Abnormal Psychology PDF Notes

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM differ from that significantly M1- INTRO TO ABPSYCH societal norms differ...

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM differ from that significantly M1- INTRO TO ABPSYCH societal norms differ from cultural and societal norms. PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER (ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR) DISTRESS Experience of major depressive ​ psychological dysfunction within an individual intense feelings disorder (MDD), associated with distress or impairment in of distress that where an functioning and a response that is not typical or impairs an individual culturally expected. individual to experiences ​ Criteria: function intense sadness, -​ Psychological dysfunction hopelessness, -​ Distress or impairment and emotional pain that -​ Atypical response interfere with ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY daily life. ​ A branch of psychology that is concerned with understanding the nature, causes, and DYSFUNCTION Interferes with obsessive-compul treatment of mental disorders. daily sive disorder NORMALITY BEHAVIOR functioning (OCD), where a ​ Correct adaptive behavior person’s intrusive ​ Common pattern of behavior among the thoughts and general majority compulsive ABNORMALITY (ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR) behaviors ​ Behavior that is inconsistent with the interfere with individual’s developmental, cultural, and their daily life. societal norms and creates emotional DANGER Dangerous or antisocial distress/interferes with daily functioning. harmful to personality PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION oneself disorder (ASPD), ​ Refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, where an or behavioral functioning. individual may ​ EX. If you are out on a date, it should be fun. engage in But if you experience severe fear all evening and reckless, aggressive, or just want to go home, even though there is violent behavior nothing to be afraid of, and the severe fear that poses a happens on every date, your emotions are not threat to functioning properly. However, if all your friends themselves or agree that the person who asked you out is others. unpredictable and dangerous in some way, then it would not be dysfunctional for you to be ACCEPTED DEFINITION fearful and avoid the date. ​ Psychological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION present distress and impairment in functioning, ​ Psychological dysfunction within an individual or increased risk of suffering. death, pain, or associated with distress or impairment in impairment functioning and a response that is not typically or culturally accepted. FACTORS THAT INCREASE PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER FOUR ELEMENTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER CRISIS Difficult life condition DEVIANCE different schizophrenia, /extreme where a person ABUSE Emotional or verbal behavior, may experience emotions, and hallucinations POVERTY Lack of resources thoughts that and delusions  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM PSYCHOPATHOLOGY HISTORICAL CONCEPTIONS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ​ Scientific study of psychological disorders ​ Demons and Witches -​ Bizarre behavior was seen as the work MENTAL HEALTH PROFESSIONALS of the devil and witches CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGISTS & COUNSELING -​ Exorcism: spiritual practice that evicts PSYCHOLOGIST demons or spiritual entities ​ Stress and Melancholy PSYCHIATRISTS -​ Enlightened view that insanity was a PSYCHIATRIC SOCIAL WORKERS natural phenomenon caused by mental or emotional stress PSYCHIATRIC NURSE SUPERNATURAL TRADITION ​ Treatments for Possession The Scientist - Practitioner -​ Hanging people over a pit full of -​ Adoption of scientific methods to learn more poisonous snakes might scare evil spirits about the nature of psychological disorders right out of their body 1.​ They keep up with latest scientific ​ Mass Hysteria developments (CONSUMER) -​ Large-scale outbreaks of bizarre 2.​ They evaluate their own assessments or behavior treatment procedures to see whether they work (EVALUATOR) ​ Modern Mass Hysteria 3.​ They conduct research in clinics or -​ If one person identifies a "cause" of the hospitals that produce new information problem, others will assume that their (CREATOR) own reactions have the same source CLINICAL DESCRIPTION ​ Moons and Stars -​ Represents the unique combination of -​ The movements of the moon and stars behaviors, thoughts, feelings that make had profound effects on people's up a disorder psychological functioning PREVALENCE - how many people in the population BIOLOGICAL TRADITION have this disorder ​ Hippocrates & Galen INCIDENCE - how many cases occur during a given -​ Humoral theory of disorders assumed period that normal brain functioning was COURSE - individual pattern of a disorder (Chronic related to four bodily fluids or humors Course, Episodic Course, and Time-limited Course) ​ Syphilis -​ Chronic: The disorder persists for a long time, -​ Sexually transmitted disease entering sometimes lasting a lifetime. Symptoms may the brain causing delusion of fluctuate in severity but do not completely persecution, delusion of grandeur, and resolve. Examples include schizophrenia and other bizarre behavior major depressive disorder. ​ John P Grey (19th Century) -​ Episodic: The disorder occurs in episodes, -​ Believed that what causes insanity is with periods of symptoms followed by recovery always physical or remission. Symptoms may return later, often -​ Was the most influential American unpredictably. Examples include bipolar psychiatrist disorder and recurrent major depression. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRADITION -​ Time-limited: The disorder resolves on its ​ Moral Therapy own within a short period without the need for -​ Providing them with many long-term treatment. Symptoms do not usually opportunities for appropriate social and return once they subside. Examples include interpersonal contact brief reactive psychosis and some cases of ​ Asylum Reform adjustment disorders. -​ Mental Hygiene Movement by Dorothea Dix  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM ONSET - disorders have different onset (Acute onset, BIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE SCIENCE Insidious Onset) Learned Helplessness -​ Acute: Symptoms develop suddenly and -​ Occurs when rats or animals encounter intensely within a short period. This can be conditions over which they have no control alarming and may require immediate (Martin Seligman) intervention. Examples include panic disorder Learned Optimism and acute stress disorder. -​ If people faced with considerable stress and -​ Insidious: Symptoms emerge gradually over difficulty in their lives nevertheless display an time, making it harder to detect early. The optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to progression is slow, often worsening before function better psychologically and physically. being recognized. Examples include schizophrenia and Alzheimer’s disease. Conditioning & Cognitive Processes -​ Pavlov (Classical Conditioning) PROGNOSIS - anticipated course of a disorder -​ B.F. Skinner (Operant Conditioning) SOCIAL LEARNING DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY -​ Albert Bandura ​ Refers to the changes in abnormal behavior. -​ People do not have to experience situations/events firsthand for them to learn ETIOLOGY - Study of origins; includes biological, effectively. psychological and social dimensions. PREPARED LEARNING TREATMENT - Important to the study of -​ Humans become highly prepared for learning psychological disorders about certain types of objects/situations over the course of evolution because their knowledge contributes to the survival of the subjects. Passed down knowledge or fear: ​ Dangerous - snake ​ Safe - flowers M2- INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGY UNCONSCIOUS -ability to process and store information and take One-Dimensional actions on it without the awareness of what the -​ Single cause of a disorder information is and why we are taking actions on it. Multidimensional EX. Blind sight/unconscious vision and implicit memory. -​ Abnormal behavior results from multiple influences EMOTIONAL INFLUENCES -​ Mostly use perspective in determining Emotion causality -​ Raw physiological response to a certain stimulus short-lived, temporary states. BIOLOGICAL INFLUENCES Fight or flight response -​ Activates during life-threatening emergencies. Diathesis Fear Response -​ stress model -​ Walter Cannon (Physiologist) speculated that -​ Interaction between genes and environment fear activates the cardiovascular system. -​ Inherited tendency (susceptible to developing a disorder) EMOTIONAL PHENOMENA The Gene Fear -​ environment correlation model -​ Subjective feeling of terror which is a strong -​ States that have a genetically determined motivation for behavior, physiological and tendency to create the very environmental risk arousal response factors that trigger a genetic vulnerability. Mood -​ More persistent period or emotionality  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM Affect DIAGNOSIS -​ Valence dimensions of an emotion -​ Determine whether it meets all the criteria (pleasant/unpleasant) Action Tendency KEY COMPONENTS IN ASSESSMENT -​ Tendency to behave in a certain way 1.​ RELIABILITY - consistency 2.​ VALIDITY - accuracy 3 COMPONENTS OF EMOTION 3.​ STANDARDIZATION - applicable to all Misdiagnosis - the problem will worsen 1.​ BEHAVIOR 2.​ PHYSIOLOGY CLINICAL INTERVIEW 3.​ COGNITION -​ it gathers information on current and past Overlapping components; emotion is a way of behavior communication between species. -​ Identifies the start of specific problem and other ​ Suppressing anger or fear increases sympathetic events nervous system activity, which may contribute to psychopathology. MENTAL STATUS EXAM (MSE) -​ Systematic observation of an individual’s CULTURAL, SOCIAL, AND INTERPERSONAL behavior -​ Can be done in a very detailed manner CULTURAL FACTORS -​ To identify present illness or problem ​ Voodoo Death (Haiti) - set of religious beliefs and practices of West African 5 CATEGORIES: ​ Susto- cause : black magic 1.​ Appearance and Behavior 2.​ Thought Process 3.​ Mood and Affect GENDER - likelihood of having a particular phobia is 4.​ Intellectual Functioning powerfully influenced by gender. 5.​ Sensorium -​ Differences in the development of psychological disorders has something SEMI STRUCTURED CLINICAL INTERVIEWS to do with GENDER ROLES. -​ Are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful SOCIAL EFFECTS ON HEALTH AND information in a consistent manner so that clinicians can be sure they have inquired about BEHAVIOR the most important aspects of articular ​ Greater the number and frequency of social disorders (Galleta, 2013; Summerfeldt, relationships, longer you are to live Kloosterman, & Antony, 2010) ​ Risk of depression for people who live alone is approximately 80% higher than those people PHYSICAL EXAMINATION who live with others. -​ If the patient presenting with psychological problems has not has a physical exam in the past year, a clinical might recommend one, with SOCIAL STIGMA particular attention to the medical conditions -​ Being anxious/depressed is considered a sometimes associated with the specific weakness or being lame. psychological problem -​ With less social support → less chance of full recovery. BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT -​ Using direct observation to formally assess an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts. M3 - CLINICAL ASSESSMENT AND THE ABCs OF OBSERVATION DIAGNOSIS A- antecedent B - behavior C - consequence ​ Informal Observation - a problem with this type of observation is that it relies on the observer’s ASSESSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDER recollection, as well as interpretation of the events. ​ Formal Observation - involves identifying CLINICAL ASSESSMENT specific behaviors that are observable and -​ Systematic evaluation measurable (called an operational definition)  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM ​ PROTOTYPICAL APPROACH - SELF-MONITORING categorical approach that combines features of -​ Can observe their own behavior to find the other approaches. patterns, a technique known as self-monitoring or self-observation (Hyaness et al., 2011) CHECKLIST AND BEHAVIOR RATING PRACTICE EXAMPLES SCALES -​ A more formal and structured way to observe 1.​ Maria should recover quickly with no intervention necessary without treatment, John PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING will deteriorate rapidly. -​ Psychological test include specific tools to ANSWER: PROGNOSIS determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral 2.​ Three new cases of bulimia have been reported responses that might be associated with a in this country during the past month and only specific disorder one in the next country. ANSWER: INCIDENCE PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUE 3.​ Elizabeth visited the campus mental health -​ Presentation of ambiguous stimuli center because of her increasing feelings of guilt -​ Projection of personality and the unconscious and anxiety ANSWER: PRESENTING PROBLEM PERSONALITY INVENTORIES 4.​ Biological, psychological, and social influences ​ Face vs. construct validity all contribute to a variety of disorders ​ Empirically-based ANSWER: ETIOLOGY ​ Minimally ambiguous stimuli 5.​ Pattern a disorder follows can be chronic, ​ Minimal inference time-limited and episodic ANSWER: COURSE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING 6.​ How many people in the population as a whole -​ Measure abilities in areas such as receptive and suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder expressive language, attention and ANSWER: PREVALENCE concentration, memory, motor skills, and perceptual abilities and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person’s ONSITE QUIZ performance and possible existence of brain impairment 1.​ A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in DIAGNOSING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS functioning and a response that is not typical or ​ IDIOGRAPHIC - determination of individual culturally expected. unique features or attributes. ANSWER: ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR ​ NOMOTHETIC - determination of general classes and common attributes. 2.​ You are out on a date. However, you experience severe fear all evening and just want to go DIAGNOSTIC CLASSIFICATION home, even though there is nothing to be afraid ​ TAXONOMY - the classification of entities for of, and the severe fear happens on every date scientific purposes. you have. ​ NOSOLOGY - the taxonomic system to ANSWER: PSYCHOLOGICAL DYSFUNCTION psychological or medical phenomena or other clinical areas. 3.​ Describing the patient’s presenting problem, ​ NOMENCLATURE - describes the name or which is represented by the unique combination labels of the disorders that make up the of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make nosology up a specific disorder. ANSWER: CLINICAL DESCRIPTION CATEGORICAL AND DIMENSIONAL APPROACH 4.​ The anticipated course of a disorder is called ​ CLASSICAL CATEGORICAL ____. APPROACH - assumes that each disorder is ANSWER: PROGNOSIS unique or different with its own unique underlying pathophysiological cause ​ DIMENSIONAL APPROACH - places symptoms on several dimensional ratings  ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 10:00-12:50 PM MANIFESTING MAKAPASAR SA EXAM 5.​ Some disorders have an/a ____, meaning that 16.​Hippocrates believed that abnormal behavior they begin suddenly; others develop gradually was caused by: over an extended period, which is sometimes ANSWER: IMBALANCE IN BODILY FLUIDS called an/a ____. ANSWER: ACUTE ONSET; INSIDIOUS ONSET 17.​ Which statement is true about the “four Ds” of abnormality? 6.​ Number of people in the population as a whole ANSWER: NONE OF THE “FOUR D’S” IS, BY that have the disorder: ____; new cases that ITSELF. AN ADEQUATE GAUGE OF occur during a given period: PSYCHOLOGICAL ABNORMALITY ANSWER: PREVALENCE; INCIDENCE 18.​ The role of a clinical practitioner in abnormal 7.​ The study of changes in abnormal behavior. psychology is to: ANSWER: DEVELOPMENTAL ANSWER: DETECT, ASSESS, AND TREAT PSYCHOPATHOLOGY ABNORMAL PATTERNS OF FUNCTIONING 8.​ Dorothea Dix campaigned endlessly for reform in the treatment of insanity. Her work became known as the ____. ANSWER: MENTAL HYGIENE MOVEMENT 9.​ The study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions. ANSWER: ETIOLOGY 10.​If someone nearby becomes frightened or sad, chances are that for the moment you also will feel fear or sadness. This is a demonstration of ____. ANSWER: EMOTIONAL CONTAGION 11.​ The individual will probably recover; ____ the probable outcome doesn’t look good. ANSWER: GOOD PROGNOSIS; GUARDED PROGNOSIS 12.​ Biological, psychological, and social influences contribute to the ____ of disorders. ANSWER: ETIOLOGY 13.​The job of ____ is to gather information systematically so that they may describe, predict, and explain the phenomena they study. ANSWER: CLINICAL PRACTITIONERS 14.​The “four Ds” of abnormality are: ANSWER: DEVIANCE, DISTRESS, DYSFUNCTION, DANGER 15.​ Roman is a loner. He lives in a cabin in the woods with no running water or electricity. While he manages to survive this way, living so far from the closest city makes it very hard for him to get and keep gainful employment. He is often unhappy with his situation, yet he feels that he can do nothing to change it and has lived this way for years. Which term could NOT be used to describe Roman’s behavior? ANSWER: DANGEROUS