Acute quiz 2

Heart Structure and Function

• Acts as a pump to circulate blood throughout the body.
• Comprises four chambers: two atria (upper) and two ventricles (lower).
• Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood and sends it to the right ventricle.
• Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs for oxygenation.
• Left atrium collects oxygenated blood from the lungs, transferring it to the left ventricle.
• Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood throughout the body.

Heart Valves

• Contains four key valves: tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic.
• Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow between chambers and out of the heart.

Circulatory Loops

• The pulmonary loop moves deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back.
• The systemic loop delivers oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the rest of the body.

Lung Structure and Function

• Lungs are spongy organs located in the thoracic cavity, with one on each side of the heart.
• Key function is gas exchange, facilitating oxygen intake and carbon dioxide removal.
• Right lung consists of three lobes (superior, middle, inferior); left lung has two lobes (superior, inferior), accommodating the heart.

Lung Anatomy

• The trachea branches into two main bronchi, each entering the lungs and subdividing into smaller bronchioles.
• Tiny air sacs called alveoli are the sites for gas exchange.
• Each lung is encased by the pleura, a double-layered membrane providing lubrication and reducing friction during breathing.

Relationship Between Heart and Lungs

• Heart and lungs work together to oxygenate blood and eliminate carbon dioxide.
• The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygen uptake.
• Oxygenated blood returns to the left side of the heart to be circulated throughout the body.

Cardiorespiratory Impairments: O2 Movement

• Low oxygen levels can be evidenced by low readings on arterial blood gases (ABGs) or pulse oximetry.
• Chest X-rays may reveal low lung volumes indicating underinflation.
• Cyanosis may appear as blue discoloration of lips and fingertips.
• Symptoms can include dizziness, confusion, fatigue, and shortness of breath, with abnormal auscultation findings like reduced breath sounds.

Cardiorespiratory Impairments: CO2 Movement

• Difficulty in exhaling can indicate obstructive conditions, reflected by high CO2 levels in ABGs.
• Use of accessory muscles may increase, and pursed-lip breathing can be employed to expel excess CO2.
• Consequences include reduced exercise capacity and impact on daily activities.

Secretion Clearance Impairments

• An ineffective or moist cough can hinder proper secretion clearance from the lungs.
• Conditions like cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis, and pneumonia can complicate secretion management.
• May present with abnormal X-ray findings (consolidation) and increased fatigue or shortness of breath.

Mobility Impairments

• Mobility can decline from baseline, with limitations due to weight-bearing status and increased periods of bed rest contributing to deconditioning.
• Some individuals may require assistance with activities of daily living (ADLs) and may experience reduced exercise tolerance.

Test your knowledge on the structure and function of the heart and lungs. This quiz covers heart chambers, valves, circulatory loops, and the basics of lung anatomy. See how well you understand these vital organs and their roles in the circulatory system.