the instructor has certified you logbook that you meet the skill requirement and you have completed the appropriate examination. 2. Completed a recurrent training program within the last 2 years Further information (not tested): Flight Review: Details on the flight review are included in the standards (421.05) on the TC website Recurrent Training Programs: A list of examples of Recurrent Training Programs is included in the standards (421.05(2)) on the TC website Some examples include: Completion of a flight review conducted by the holder of a flight instructor rating in the same category, shall include all items normally covered during the flight test for the issue of that permit or licence Attendance at a safety seminar conducted by Transport Canada Aviation Completion of the self-paced study program produced annually in the Transport Canada Aviation Safety Newsletter 3. If you want to carry passengers, you must have completed within the last 6 months: a. at least 5 take offs and landings in the same category and class of aircraft; or b. for glider pilots, as an alternative: two take offs and two landings in a glider with an instructor and obtained certification of competence to carry passengers in your logbook. Further information (not tested): Same category and class mean that if you are going to fly passengers in a Cessna 172 then you need to have flown the take offs and landings in that, or another single engine, non high performance airplane. Since nearly all gliders are considered the same category, the flights could be in almost any glider. October 21, 2024 Page 5/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 Medical Requirements: Ref: A. CAR 404.16 Authority to Conduct Medical Examinations B. CAR 404.03(1) Requirement to Hold a Medical Certificate C. CAR 404.04(6) Validity Period D. CAR 404.04(7) Calculation of Validity Period Medical exams must be done by a Civil Aviation Medical Examiner (CAME) This website allows you to look up a CAME in your area: https://wwwapps.tc.gc.ca/saf-sec-sur/2/came-meac/l.aspx?lang=eng A valid medical certificate is required to exercise the privileges of a licence. a. A glider pilot’s medical certificate is valid for 60 months regardless of age b. A private pilot’s medical certificate is valid for 60 months if you are less than 40 years old, and for 24 months if you are 40 years old or over c. The ministry may require you at any time to be re-examined regardless of when you underwent your last medical exam. Further information (not tested): According to CAR 404.16 medical exams for the purpose of issuing a Medical certificate are performed by a CAME or, if the applicant is a regular member of the Canadian Armed Forces or an air cadet, it can be done by a Canadian Armed Forces Flight Surgeon. This is the only place in the CARs where you will see a reference to “air cadets”! A more extensive list of validity periods can be found in the CAR 404.04 (6) in a table. More information about medicals in general can be found in the TC AIM section LRA sub-section 2.0. Some medical conditions could require you to submit information periodically to TC and you may see the limitation “Valid 24-months only”. NOTE: According to the CARs, to be a glider pilot you only need a Category 4 medical, however the Air Cadet Program requires you to have a Category 1 or 3 medical certificate. The validity period is calculated from the 1st day of the month following your medical exam: a. e.g., if you are 16 years old (under 40 years old) and had your medical exam on the 10th of December 2024, your medical exam would expire the 1st of January 2030. October 21, 2024 Page 6/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 401.03.02 PRIVILEGES OF A PILOT’S LICENCE & PROHIBITIONS Ref: A. CAR 401.24 Pilot Licence – Gliders - Privileges B. CAR Standard 421.24 Under day VFR, a licensed glider pilot can: act PIC without passengers act as PIC with passengers if the pilot is endorsed for the launch method and has flown at least 3 solo flights with that launch method act as PIC or co-pilot of any aircraft for the purpose of flight training or flight test as long as they are supervised by a flight instructor and no passengers are carried NOTE TO INSTRUCTOR: Pilot Licence – Glider – Privileges is only required for cadets attending the GPTC. It should be hidden when using this presentation for preparing for the Selection Exam as this material will not be tested. Privileges of a Pilot Licence - Prohibitions Ref: A. CAR 404.06 Prohibitions Regarding Exercise of Privileges A pilot may not exercise licence privileges if: 1. one of the following would impair their ability: a. illness, injury, or disability b. taking a drug c. receiving medical treatment 2. they were involved in an aircraft accident caused by one of the above circumstances; or 3. if they are in the 30th week of pregnancy or if you have given birth in the last six weeks. In the cases of point 2 and 3 you must see a CAME to confirm your medical is valid before using your licence again. Further information (not tested): For point 1, you are not automatically required to see a CAME again before flying. In the case of a temporary illness (example a cold) once you are free from symptoms and no longer taking medication (i.e. your full abilities have returned) you could return flying. For more important situations (i.e. major injury) it is always best practice to see a CAME to confirm it is fine to start flying again. When is doubt see a CAME. In any case for serious illness, injury or disability you should advise TC. October 21, 2024 Page 7/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 401.03.03 REQUESTS FOR PRODUCTION OF DOCUMENTS Ref: A. CAR 103.02 Inspection of Aircraft, Request for production of Documents and Prohibitions Anyone who is the holder of, or is in possession of a Canadian aviation document, technical record, or other document relating to an aircraft or a commercial air service shall produce it upon request by a peace officer, an immigration officer, or the Minister. Further information (not tested): While the law states “the Ministers” this includes all the Transport Canada inspections that have been given delegated authorities from the Ministers to act on their behalf. There will be other occasions when someone that is not listed above will ask to see your licence. For example, if you have a private pilot’s licence and would like to rent an airplane to fly, they will ask to see your licence. You are not legally required to show them your licence, but they are not legally required to rent you an airplane, so in this case you will probably want to show them your licence. 401.03.04 INSPECTION AFTER ABNORMAL OCCURRENCES Ref: A. CAR 605.88(1) and (2) Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences B. CAR Standard 625.88 Appendix G Following an abnormal occurrence the aircraft must be inspected for damage prior to its next flight. If the inspection does not involve disassembly, it may be performed by the pilot-in-command. Examples of abnormal occurrences: overspeeds, heavy/hard landings, propellor strikes, flights in severe turbulence. Further information (not tested): In the Air Cadet Gliding Program (ACGP) there are regulations and procedures to be followed after an abnormal occurrence are written in the National Maintenance Policy Manual (NMPM). Because the ACGP follows the military Flight Safety Program, the aircraft is placed in quarantine during which until the Flight safety representative is satisfied that they have collected all the information that they require for their investigation. Once the quarantine is lifted, then the aircraft can be inspected. In the ACGP except for very specific and limited circumstances, the aircraft will be inspected by a qualified mechanic. Here is some additional information on two circumstances considered as abnormal occurrences in the ACGP: Prohibited manoeuvres (ex. spins are prohibited in the L19/Superdog tow planes and loops are prohibited in the Schweizer 2-33 glider) Un-located FOD (FOD = foreign object debris, i.e. loose objects lost inside the aircraft, a common example is pilots losing pens inside the aircraft, then can easily fall into cracks and become difficult to locate) October 21, 2024 Page 8/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 401.03.05 REQUIREMENT TO KEEP TECHNICAL RECORDS Ref: A. CAR 605.92 Requirement to Keep Technical Records B. AIM LRA 5.6.4 Aircraft Technical Records Every owner of an aircraft shall keep the following technical records in respect of the aircraft: a journey log; a separate technical record for the airframe, each installed engine, and each variable-pitch propeller; and an empty weight and balance report. In the case of a balloon or glider, all entries in respect of the technical records referred to in paragraphs above may be kept in the journey log. Further information (not tested): NOTE: Most aviation personnel use the phrase Technical Log or Tech Log instead of Technical Record. In the ACGP, our gliders typically have a separate technical record. As the CARs only require entries in the journey log to be kept of a year and the entries are made by many different people through the year, but the technical record must be maintained for the life of the aircraft and some of our gliders are over 50 years old, it make more sense to maintain two documents. 401.03.06 TECHNICAL RECORDS (LOG) - GENERAL Ref: A. CAR 605.93(1), (3), (4) and (5) Technical Records - General The CARs state that every person who makes an entry in a technical record shall: make the entry accurately, legibly and in a permanent manner Write their name, sign and date the entry The aircraft owner shall protect the record from damage or loss. Every person who starts a new technical logbook, shall bring forward the necessary entries from the old logbook to ensure that an unbroken chronological record is maintained If you need to alter an entry in the technical record, strike out the incorrect entry in such a manner that the underlying information remains legible (single line with a ruler). Insert the correct entry making sure to include your name, signature, date, and the reason for the correction (e.g. times corrected) Further information (not tested): Remember mistakes happen! Try to make corrections nicely, don’t forget the technical records are official legal records of the aircraft’s life. October 21, 2024 Page 9/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 401.03.07 JOURNEY LOG REQUIREMENTS Ref: A. CAR 605.94 (2), (3) Journey Log Requirements B. CAR 406.56 Daily Flight Record No person shall make a single entry in a journey log in respect of a series of flights unless: the aircraft is operated by the same pilot-in-command throughout the series, or a daily flight record is used (e.g., CFTC timesheet) The owner of an aircraft shall retain every entry in a journey log for a period of not less than one year The daily flight record must be retained for at least two years. Further information (not tested): Example of a daily flight record: during the GPTC and PPTC courses the Flight Training Units that are conducting GPTC and PPTC training will all have daily flight records, some may be on paper others may be on computer. According to the Standard 426.56 the record shall include: Date Aircraft Registration Pilot-in-command Trainee Exercise or Lesson plan to be conducted Flight Instructor’s authorization Trainee’s acknowledgement Time up Time down Air time Flight time For many aircraft used by the ACGP we have all or most of the aircraft journey logs since the aircraft was first built, for some that means we have over 50 years of records! 401.03.08 JOURNEY LOG – CARRYING ON BOARD Ref: A. CAR: 605.95 Journey Log – Carrying on Board No person shall conduct a take-off in an aircraft unless the journey log is on board the aircraft, unless it is not planned that the aircraft will land and shut down at any location other than the point of departure. In the case of gliders, this can be interpreted as the intent to land. October 21, 2024 Page 10/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 401.03.09 LIABILITY INSURANCE Ref: A. CAR 606.02 (8) and (9) B. AIM LRA 4.8 Liability Insurance No aircraft owner shall operate an aircraft unless the owner has liability insurance covering risks of public liability. No owner or operator of an aircraft shall operate the aircraft unless proof of this insurance is carried on board the aircraft. Further information (not tested): ACGP aircraft (tow panes and gliders) are owned by the various Air Cadet League organizations in Canada. As the owners they subscribe to the liability insurance required and a copy of the document can be found in every aircraft. 401.03.10 DOCUMENTS REQUIRED TO BE CARRIED ON BOARD The following documents are required to be carried on board an aircraft and can be remembered with the acronym: AROWJIL A -Certificate of Airworthiness (Flight Authority) (CAR 605.03/507.02) R -Certificate of Registration (CAR 202.26) O -Operator’s Manual/Pilot Operating Handbook (POH)/aircraft flight manual (CAR 605.04) W -Weight and Balance (Part of Journey Log and POH - see NOTE) J -Aircraft Journey Log (not required to be carried if it is not planned that the aircraft will land and shut down at any location other than the point of departure) (CAR 605.95) I -Aircraft Liability Insurance (CAR 606.02) L -Aircrew Licences (includes Radio Operator's Certificate and Medical) (CAR 401.03) NOTE: IAW CAR 605.93 Schedule I, except where an approved fleet empty weight and balance control program is in place (such as would be for a Commercial Operator like WestJet), the aircraft's empty weight and empty center of gravity information must be part of the Journey Log. (Most likely location is attached to the front cover). The method of using and calculating a weight and balance situation is required to be part of the Pilot Operating Handbook. (CAR 605.04) NOTE: IAW CAR 602.144, pilots must comply with rules of interception set out in the CFS. Nothing is stated saying that any intercept orders must be carried on board. Most powered aircraft would normally carry a CFS with them. NOTE: IAW Radio Communications Regulation 15.1 (2), the radio station licence is not required to be carried on board the aircraft when it is operating within Canada. October 21, 2024 Page 11/12 National Ground School Program 401.03 Further information (not tested): In ACGP aircraft there is usually a “document’s pouch” or bag in which we keep all the required documents for the aircraft. Operator’s manual, is only required if it is required by the standards of airworthiness. CONFIRMATION Confirmation questions: Q: What are the recency requirements to carry passengers? A: Within the last 6 months, 5 take offs or landings or for glider pilots, 2 take offs and landings with an instructor Q: Who has authority to require you to produce your pilot’s licence? A: Peace Officer, Immigration Officer, the Minister Q: Give an example of an abnormal occurrence that would require an inspection: A: Over-speeds, heavy/hard landings, propellor strikes, flights in severe turbulence Q: When can you use a single entry in an aircraft journey logbook to represent a series of flights? A: When the pilot-in-command is the same or when a daily flight record is used Q: When are you not required to carry the Journey Log? A: If you don’t plan to land and shut down at any location other than the point of departure CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. This class we discussed air law licensing & documentation requirements. You should now have a basic understanding of the various documents required to be carried on board the aircraft and how they are to be maintained. October 21, 2024 Page 12/12  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.04 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.04.01 Aerodrome Definitions.............................................................................................................................4 401.04.02 Aerodrome Markings................................................................................................................................4 401.04.03 Aerodrome Lighting..................................................................................................................................5 401.04.04 Marshalling Signals...................................................................................................................................5 401.04.05 Runway Markings.....................................................................................................................................6 401.04.06 Rules of an Aerodrome (prohibitions)......................................................................................................7 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................7 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................8 October 21, 2024 Page 2/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: From the Ground Up Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) Transport Canada TP14371E Preparation: For in person training: Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation. Prepare whiteboard / markers for illustrations. Draw an aerodrome with applicable markings, lights and runway numbers on a flip chart or whiteboard. If possible, keep covered until appropriate time. Organize supplies for confirmation activities. MTPs: 401.04.01 Aerodrome Definitions 401.04.02 Aerodrome Markings 401.04.03 Aerodrome Lighting 401.04.04 Marshalling Signals 401.04.05 Runway Markings 401.04.06 Rules of an Aerodrome (Prohibitions) INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss: Important aerodrome features Visual signals Rules of an aerodrome At the end of the class, you should be able to interpret aerodrome markings, recognize and perform marshalling signals, and recall regulations covered in this lesson October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 3/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 MAIN BODY 401.04.01 AERODROME DEFINITIONS Aerodrome: any area of land or water designed for the arrival, departure movement, and servicing of aircraft and includes buildings, installations and equipment there situated Airport: any aerodrome in respect of which a certificate is in force. An airport certificate testifies that the airport meets airport certification safety standards Maneuvering Area: that part of an aerodrome intended for the taking off and landing of aircraft and for the movement of aircraft associated with take-off and landing (excludes aprons) 401.04.02 AERODROME MARKINGS An aerodrome operator shall: CAR 301.04 (1) -remove all markers and markings when an aerodrome is closed permanently CAR 301.04(2) -other than water aerodromes, install red flags or red cones along the boundary of an unserviceable movement area CAR 301.04(5) -where part or all of a taxiway is closed, the operator shall place a closed marking at each end CAR 301.04(7) -if a manoeuvring area is closed permanently, the operator must obliterate all markings that indicate the area is open and paint the required markings CAR 301.04(8) -if a manoeuvring area is not suitable for painting (e.g. snow covered) closed markings may be in the form of conspicuously coloured dye or constructed from a conspicuously coloured material or product Wind direction indicators: CAR 301.06(1) -unless wind direction can be determined via radio or other means, the operator must install a wind direction indicator that is conspicuous in colour, in the shape of a truncated cone, visible from an altitude of 1000 ft, and illuminated when the aerodrome is used at night. CAR 301.06 (2) - when the aerodrome is closed permanently, wind indicator shall be removed. Certified aerodromes (airports) will be equipped with standard wind indicators, typically a windsock, that when dry will indicate as follows: Horizontal when the wind is 15 kt or more 5 degrees below the horizon when the winds are 10 kt 30 degrees below the horizon when the winds are 6 kt October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 4/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 Windsocks: Are conical in shape The wind blows into the large end and out of the small end Aerodromes not certified as airports may use non-standard wind indicators Non-standard windsocks could react differently to wind speed than a standard windsock 401.04.03 AERODROME LIGHTING CAR 301.07(1) - for aerodromes used at night, the sides of a runway shall be indicated by a line of fixed white lights visible in all directions from an aircraft in flight at a distance of not less than 2 NM 301.07(5) -for taxiways, blue lights or blue retro-reflective markers will be used in the same way and the distance between two taxi lights should not be more than 60 m (200 feet). 301.07(7) - Where an aerodrome is used at night, the operator of the aerodrome shall indicate an unserviceable portion of the movement area with fixed red lights, red retro-reflective markers or floodlighting. 401.04.04 MARSHALLING SIGNALS Ref: TC AIM Air 1.8 marshalling Signals At large airports marshallers are used to provide guidance to pilots when taxiing aircraft on the ground, especially when close to obstacles, such as near gates. Marshallers may have wands to make the signals more visible to pilots, however in the context of small general aviation, aircrew will frequently use marshalling signals to assist other pilots taxi and park aircraft. Here are some of the most common signals to see: Straight ahead: This signal tells the pilot to taxi straight ahead. Bend extended arms at elbows and move hands up and down from chest height to head. Turn: These signals will tell the pilot in which direction to turn while taxiing. The signaler will point in the desired direction of turn and signal “straight ahead” with the other arm. The rate of signal motion indicates to the pilot the rate of the aircraft turn. Turn left (from pilot’s point of view): This signal will tell the pilot to turn to the left while taxiing. The signaler will extend the right arm straight out to the side at a 90-degree angle to the body, while making the “come ahead” signal with left hand. Turn right (from pilot’s point of view): This signal will tell the pilot to turn to the right while taxiing. The signaler will extend the left arm straight out to the side at a 90-degree angle to the body, while making the “come ahead” signal with right hand. October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 5/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 Stop: This signal will tell the pilot to stop taxiing. The signaller will fully extend their arms at a 90-degree angle to the sides and slowly move both arms to above the head until the arms are crossed in an “x”. Cut engine: Bring right forearm parallel to the shoulders at about neck height. Draw the hand from above the left shoulder to above the right shoulder in a slicing motion across the throat. Slow down: Move extended arms downwards in a “patting” gesture, moving hands up and down from waist to knees. Affirmative/all clear: This signal is frequently used in general aviation to let the pilot know that they will remain clear of an obstacle while taxiing as it can be difficult to judge the clearance of obstacles from wingtips while taxiing. Raise the right arm to head level and display hand with a thumbs up. Left arm remains at the side of the body. 401.04.05 RUNWAY MARKINGS Displaced Thresholds: Obstacles or unserviceable portions of a runway may result in the need for additional clearance during approach. A displaced threshold may be used for taxi, landing roll, and initial take-off rolls. Displaced thresholds may also be used for landing but must be at the pilot's discretion. Relocated Threshold: used if a portion of the runway is closed. Marked as Closed and should not be used by aircraft for any purpose. Runway numbers In the Southern Domestic Airspace corresponds to the magnetic bearing rounded to the nearest 10 degrees In Northern Domestic Airspace, numbers are assigned based on true bearings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees The last zero is omitted Opposite ends of a runway will be 180° degrees apart (will be reciprocal numbers). Examples: 1. A runway that runs north-south will have the number 36 on its south end and 18 at its north end. If you are taking off towards the south (180 degrees) then you would start your takeoff at the north end of the runway and head south, this is why the number 18 is on the north end of the runway. 2. A runway that runs east-west will have the number 27 at the east end and 09 on the west end. If you are landing towards the west, you pass over the east end of the runway first, that is why the east end of the runway will have the number 27 on it to indicate that you are heading west bound. October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 6/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 Further information that will not be tested: Because runway numbers in the Southern Domestic Airspace are based on magnetic bearing and the magnetic north moves, runways can change numbers. For example, the aerodrome in Debert, Nova Scotia (code: CCQ3) had a runway with the numbers 16/34 that officially changed in December 2023 to runway 15/33. Based on estimated speed at which the magnetic poles are moving they can forecast when the bearing will change enough that when rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, it rounds to a new number. This allows authorities to select an official date on which the runways will change numbers and coordinate the updating of official documents (such as the Canada Flight Supplement) and the re- painting of the actual runway. 401.04.06 RULES OF AN AERODROME (PROHIBITIONS) No person shall walk, stand, drive or park a vehicle or aircraft on the movement area without permission from the operator and appropriate ATC or FSS Do not tow or park an aircraft at night on an active movement area unless wingtip, tail and anti-collision lights are displayed: instead, lights may be mounted on the tow vehicle and directed at the aircraft if parked, these lights may be substituted with lanterns suspended from wingtips, nose and tail Do not remove, deface, extinguish or interfere with any markings or lights that are used for navigation unless permission is given by the operator or Air Traffic Control (ATC). Do not place aerodrome markings at a place that is not an aerodrome. Do not allow pets to be unrestrained at an aerodrome unless permitted by the aerodrome operator. Do not discharge a firearm at an aerodrome unless permitted by the aerodrome operator. Smoking or displaying open flame is generally not permitted. CONFIRMATION Confirmation activities for in-person learning: Provide diagrams of airport and markers. Have students add lights, runway numbers, etc. Provide diagrams of marshalling signals for students to label or have them practice them in pairs. Confirmation questions: Q: What does a horizontal windsock indicate? A: At least 15 knots of wind October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 7/8 National Ground School Program 401.04 Q: In Southern Domestic Airspace, what would a runway which is 48 degrees magnetic be numbered? A: It would be numbered 05 Q: What colour lights are placed along the edges of a taxiway? A: Taxiway lights are blue CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. This class we discussed aerodrome markings, signals and rules. You should now be able to interpret aerodrome markings, recognize and perform marshalling signals, and recall regulations covered in this lesson. October 21, 2024 [Type here] Page 8/8  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.05 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.05.01 General Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome...............................................................................4 401.05.02 VFR & IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes within an MF Area.....................................5 401.05.03 MF Reporting Procedures Before Entering a Manoeuvring Area.............................................................6 401.05.04 MF Reporting Procedures on Arrival........................................................................................................6 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................7 October 21, 2024 Page 2/7 National Ground School Program 401.05 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) SOR/96-433 Regulatory text available on the Justice Laws Website CARs SOR/96-433, Standards, available on the Transport Canada (TC) website Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM), TP 14371E, available on the TC website Preparation: For in person instructor lead training:  Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation.  Prepare whiteboard / markers for illustrations.  Draw an aerodrome with a standard circuit and a line to represent the limit of an MF area. If possible, keep covered until appropriate time. MTPs: 401.05.01 General Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome 401.05.02 VFR and IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes within an MF area 401.05.03 MF Reporting Procedures before entering Manoeuvring Area 401.05.04 MF Reporting Procedures on Arrival INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss important airport procedures. At the end of the class, you should be familiar with the basics of reporting procedures when flying at or near an aerodrome. As pilots you will need to have a keen understanding of aerodrome rules as they play a critical role in the safety of all. October 21, 2024 Page 3/7 National Ground School Program 401.05 MAIN BODY 401.05.01 GENERAL OPERATIONS IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME Ref: CAR 602.96 General Operations in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome:  CAR 602.96 applies to persons operating VFR or IFR aircraft at or in the vicinity of an aerodrome (controlled and uncontrolled).  Before taking-off from, landing at or otherwise operating an aircraft at an aerodrome, the pilot-in- command (PIC) of the aircraft shall be satisfied that: o there is no likelihood of collision with another aircraft or a vehicle o the aerodrome is suitable for the intended operation The PIC of an aircraft operating at or in the vicinity of an aerodrome shall:  Observe aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding a collision  Conform to or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in operation  Make all turns to the left when operating within the aerodrome traffic circuit, except where right turns are specified by the Minister in the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS), or where otherwise authorized by the appropriate air traffic control unit Further Information (this is not tested material): If you intend to take off or land at an aerodrome and there is already traffic taking off or landing then you are to fly the same traffic pattern as the rest of the traffic. However, if you are just flying past the aerodrome and do not intend to land then you should do so in such a way as to avoid the traffic pattern, to reduce the risk of collision with other aircraft. There are many aerodromes indicated in the CFS that have right hand circuits. This could be for many reasons including terrain or for noise abatement.  Where the aerodrome is an airport, comply with any airport operating restrictions specified by the Minister in the CFS.  Where practicable, land and take-off into the wind unless otherwise authorized by the appropriate air traffic control unit  Maintain a continuous listening watch on the appropriate frequency for aerodrome control communications or, if this is not possible and an air traffic control unit is in operation at the aerodrome, keep a watch for such instructions as may be issued by visual means by the air traffic control unit  Where the aerodrome is a controlled aerodrome, obtain from the appropriate air traffic control unit, either by radio communication or by visual signal, clearance to taxi, take-off from or land at the aerodrome October 21, 2024 Page 4/7 National Ground School Program 401.05  Unless otherwise authorized by the appropriate air traffic control unit, no PIC shall operate an aircraft at an altitude of less than 2,000 feet over an aerodrome except for the purpose of landing or taking-off  Where it is necessary for the purposes of the operation in which the aircraft is engaged, a PIC may operate an aircraft at an altitude of less than 2,000 feet over an aerodrome, where it is being operated: o in the service of a police authority o for the purpose of saving human life o for firefighting or air ambulance operations o for the purpose of the administration of the Fisheries Act or the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act o for the purpose of the administration of the national or provincial parks o for the purpose of flight inspection o for the purpose of aerial application or aerial inspection o for the purpose of highway or city traffic patrol o for the purpose of aerial photography conducted by the holder of an air operator certificate o for the purpose of flight training conducted by the holder of a flight training unit operator certificate 401.05.02 VFR & IFR AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AT UNCONTROLLED AERODROMES WITHIN AN MF AREA Ref: CAR 602.97 MF refers to Mandatory Frequency. An MF area means an area around an uncontrolled aerodrome for which all traffic shall be on the designated frequency. Normally, the MF area is a circle with a 5-NM radius around the aerodrome extending up to 3 000 ft AAE. No PIC shall operate a VFR or IFR aircraft within a MF area unless the aircraft is equipped with radio communication equipment The PIC of a VFR or IFR aircraft operating within an MF area shall maintain a listening watch on the mandatory frequency specified for use in the MF area The PIC of a VFR aircraft that is not equipped with radio communication equipment may operate the aircraft to or from an uncontrolled aerodrome that lies within an MF area if:  a ground station is in operation at the aerodrome  prior notice of the PIC's intention to operate the aircraft at the aerodrome has been given to the ground station  when conducting a take-off, the PIC ascertains by visual observation that there is no likelihood of collision with another aircraft or a vehicle during take-off October 21, 2024 Page 5/7 National Ground School Program 401.05  when approaching for a landing, the aircraft enters the aerodrome traffic circuit from a position that will require it to complete two sides of a rectangular circuit before turning onto the final approach path 401.05.03 MF REPORTING PROCEDURES BEFORE ENTERING A MANOEUVRING AREA Ref: CAR 602.99 The PIC of a VFR or IFR aircraft operated at an uncontrolled aerodrome within an MF area shall report its intentions before entering the manoeuvring area. 401.05.04 MF REPORTING PROCEDURES ON ARRIVAL Ref: 602.101 The PIC of a VFR aircraft arriving at an uncontrolled aerodrome that lies within an MF area shall report:  Before entering the MF area and, where circumstances permit, shall do so at least five minutes before entering the area, giving the aircraft's position, altitude and estimated time of landing and the PIC's arrival procedure intentions  When joining the aerodrome traffic circuit, giving the aircraft's position in the circuit (example: Salmon Arm Traffic Tug 1 crossing overhead from the south to join left downwind, runway 32)  When on the downwind leg, if applicable  When on final approach  When clear of the surface on which the aircraft has landed CONFIRMATION Confirmation questions: Q: What are some things the PIC needs to consider before taking off? Possible answers:  There is no likelihood of collision with another aircraft or vehicle  The aerodrome is suitable for the intended operation Q: List examples where the PIC may operate an aircraft at an altitude of less than 2,000 feet over an aerodrome. Possible answers:  In the service of a police authority  For the purpose of saving human life  For firefighting or air ambulance operations  For the purpose of the administration of the Fisheries Act or the Coastal Fisheries Protection Act October 21, 2024 Page 6/7 National Ground School Program 401.05 Q: You’ve entered an uncontrolled aerodrome with a MF and have announced your intentions to land. What other mandatory reporting procedures must you follow? Answer:  When joining the aerodrome traffic circuit, giving the aircraft's position in the circuit  When on the downwind leg, if applicable  When on final approach  When clear of the surface on which the aircraft has landed CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. In this class, we discussed the rules regulating aircraft near aerodromes, and reporting procedures. You should now be able to identify the correct procedures for operating in the vicinity of an aerodrome and identify the correct moments to report in the vicinity of an uncontrolled airport within an MF. October 21, 2024 Page 7/7  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.06 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................3 401.06.01 Minimum Instruments for Day VFR..........................................................................................................3 401.06.02 Minimum Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace............................................4 401.06.03 Minimum Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace........................................5 401.06.04 Special VFR................................................................................................................................................ 6 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................6 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................7 November 13, 2024 Page 2/7 National Ground School Program 401.06 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs), SOR/96-433, Regulatory text available on the Justice Laws Website CARs, SOR/96-433, Standards available on the Transport Canada (TC) website Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM) TP 14371E (2024-1) available on the TC website Preparation: For in person training: Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation. Prepare whiteboard / markers for illustrations. MTPs: 401.06.01 Minimum Instruments for Day VFR 401.06.02 Minimum Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace 401.06.03 Minimum Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace 401.06.04 Special VFR INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss requirements to fly VFR. At the end of the class, you should be able to identify the instruments needed to fly VFR and list VFR weather minima. MAIN BODY 401.06.01 MINIMUM INSTRUMENTS FOR DAY VFR Ref: A. CAR 605.14 Power-driver Aircraft – Day VFR B. CAR 605.21 Gliders – Day VFR No person shall operate a aircraft in day VFR flight unless it is equipped with:  an altimeter;  an airspeed indicator;  a magnetic compass or a magnetic direction indicator; and November 13, 2024 Page 3/7 National Ground School Program 401.06  a radio communication system adequate to permit two-way communication on the appropriate frequency when the glider is operated within controlled airspace Additional Information (not tested): Aeroplanes require additional instruments for their engines/propellors. 401.06.02 MINIMUM METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR VFR FLIGHT IN CONTROLLED AIRSPACE Ref: CAR 602.114 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace No person shall operate an aircraft in VFR flight within controlled airspace unless:  the aircraft is operated with visual reference to the surface  flight visibility is not less than three miles  the distance of the aircraft from cloud is not less than 500 feet vertically and one mile horizontally  where the aircraft is operated within a control zone: (i) when reported, ground visibility is not less than three miles, and (ii) except when taking off or landing, the distance of the aircraft from the surface is not less than 500 feet. November 13, 2024 Page 4/7 National Ground School Program 401.06 401.06.03 MINIMUM METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS FOR VFR FLIGHT IN UNCONTROLLED AIRSPACE Ref: CAR 602.115 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace No person shall operate an aircraft in VFR flight within uncontrolled airspace unless:  the aircraft is operated with visual reference to the surface  where the aircraft is operated at or above 1,000 feet AGL: (i) during the day, flight visibility is not less than one mile (ii) during the night, flight visibility is not less than three miles, and (iii) in either case, the distance of the aircraft from cloud is not less than 500 feet vertically and 2,000 feet horizontally  where the aircraft is not a helicopter and is operated at less than 1,000 feet AGL: (i) during the day, flight visibility is not less than two miles, except if otherwise authorized in an air operator certificate or a private operator certificate (ii) during the night, flight visibility is not less than three miles (iii) in either case, the aircraft is operated clear of cloud Number memory tool 3 1 5: Controlled (3sm vis, 1sm horizontal from cloud, 500’ vertically from cloud) 1 2 5: Uncontrolled >1000’ (1sm vis, 2000’ horizontal from cloud, 500’ vertically from cloud) DAY 2 C : Uncontrolled < 1000 (2sm vis, stay clear of cloud) DAY Type of Airspace Visibility Distance From Cloud Min Altitude AGL Controlled Airspace: Grnd vis: ≥ 3 miles Horizontally: 1 mile 500 feet Control Zones Vertically: 500 feet Controlled Airspace: Flight vis: ≥ 3 miles Horizontally: 1 mile Other Vertically: 500 feet Uncontrolled Airspace: DAY: ≥ 1 mile Horizontally: 2 000 feet ≥ 1 000’ AGL NIGHT: ≥ 3 miles Vertically: 500 feet Uncontrolled airspace: DAY: ≥ 2 miles Clear of cloud < 1 000’ AGL NIGHT: ≥ 3 miles November 13, 2024 Page 5/7 National Ground School Program 401.06 401.06.04 SPECIAL VFR Ref: CAR 602.117 Special VFR Flight If the weather conditions are less than those necessary to fly in a Control Zone, they can request permission from the control unit to fly Special VFR (SVFR). To operate an aircraft SVFR:  the PIC must request authorization to operate SVFR from the appropriate control unit  when reported ground visibility cannot be less that one mile  the aircraft is equipped with appropriate radiocommunication equipment  the aircraft must be operated clear of clouds and with visual reference to the ground at all times To operate an airplane at night in SVFR you have to be either planning to takeoff and leave the Control Zone, or be entering the Control Zone to land. CONFIRMATION Confirmation questions: Q: What is the minimum instrumentation required for VFR?  an altimeter  an airspeed indicator  a magnetic compass or a magnetic direction indicator  a radio communication system adequate to permit two-way communication on the appropriate frequency when the glider is operated within controlled airspace Q: You depart an uncontrolled aerodrome and plan to fly to and land at a controlled airport with a class D control zone, what are the VFR weather minima that you need in order to complete the flight without requesting Special VFR? A: When you reach the control zone you will need not less than 3 miles flight visibility, minimum altitude of 500 feet and distance from clouds of 1 mile horizontally and 500 feet vertically Q: What are the weather minima to fly in uncontrolled airspace at 1000’ AGL during the day? A: flight vis not less than 1 mile, distance from clouds 2000’ horizontally and 500 feet vertically Q: When can pilot’s request SVFR at night? A: when entering a Control Zone to land, or when taking off to leave a Control Zone November 13, 2024 Page 6/7 National Ground School Program 401.06 CONCLUSION Remind class of any upcoming quizzes if applicable. In this class we discussed the requirements to fly VFR. You should now be able to identify the instruments needed to fly VFR and list VFR weather minima. November 13, 2024 Page 7/7  AIR CADETS de L’AIR NATIONAL GROUND SCHOOL PROGRAM National Ground School Program 401.07 TABLE OF CONTENTS LESSON OUTLINE...........................................................................................................................................................3 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................................................3 MAIN BODY....................................................................................................................................................................4 401.07.01 Canadian Domestic Airpsace....................................................................................................................4 401.07.02 Airspace Definitions..................................................................................................................................4 401.07.03 Altimeter Setting, Including the Altimeter Setting Region.......................................................................7 401.07.04 Control Zone.............................................................................................................................................8 401.07.05 Control Area Extension.............................................................................................................................9 CONFIRMATION.............................................................................................................................................................9 CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................................................................9 December 12, 2024 Page 2/9 National Ground School Program 401.07 LESSON OUTLINE Class Length: One 40-minute period References: Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM), TP 14371E, available on the TC website Transport Canada Canada’s Airspace poster, TP 6010, available on the TC website Preparation: For in person instructor lead training: Prepare computer and projector for PowerPoint presentation Put up an airspace chart Print handouts MTPs: 401.07.01 Canadian Domestic Airspace 401.07.02 Airspace Definitions 401.07.03 Altimeter Setting, Including the Altimeter Setting Region 401.07.04 Control Zone 401.07.05 Control Area Extension INTRODUCTION Remind class of rules. Remind the class of any upcoming quizzes or important dates. This class will discuss various airspace definitions the associated rules. At the end of the class, you should be able be familiar with the basics of airspace definitions. As a pilot in Canada you will need to understand the various types of airspace you may encounter and the applicable regulations December 12, 2024 Page 3/9 National Ground School Program 401.07 MAIN BODY 401.07.01 CANADIAN DOMESTIC AIRPSACE  Canadian Domestic Airspace is geographically separated into the Southern Domestic Airspace and the Northern Domestic Airspace 401.07.02 AIRSPACE DEFINITIONS  There are 7 main airspace categories, named A through G.  A Class Airspace has the most restrictions while G has the least  For glider pilots, Transport Canada places a high emphasis on classes B and C  The following is taken directly from the CARs with additional diagrams to better explain the differences between the airspace classes December 12, 2024 Page 4/9 National Ground School Program 401.07 Start by showing them the sections of the picture from Transport Canada and explaining what is happening in each section. A full document will be in their notes package. VFR Requirements for All Classes of Air Space December 12, 2024 Page 5/9 National Ground School Program 401.07 The chart below is a memorization tool for cadets to use for exams, etc. A B C D E F G >1000' AGL - 1 Restricted SM Vis, 2 000' Traffic not Horizontal, 500' authorized Vertical from VMC 3 SM Visibility, 1 SM Horizontal, 500' without the cloud. MINIMA: Vertical - from cloud approval of the user/controlling