Acute 2.docx

Heart and Lung structure and function ------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Heart** | **Lungs** | +===================================+===================================+ |...

Heart and Lung structure and function ------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Heart** | **Lungs** | +===================================+===================================+ | - Function: is a pump to | - Spongy organs located in the | | circulate blood throughout | thoracic cavity, one on each | | the body | side of the heart | | | | | - Chambers | - Function: gas exchange, | | | bringing oxygen into the | | - Four chambers; two atria | blood stream and removing | | and two ventricles | carbon dioxide | | | | | - Right atrium -- receives | - Lobes | | deoxygenated blood and | | | pumps it into the right | - Right lung has 3 lobes | | ventricle | (superior, middle and | | | inferior) | | - Right ventricle -- pumps | | | blood to lungs to be | - Left lung has 2 lobes | | oxygenated | (superior and inferior) | | | to accommodate the heart | | - Left atrium -- receives | | | oxygenated blood from the | - Bronchi and alveoli | | lungs and pumps to left | | | ventricle | - The trachea divides into | | | two main bronchi, each | | - Left ventricle -- pumps | entering a lung and | | blood around the body | further branching into | | | smaller bronchioles | | - Valves | | | | - These end in tiny air | | - Tricuspid valve | sacs called alveoli, | | | where gas exchange occurs | | - Pulmonary valve | | | | - Pleura | | - Mitral valve | | | | - Each lung is enclosed by | | - Aortic valve | a double-layered membrane | | | called the pleura, which | | - Circulation | provides lubrication and | | | reduces friction during | | - The pulmonary loop -- | breathing | | right side of the heart | | | to the lungs and back | | | | | | - The systemic loop -- left | | | side of the heart to the | | | rest of the body and back | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Relationship** | | | | | | - Ensure oxygenation of blood | | | and removal of carbon dioxide | | | | | | - Right side of heart pumps | | | deoxygenated blood to lungs | | | | | | - Where it picks up oxygen and | | | releases carbon dioxide | | | | | | - Oxygenated blood then returns | | | to the left side of the heart | | | and pumps it to the rest of | | | the body | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ Physiology and implications of cardiorespiratory impairments (O2, CO2, Secretion movement & mobility impairments) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **O2 movement** | **CO2 movement** | +===================================+===================================+ | - Low O2 readings on ABGs or O2 | - Struggle to get air out of | | saturation (vital signs, | chest (obstructive) | | pulse oximetry) | | | | - Elevated CO2 readings on ABGs | | - Low lung volumes on chest | | | xray -- underinflated | - Diagnosis of obstructive | | | conditions | | - Cyanosis -- blue lips, | | | fingertips | - Hyperinflated on chest Xray | | | | | - Reports of dizziness | - Accessory muscle use | | | | | - Confusion | - Pursed lipped breathing to | | | try and blow off excess CO2 | | - Fatigue / Shortness of breath | | | | - Fatigue | | - Auscultation- reduced breath | | | sounds, fine crackles | - Reduced exercise capacity & | | (atelectasis- popping open) | independence in ADL | | | | | - Reduced exercise capacity & | | | independence in ADL | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **Secretion clearance | **Mobility impairment** | | impairment** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | - Ineffective cough- weak, | - Reduction in mobility from | | non-productive OR Moist | baseline | | cough, non-productive | | | | - Limitations due to weight | | - Diagnosis- CF, | bearing status | | bronchiectasis, pneumonia | | | | - Increased periods of bed | | - Could be coughing up phlegm | rest- & risk of | | (increased from normal) or | | | report difficulty clearing | - deconditioning | | | | | - Current smoker/ history of | - Requiring assistance for ADLs | | smoking- could increase risk | | | | - Reduced exercise tolerance | | - Changes on Xray- | | | consolidation | | | | | | - Potentially low gas readings | | | (O2 saturation- vital signs, | | | pulse oximetry) | | | | | | - Fatigue / Shortness of breath | | | / Increased work of breathing | | | | | | - Auscultation- course crackles | | | | | | - Reduced exercise capacity & | | | independence in ADL | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+