History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines: Spanish Era PDF

Created by Turbolearn AI History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines: Spanish Era Maestro de Obras MasterBuilders During the Spanish era, Filipino builders were referred to as Maestro de Obras, equivalent to Construction Foremen today. Despite their skills in designing and building structures,...

Created by Turbolearn AI History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines: Spanish Era Maestro de Obras MasterBuilders During the Spanish era, Filipino builders were referred to as Maestro de Obras, equivalent to Construction Foremen today. Despite their skills in designing and building structures, they were not recognized as civil engineers due to social prejudice. Infrastructure Development The walled city of Intramuros was established as a model community by the Spaniards. Friar Architects/Engineers built government buildings, bridges, residential structures, and incorporated European standards in engineering and architectural installations. Filipino engineers were tasked with maintaining, repairing, and remodeling infrastructure systems in towns, including churches, convents, and government buildings. Notable Structures Page 1  Created by Turbolearn AI Year Structure Description Built A stone fortification built by the Spaniards, designed by Fort Santiago 1571 Jesuit priest Antonio Sedeno. A wooden bridge connecting Intramuros and Binondo, Puente Grande 1632 rebuilt and renamed Puente de España in 1875. San Sebastian A steel church built by Belgian engineers, featuring stained 1621 Church glass windows from the Henri Oidtmann Company. Pasig River A masonry-built lighthouse, the first in the Philippines, 1846 Lighthouse marking the entrance to the Pasig River. 1849- A suspension bridge, the first in Southeast Asia, built by Puente Colgante 1852 Ynchausti y Compania. Water Supply Systems The first artesian wells were built in Betis, Pampanga by Fr. Manuel Camanes in 1686. The water system in Manila nowMW SS began with the waterworks constructed by Fr. Juan Peguero in 1686. The first irrigation system was constructed in Tanay, Rizal by Fr. Jose Delgado. Carriedo Waterworks "A public-spirited citizen, Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo, a Basque from Santander, conferred immense benefits on the Philippines, having migrated in the Philippines early in the 18th century. One of his obras pias piousworks was a legacy he left in his will for the building of a Manila water system." Established in 1878 by Governor Domingo Moriones, using funds from the Carriedo Legacy. Provided running water to Manila, fulfilling the legacy of Don Francisco Carriedo y Peredo. Bureau of Public Works and Highways Page 2  Created by Turbolearn AI Organized in 1868 under a civil engineer known as "Director-General". Responsible for public works and highways in the Philippines.## History of Railways in the Philippines General Plan for Railways 1876 The General Plan for Railways was drawn up in 1876 for the island of Luzon, including a network totaling 1,730 kilometers. A 192 km stretch of track was constructed between Manila and Dagupan, operating a regular service as from 1892. Notable Railway Projects Year Project Description Completed Bridge over the A notable work carried out on the railway 1876 Pampanga River system Built in the Tondo district, a significant Tutuban Station 1876 railway station Road Work in the Philippines 18thand19thCenturies Road work in the Philippines during the Spanish regime consisted of opening routes of communication throughout the islands. The location of these routes has been justified, with few changes made in the general alignment. Types of Construction Under the Spanish Regime Pavement of Cut Spanish Road: A type of construction using adobe stone pavement, usually of the adobe quality. Spanish Road, Rubble-Stone Pavement: A type of construction using cobblestones, very durable and lasting. Page 3  Created by Turbolearn AI "The pavement of cobblestone consisted of boulders probably taken from river beds varying in size from 10 to 30 centimeters in diameter. This type was very durable and lasting, so long as the individual stones retained their position in a bed of earth." First Philippine Republic Aguinaldo The Organic Decree issued by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo established the Philippine Revolutionary Government, creating four government departments, including the Department of War and Public Works. The Department of War and Public Works was responsible for the construction of fortifications and trenches during the revolutionary period. American Regime The coming of the Americans brought about drastic changes in the engineering culture of the Philippines. The new colonizers pursued "benevolent" policies, focusing on English education, public health, free enterprise, and representative governance. Bureau of Engineering and Construction of Public Works Created by Act No. 222 of the Philippine Commission, placed under the Department of Commerce and Police. Responsible for the construction and maintenance of public works, including roads, bridges, and buildings. Philippine Bill of 1902 Authorized the Government of the Philippine Islands to provide for the needs of commerce, including improving harbors, constructing and maintaining bonded warehouses, wharves, piers, light-houses, signal and life-saving stations, buoys, and like instruments of commerce. Education and Professional Associations Page 4  Created by Turbolearn AI Academia de Arquitectura y Agrimensura de Filipinas AAAF : The first professional association of architecture and surveyors, established on September 14, 1902. Escuela de Ingeniera y Arquitectura: Established in 1904, offering a five-year course in architecture and civil engineering. Faculty of Engineering of the University of Santo Tomas UST : The oldest engineering school in the Philippines, established on May 18, 1907, as the School of Civil Engineering.## History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines Early Developments The Wawa Dam, also known as Montalban Dam, was constructed in 1909 to provide water for Metro Manila. The dam was built during the American colonial era and was the only source of water for Manila until the Angat Dam was built. Establishment of the College of Engineering In 1910, the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines appointed Mr. W.J. Colbert as acting Dean of the College of Engineering. The college initially offered a four-year course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science with an additional degree of Civil Engineer upon completion of an extra year of study. The Philippine Society of Engineers In 1911, the Philippine Society of Engineers was formed by civil engineers who withdrew from the American Institute of Architects and Associated Societies AIAAF. The society struggled for the passage of an Engineers and Architects Law. Irrigation Development Page 5  Created by Turbolearn AI The Irrigation Act of 1912 regulated the appropriation of public waters, investigation, construction, operation, and maintenance of irrigation systems. The first National Irrigation System NIS , the San Miguel River Irrigation System in Tarlac, was inaugurated in 1913. Communal Irrigation Systems Communal irrigation systems CIS were simple structures that provided a stable and reliable supply of water for its members. The earliest recorded CIS is the zanjera, a cooperative irrigation society that was established in the Ilocos area of northern Philippines. The Philippine Society of Civil Engineers In 1928, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers P SCE was formed by a group of civil engineers from the government sector. Engr. Marcial Kasilag was the first president of PSCE and received the honor of holding PRC Registration Number 1 for Civil Engineers. The Philippine Association of Civil Engineers In 1937, the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers P ACE was formed by a group of civil engineers in the private sector. Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes was the first president of PACE. Comparison of PSCE and PACE PSCE PACE Year Established 1928 1937 Membership Government sector Private sector First President Engr. Marcial Kasilag Engr. Enrique Sto. Tomas Cortes The Engineers and Architects Law Page 6  Created by Turbolearn AI The Engineers and Architects Law ActNo. 2985 was passed on February 23, 1921. The law created a separate Board of Examiners for civil engineering and architecture. "The law empowered the Secretary of Commerce and Communication to appoint members of the boards of the architecture and engineering professions." Highway Development Highway 54, also known as Epifanio Delos Santos Avenue EDSA, was constructed in 1940. The highway was renamed in honor of Epifanio De Los Santos, a famous statesman of the province of Rizal. Japanese Occupation During World War II, the Department of Public Works and Communications DP W C was practically abolished due to dislocation of manpower, lack of funds, materials, and equipment. The Philippine Executive Commission was established to mitigate the sufferings of the people under the Japanese rule. Post-War Developments After the Second World War, the newly independent Philippine government continued the rehabilitation and construction of roads, bridges, buildings, and other infrastructures. The government received reparations and war damages paid by the Japanese government, as well as financial grants and aids from the US government.## History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines Post-WWII Reorganization Page 7  Created by Turbolearn AI The Department of National Defense and Communications was reorganized into the Department of Public Works and Communications DP W C through Executive Order No. 27 on February 27, 1945. Third Republic The DPWC resumed operations in 1946 with limited resources. The Philippine Rehabilitation Act of 1946 authorized the implementation of a highway program, which was carried out in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads. Key Figures and Events Ricardo Nepumoceno: Served as Secretary of Public Works and Communications under Presidents Manuel Roxas and Elpidio Quirino. Motor Vehicles Office: Placed under the direct supervision of the DPWC in 1947. Manila International Airport Authority: Originally a US Air Force base, it was turned over to the Philippine government's National Airport Corporation in 1948. Laws and Regulations RA 545: The first Architects law, passed in 1950. RA 544: The Civil Engineering law, passed in 1950. RA 917: The Philippine Highway Act, enacted in 1953, which provided for an effective highway administration and modified the apportionment of highway funds. RA 1192: Created the Bureau of Public Highways in 1954. Infrastructure Development Ambuklao Dam: A hydroelectric facility in Brgy. Ambuklao, Bokod, Benguet province, which began construction in July 1950 and opened on December 23, 1956. Agusan Dam: Started construction in May 1956 and opened on December 29, 1957. Page 8  Created by Turbolearn AI Migration of Filipino Architects and Engineers Brain Drain: The 1960s saw a shortage of projects in the country, leading to an influx of Filipino architects and engineers migrating to the US and Europe. Reasons for Migration: Inexpensive labor and proficiency in English made Filipino professionals attractive to developed countries. Professional Organizations Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines ASEP : Founded in 1961. National Irrigation Administration NIA: Created under RA 3601 in 1963, tasked with the development and operation of irrigation systems. Notable Projects North Luzon Expressway NLE: A 2 to 8-lane limited-access toll expressway that connects Metro Manila to the provinces of Central Luzon, built in the 1960s. Angat Dam: A concrete water reservoir embankment hydroelectric dam that supplies the Manila metropolitan area water, constructed from 1961 to 1967. Martial Law Era President Ferdinand Marcos: Appointed Manuel Syquio as Acting Secretary of Public Works and Communications. Construction Industry: The early 1970s saw a peak in the construction industry in the Middle East, with civil engineers and architects in high demand. Key Statistics Page 9  Created by Turbolearn AI Year Event 1945 Department of National Defense and Communications reorganized into DPWC 1946 DPWC resumes operations 1947 Motor Vehicles Office placed under DPWC supervision 1948 Manila International Airport Authority turned over to Philippine government 1950 RA 545 and RA 544 passed 1953 RA 917 enacted 1954 RA 1192 creates Bureau of Public Highways 1956 Ambuklao Dam opens 1961 ASEP founded 1963 NIA created under RA 3601 RA 4156 enacted, changing Manila Railroad Company to Philippine National 1964 Railways 1965 RA 4566 enacted, regulating construction 1967 Angat Dam opens Definitions Civil Engineering: The application of engineering principles to design, construct, and maintain infrastructure, including roads, bridges, canals, and buildings. Hydroelectric Power: A form of renewable energy generated by the movement of water in rivers, oceans, or tidal currents. Irrigation System: A network of canals, dams, and pipes that supply water to crops and agricultural land.## Water Development in the Philippines Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System MW SS In 1971, RA 6234 was enacted, dissolving the National Waterworks and Sewerage System NAW ASA and creating the Metropolitan Waterworks and Sewerage System MW SS in its place. MWSS was given the mandate to ensure an uninterrupted and adequate supply and distribution of potable water for domestic and other purposes at just and equitable rates. Local Water Utilities Administration LW UA Page 10  Created by Turbolearn AI The Local Water Utilities Administration LW UA was created through Presidential Decree No. 198, also known as "The Provincial Water Utilities Act of 1973," signed into law on May 25, 1973. LWUA was established at the national level and provided for the establishment of Water Districts in provincial cities and municipalities. Infrastructure Development in the Philippines Department of Public Highways DP H The former Bureau of Public Highways was expanded and restructured into the Department of Public Highways DP H for a more effective administration of the country's highway system through Administrative Order No. 2, dated July 1, 1974. Ministry of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications MP W T C In 1976, the Department of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications DP W T C became the Ministry of Public Works, Transportation, and Communications MP W T C with the shift in the form of government. Ministry of Public Works and Highways MP W H Under Executive Order No. 710 dated July 27, 1981, the Ministries of Public Works and Public Highways were merged for more effective and sustained implementation of infrastructure projects. The agency was known as the Ministry of Public Works and Highways MP W H with 14 regional offices, 94 districts, and 60 city engineering offices. Bridge and Dam Construction in the Philippines Pantabangan Dam Page 11  Created by Turbolearn AI Pantabangan Dam is an earth-fill embankment dam on the Pampanga River located in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija province of the Philippines. The multi-purpose dam provides water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation while its reservoir, Pantabangan Lake, affords flood control. Dam Details Description Type Earth-fill embankment dam Location Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija province, Philippines River Pampanga River Purpose Irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and flood control Magat Dam Magat Dam is a large rock-fill dam on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. The dam is located on the Magat River, a major tributary of the Cagayan River. Construction of the dam started in 1975 and was completed in 1982. Dam Details Description Type Rock-fill dam Location Magat River, Luzon, Philippines Purpose Irrigation and hydroelectric power generation Transportation Development in the Philippines Light Rail Transit Authority LRT A On July 12, 1980, the country's president, Ferdinand E. Marcos, created the Light Rail Transit Authority LRT A as a government agency. The Chairman was the then First Lady and Governor of Metro Manila, Imelda Romualdez Marcos. Philippine Ports Authority The Philippine Ports Authority was created under Presidential Decree No. 505, which was subsequently amended by P.D. No. 857 in December 1975. Page 12  Created by Turbolearn AI Professional Regulation in the Philippines Professional Regulation Commission P RC In June 1973, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 223, creating the Professional Regulation Commission P RC regulating all professions and accrediting only one organization to represent each profession. Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers P ICE On December 11, 1973, the Securities and Exchange Commission SEC issued Registration Certificate No. 53896 to the Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. P ICE. This was the culmination and fulfillment of a vision to merge two separate organizations of civil engineers in the country, the Philippine Society of Civil Engineers P SCE and the Philippine Association of Civil Engineers P ACE.## Dams in the Philippines Magat Dam The Magat Dam is located on the Magat River at the boundary between the municipalities of Alfonso Lista in the province of Ifugao and Ramon in Isabela, both on the island of Luzon, approximately 350 kilometers 220mi north of Metro Manila. The Magat River is the largest tributary of the Cagayan River, the longest river in the country. Ipo Dam The Ipo Dam is a gravity concrete water reservoir dam found in the Philippines. The dam is located about 7.5 kilometers downstream of the Angat Dam in Norzagaray, Bulacan province. It was a part of the Angat-Ipo-La Mesa water system. Page 13  Created by Turbolearn AI Dam Characteristics Values Normal Level 110 m Maximum Storage Capacity 7.5 million cubic meters Increase in Water Supply 2,500 million liters per day MLD Spill Level 101 meters Number of Radial Floodgates 7 La Mesa Dam The La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupies an area of 27 square kilometers. The water collected in the reservoir is treated on-site by the Maynilad Water Services, and at the Balara Treatment Plant further south by the Manila Water. Dam Characteristics Values Reservoir Capacity 50.5 million cubic meters Occupied Area 27 square kilometers Water Treatment Maynilad Water Services and Manila Water History of Civil Engineering in the Philippines Department of Public Works and Highways DP W H The DPWH is the primary engineering and construction arm of the government, responsible for the planning, design, construction, and maintenance of infrastructures such as roads and bridges, flood control systems, water resource development projects, and other public works in accordance with national objectives. Professional Regulation Commission P RC The PRC is responsible for the regulation and supervision of the practice of civil engineering in the Philippines. Page 14  Created by Turbolearn AI Year Event Executive Order No. 124 renamed the Ministry of Public Works and Highways 1987 MP W H to the Department of Public Works and Highways DP W H The Board of Civil Engineering held its first fully computerized board 1993 examinations RA 8981 or the Professional Regulations Commission P RC Modernization Act 2000 of 2000 was enacted The Philippine Institute of Civil Engineers, Inc. P ICE was awarded by the 2001 Professional Regulation Commission P RC as the Most Outstanding Accredited Professional Organization San Roque Dam The San Roque Dam is a 200 meters tall, 1.2-kilometer long embankment dam on the Agno River. It spans the municipalities of San Manuel and San Nicolas, Pangasinan, and is nearly 200 km north of Metro Manila. Dam Characteristics Values Height 200 meters Length 1.2 kilometers Location Agno River, Pangasinan Reservoir Surface Area 12.8 square kilometers Laws and Regulations RA 8041 or The Water Crisis Act "An act providing for the modernization, standardization, and regulation of the procurement activities of the government and for other purposes" RA 9266 or The Architecture Act of 2004 "An act providing for a comprehensive water quality management and for other purposes" Page 15  Created by Turbolearn AI RA 10609 or the Protection of Students' Right to Enroll in Review Centers Act of 2013 "An act protecting the right of students to enroll in review centers and providing penalties for violations thereof" Page 16