ملخص اعلام واتصال PDF

Summary

This document provides a summary of the concepts of communication and media. It covers the definitions, types, characteristics, and functions of communication, as well as the various stages of its development. It also examines the concepts of propaganda, rumors, and advertising, along with the meaning and importance of public opinion.

Full Transcript

‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﻋﻼﻡ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪2...

‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﻋﻼﻡ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻ ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻲﺍ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻲﺍ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻔﻬﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲﺍ ﺭﺳﻤﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ‪ :‬ﻟﻔﻈﻲ (ﺷﻔﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ) ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﻲ (ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ)‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ‪ :‬ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ‪ :‬ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻲ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ‪ :‬ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪ :‬ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻲ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 2400‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1440‬ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻪﻝ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻴﺔ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻐﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ‪4. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ‪5. :‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ‪.1989‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ‪-.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ)‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ‪ :‬ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺒﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪---‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ (ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ)‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﻠﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ‪ :‬ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻣﻮﺛﻮ ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ‪ :‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﺍﻉ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﻋﺔ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻔﻬﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟﺐﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪ :‬ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻱﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪4. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪--‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ (ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ)‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻡ ‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺐ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻡ ‪3.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪4. :‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪ :‬ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ‪ :‬ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻗﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ‪5. :‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻴﺮ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻄﻠﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺆﻫﻠﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫ ‪---‬‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪1. :‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪2. :‬‬ ‫ﻇﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻲ‪3. :‬‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﺒﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ‪4. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ‪5. :‬‬ ‫ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ (‪ )1962‬ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲﺍ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ‪6. :‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬

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