ABPS311 Prelims PDF

TOPIC #1: UNDERSTANDING Tend to study and treat PSYCHOPATHOLOGY adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - the scientific healthy individuals study of psycholog...

TOPIC #1: UNDERSTANDING Tend to study and treat PSYCHOPATHOLOGY adjustment and vocational issues encountered by relatively PSYCHOPATHOLOGY - the scientific healthy individuals study of psychological disorders 2. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER - Ph.D., Psy.D associated with distress or impairment Usually concentrate on more in functioning and a response that is severe psychological disorders not typically or culturally expected 3. PSYCHIATRIST ABNORMALITY - behavioral, First earn an M.D. degree in psychological, or biological medical school and then dysfunctions that are unexpected in specialize in psychiatry during their cultural context and associated residency training that lasts 4 with present distress and impairment years in functioning, or increased risk of Investigates the nature and suffering, death, pain, or impairment cause of psychological disorders, often from a biological point of PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION - view; makes diagnoses; and offer breakdown in cognitive, emotional or treatments behavioral functioning Emphasizes on drugs or other biological treatments, although DISTRESS - implies an external and most use psychosocial usually temporary cause of great treatments as well physical strain and stress 4. PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKER IMPAIRMENT - diminishment or loss Master’s degree in social work of function or ability Develop expertise in collecting information relevant to the ATYPICAL - not culturally expected social and family situation of the individual with a psychological CULTURAL RELATIVISM - view that disorder there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal 5. PSYCHIATRIC NURSES Advanced degrees such as THE SCIENCE OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY master’s or even a Ph.D. Specialize in the care and 1. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGISTS treatment of patients with Ph.D., Ed.D., Psy.D psychological disorders, usually  in hospitals as part of a time of developing a full blown treatment term diagnosable psychiatric syndrome. CLINICAL DESCRIPTION - represents ACUTE ONSET - began suddenly the unique combination of behaviors, INSIDIOUS ONSET - develop thoughts, and feelings that make up a gradually over an extended specific disorder period of time PRESENTS - a traditional shorthand PROGNOSIS - the anticipated course of way of indicating why a person came to the disorder the clinic POSITIVE PROGNOSIS - a person PREVALENCE - statistics on how many has a good chance of responding people in the population as a whole has well to treatment and will have a a disorder good quality of life in the future NEGATIVE PROGNOSIS - the INCIDENCE - statistics on how many person’s condition is unlikely to new cases occur during a given period improve and that their quality of life will be significantly affected. COURSE - the development or progression of a particular disorder or ETIOLOGY - study of the origins ; has condition over time. This can include to do with why a disorder begins ; the trajectory of symptoms, severity, includes biological, psychological, and and treatment response. social dimensions CHRONIC COURSE - tend to last HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF a long time ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR EPISODIC COURSE - an individual is likely to recover 1. SUPERNATURAL TRADITION within a few months only to EXORCISM - various religious suffer a recurrence of the rituals were performed in an disorder in a later time effort to rid the victim of evil TIME-LIMITED COURSE - the spirits disorder will improve without ACEDIA - the sin of sloth treatment in a relatively short (basically, the seven deadly sins period - PLAGES) TREPHINATION - an example of ONSET - the time span from the the earliest supernatural beginning of the first symptom to the explanation for mental illness in which a stone instrument known  as a trephine was used to remove process, that gradually part of the skull, creating an destroys their minds.” opening. - The word ‘lunacy’ comes from a theory espoused by Paracelsus, who attributed odd behavior to the misalignment of the moon and stars. BIOLOGICAL TRADITION HIPPOCRATES - Father of Modern Western Medicine - Psychological disorders could be SAINT VITUS’ DANCE treated like any other disease (TARANTISM) - modernly - Brain is the seat of wisdom, known as rave (but with music) consciousness, intelligence, and - In Europe, whole groups of emotion people were simultaneously compelled to run out in the THE 4 BODILY FLUID OR HUMORS streets, dance, shout, race, and jump around in patterns as if 1. Sanguine they were at a particularly wild - Blood party late at night - Cheerful and optimistic - Insomnia and delirium MASS HYSTERIA - emotion contagion 2. Melancholic - Black bile MOB PSYCHOLOGY - shared - Depressive response 3. Phlegmatic PARACELSUS - a Swiss physician - Phlegm and alchemist who rejected the - Apathy and sluggishness notion of possession of the devil. - Calm under pressure - Paracelsus describes his view of “lunatici”. “These 4. Choleric are men, inflicted by a - Yellow bile psychopathological - Hot tempered  ANCIENT CHINA - blockage of improve symptoms of certain yin-yang mental health conditions 19TH CENTURY PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION 1. SYPHILIS PLATO - believes that the two - Caused by bacterial causes of maladaptive behavior microorganism entering the were the social and cultural brain influences in one’s life and the - Delusion of persecution or learning that took place in that delusion of grandeur environment - Louis Pateur’s germ theory MORAL THERAPY - based on the JOHN P. GREY belief that a person with a - The causes of insanity is always mental disorder could be helped physical by being treated with - Mentally ill patients should be compassion, kindness, and treated as physically ill dignity in a clean, comfortable environment that provided INSULIN SHOCK THERAPY freedom of movement, - Manfred Sakel opportunities for occupational - Insulin shock therapy was and social activity, and introduced in 1927 and it reassuring talks with physicians involved repeatedly injecting and attendants. patients with large doses of insulin to induce comas, PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY primarily used for schizophrenia, before being DEFENSE MECHANISM replaced by neuroleptic drugs. 1. Denial 2. Displacement SHOCK THERAPY 3. Projection - Benjamin Franklin, Joseph von 4. Rationalization Meduna, Ugo Cerletti, and Lucio 5. Reaction Formation Bini 6. Sublimation - During this procedure, small 7. Repression electric currents pass through the brain, intentionally causing a PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES brief seizure. ECT seems to 1. Oral change brain chemistry, and 2. Anal these changes can quickly 3. Phallic  4. Latency CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND 5. Genital DIAGNOSIS PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY CLINICAL ASSESSMENT - 1. Free Association systematic evaluation and 2. Dream Analysis measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in 7 TACTICS THAT CHARACTERIZED an individual presenting with a PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY possible psychological disorder 1. Focus on affect and the DIAGNOSIS - process of expression of patient’s emotion determining whether the 2. Exploration of patient’s particular problem afflicting the attempts to avoid topics or individual meets all criteria for a engage in activities that hinder psychological disorder the progress of therapy 3. Identification of patterns in KEY CONCEPTS IN ASSESSMENT patient’s actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and Values of assessment depends on: relationships 1. Reliability - the degree to which 4. Emphasis on past experiences a measurement is consistent 5. Focus on patient’s interpersonal 2. Validity - the degree to which a experiences technique measures what if is 6. Emphasis on therapeutic designed to measure relationship 3. Standardization - application of 7. Exploration of patients’ wishes, certain standards to ensure dreams, or fantasies consistency across different measurements HUMANISTIC THEORY - Self-actualization CLINICAL INTERVIEW - Unconditional positive regard - Core of most clinical work - Empathy - Gathers information on current - Genuineness and past behavior, attitudes, and emotions, as well as a detailed BEHAVIORAL MODEL history of the individual’s life in - Classical Conditioning general and of the presenting - Operant Conditioning problem - Social-cognitive MENTAL STATUS EXAM - involves SUBSEQUENT FOCUS - possible systematic observation of an existence of disorder characterized by individual’s behavior intrusive, unwanted thoughts, and resistance to them 5 CATEGORIES SEMI STRUCTURED CLINICAL 1. Appearance and behavior - INTERVIEWS - made up of questions persistent twitch, appearance that have been carefully phrased and appropriate tested to elicit useful information in a Overt behavior consistent manner Attire Appearance, posture, PHYSICAL EXAMINATION - looking expressions into particular attention to medical conditions sometime associated with 2. Thought process - flow and specific psychological problem content of speech reasonable Rate of speech BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT - using Continuity of speech direct observation to formally assess an Content of speech individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or 3. Mood and affect - anxious context mood, affect appropriate Predominant feeling state of the THE ABC OF OBSERVATION individual Observational assessment focuses on: Feeling state accompanying what individual says 1. Antecedents 2. Behavior 4. Intellectual functioning - 3. Consequences intelligence within normal limits Type of vocabulary INFORMAL OBSERVATION - it relies on Use of abstractions and observer’s recollection, as well as metaphors interpretation of the events 5. Sensorium - oriented times FORMAL OBSERVATION - involves three identifying specific behaviors that are Awareness of surroundings in observable and measurable terms of person (self and clinician), time, and place— SELF-MONITORING - a technique “oriented times three” wherein people can also observe their own behavior to find patterns BEHAVIOR RATING SCALE - used as pictures of the structure and function assessment tools before treatment and of the brain then periodically during treatment to assess changes in a person’s behavior Examples: Computerized Axial Tomography PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING - includes (CAT Scan/Ct Scan) specific tools to determine cognitive, Magnetic Resonance Imaging emotional, or behavioral responses that (MRI) might be associated with a specific Positron Emission Tomography disorder and more general tools that (PET Scan) assess long-standing personality Single Photon Emission features Computed Tomography (SPECT) Functional Magnetic Resonance PROJECTIVE TEST - includes a variety Imaging (fMRI) of methods in which ambiguous stimuli such as pictures of people or things are PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT presented to people who are asked to - used for assessing brain structure and describe what they see function specifically and nervous system activity (i.e. PERSONALITY INVENTORIES - Electroencephalogram or EEG) self-report questionnaires that assess personal traits DIAGNOSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER INTELLIGENCE TEST - includes (but is not limited to) attention, perception, IDIOGRAPHIC STRATEGIES - memory, reasoning, and verbal determining what is unique about an comprehension individual’s personality, cultural background, or circumstances NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS - measure abilities in areas such as NOMOTHETIC STRATEGY - taking receptive and expressive language, advantage of information already perceptual abilities, and learning and accumulated on a particular problem or abstraction in such a way that the disorder, determining a general class of clinician can make educated guesses problems to which the presenting about the person’s performance and problem belongs the possible existence of brain impairment CLASSIFICATION - refers to simply any effort to construct groups or categories NEUROIMAGING - looking inside the and to assign objects or people to these nervous system and take accurate categories on the basis of their shared which may then be activated under attributes or relations conditions of stress TAXONOMY - classification of entities DIATHESIS - inherited tendency ; for scientific purposes condition that makes someone susceptible to developing a disorder NOSOLOGY - application of taxonomic system to psychological or medical GENE-ENVIRONMENT CORRELATION phenomena or other clinical cases MODEL - people might have a genetically determined tendency to NOMENCLATURE - describes the create the very environmental risk names or labels of the disorders that factors that trigger a genetic make up the nosology vulnerability to a disorder TOPIC #2: GENETIC CONTRIBUTION NEUROSCIENCE AND ITS TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY CONTRIBUTION TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY GENES - long molecules of DNA at various locations 1. FRONTAL LOBE - voluntary -46 chromosomes in a cell (23 pairs) movement, expressive language, -22 pairs - provide programs or and for managing higher level directions for the development of the executive functions body and brain -23rd pair - sex chromosome PREFRONTAL CORTEX POSTERIOR - movement X chromosome - female MIDDLE - working memory, Y chromosome - male cognitive control, and emotional reactions DOMINANT GENE - a pair of genes ANTERIOR - decision making that strongly influences a particular trait 2. LIMBIC SYSTEM -set of structure that regulates RECESSIVE GENE - must be paired with instinctive behaviors another (recessive) gee to determine a trait 3. AMYGDALA - critically involved in processing of emotions ; DIATHESIS-STRESS MODEL - damage in this area may result in individuals inherit tendencies to more aggression, irritability, express certain traits or behaviors, loss of control of emotions, and deficits in recognizing emotions  especially fear, can result in 7. BASAL GANGLIA - involved in fewer feelings of shame about cognitive and emotional breaking social rules as well as behaviors and have a role in trouble recognizing fearful and rewards and reinforcement ; shamed facial expressions damage to this can result i n correction ; reduce amygdala tremors, involuntary muscle volume may underlie movement, abnormal posture, vulnerability to stress and and links to movement disorders depression ; structural and (Parkinson’s and Huntington’s neurochemical difference in the disease), may also contribute to amygdala have been found in symptoms of depression young people with bipolar disorder, suggesting an 8. HYPOTHALAMUS - structure association between amygdala below the thalamus, regulates volume and this disorder eating, drinking, and sexual behavior, involved in processing 4. HIPPOCAMPUS -plays an basic emotions, involved in important role in memory activation of the pituitary gland ; would affect learning, memory, 5. THALAMUS - directs incoming spatial navigation, dementia, information from sense anxiety, depression, bipolar receptors to the cerebrum disorder, aggression, and OCD 6. CINGULATE GYRUS - regulates MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS emotions, behavior, and pain ; RELEVANT TO damage to this can result in PSYCHOPATHOLOGY emotions being inappropriate, having a lack of fear, impaired 1. Norepinephrine - found sense of pain, and learning in beta blocker, heart rate, impairments ; this region has blood pressure, also shown difference in respiration, structure in those with ASD, depression, OCD, PTSD, and 2. Serotonin - bipolar disorder due to its role in 5-hydroxytryptamine emotional processing ; there is (5HT), believed to thought to be reduced volume influence a great deal of and altered activity in the our behavior, particularly anterior and posterior …??? in processing informations, the system regulates behavior,  moods, and thought BEHAVIORAL AND COGNITIVE process, extremely low SCIENCE activity are associated COGNITIVE SCIENCE - concerned with with less inhibition how we acquire and process information and how we store and DRUGS AFFECTING THE ultimately retrieve it SEROTONIN SYSTEM LEARNED HELPLESSNESS - encounter 1. Tricyclic conditions over which they have no Antidepressants control, “attribution” 2. Selective -Serotonin LEARNED OPTIMISM - if people faced Reuptake with considerable stress and difficulty Inhibitors (SSRI) in their lives nevertheless display an optimistic, upbeat attitude 3. Dopamine - acts in the areas of brain to give you MODELING OR OBSERVATIONAL feelings of pleasure, LEARNING - type of learning requires satisfaction, and symbolic integration of the experiences motivation, most of others with judgments of what might commonly associated in happen to oneself schizophrenia and addiction disorders, PREPARED LEARNING - we have antipsychotic drugs, become highly prepared for learning dopamine circuits merge about certain types of objects or with serotonin circulation situations over the course of evolution because this knowledge contributes to 4. Gamma-aminobutyric the survival of the species acid (GABA) - inhibitory transmitter, IMPLICIT MEMORY - apparent when benzodiazepine, may someone clearly acts on the basis of reduce overall arousal and things that have happened in the past emotional response but can't remember the events 5. Glutamate - excitatory EMOTION transmitter ; overactivity can burn out sections of IMPORTANCE OF FEAR - according to the nervous system Charles Darwin, this kind of reaction seems to be programmed in all animals, including humans which suggests that it serves a useful involving (generally) the more evolutionary functions primitive brain areas, direct connection between these areas FLIGHT OR FIGHT RESPONSE - alarm and the eyes may allow reaction that activates during emotional processing to bypass potentially life-threatening the influence of higher cognitive emergencies processes THE EMOTION OF FEAR - subjective CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND feeling of terror, a strong motivation INTERPERSONAL FACTORS for behavior (escaping or fighting), and a complex physiological or arousal 1. VOODOO, EVIL EYE, AND OTHER response (Emotion = Action tendency) FEAR FRIGHT DISORDER - MOOD - more persistent period of characterized by exaggerated affect or emotionality startle responses, and other observable fear and anxiety AFFECT - refers to the valence reactions dimension (i.e. pleasant or positive vs SUSTO (Latin America) - various unpleasant or negative) of an emotion anxiety-based symptoms, including insomnia, irritability, COMPONENTS OF EMOTION phobias, and the marked somatic symptoms of sweating and 1. Emotion and Behavior - basic increased heart rate patterns of emotional behavior (tachycardia), the individual (freeze, escape, approach, believes that they have become attack) that differ in the object of black magic or fundamental ways, emotional witchcraft and is suddenly badly behavior is a means of frightened communication EVIL EYE - psychological and somatic symptoms, resulting 2. Cognitive Aspects of Emotion - fright disorder can be fatal appraisals, attributions, and other ways of processing the Cannon, 1942 - The Haitian world around you that are phenomenon of voodoo death, fundamental to emotional suggested that the sentence of death by experience a medicine man may create an intolerable autonomic arousal in the 3. Physiology of Emotion - participant, who has little ability to emotion is a brain function cope because there is no social support. That is, friends and family ignore the to be thin are present in many specific individual after a brief period of instances (Rothblum, 2002). Our grieving because they assume death has gender doesn’t cause psychopathology already occurred. Ultimately, the however gender role is a social and condition leads to damage to internal cultural factor that influences the form organs and death. Thus, from all and content of a disorder accounts, an individual who is from a physical and psychological point of view functioning in a perfectly healthy and adaptive way suddenly dies because of marked changes in the social environment. GENDER - gender roles have a strong and sometimes puzzling effect on psychopathology. The likelihood of your having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by your gender. For example, someone who complains of an insect or small-animal phobia severe enough to prohibit field trips or visits to friends in the country is almost certain to be female, as are 90% of the people with this phobia (possible reasons for this were mentioned on pp. 62– 63). But a social phobia strong enough to keep someone from attending parties or meetings affects men and women more or less equally but perhaps for different reasons. Bulimia nervosa, the severe eating disorder, occurs almost entirely in young females. A cultural emphasis on female thinness plagues our society and, increasingly, societies around the world. The pressures for males to be thin are less apparent, and of the few males who develop bulimia, a substantial percentage are gay; for these individuals, cultural imperatives