ملخص اعلام واتصال PDF
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This document provides a summary of the concepts of communication and media. It covers the definitions, types, characteristics, and functions of communication, as well as the various stages of its development. It also examines the concepts of propaganda, rumors, and advertising, along with the meaning and importance of public opinion.
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ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ1. : ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﻋﻼﻡ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ. ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ2...
ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ :ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ1. : ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺇﻋﻼﻡ" ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺍﻧﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ. ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻺﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺰﻧﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺸﻔﺮﺓ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ. ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ2. : ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﻴﺔ. ﻞ ﻳﺸﺘﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺘﺒﺎﺩﻻ ﻭﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻙ. ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ3. : ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﺣﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞﺍ ﺛﻨﺎﺋﻲ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ. ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻓﻴﻤﻴﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫﺍﺗﻲﺍ ﻭﺷﺨﺼﻲﺍ. ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ :ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻭﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ1. : ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺍﺻﻞ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ. ﻫﻮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ. ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻔﻬﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲﺍ ﺭﺳﻤﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ. ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ2. : ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻘﻨﻮﺍﺕ :ﻟﻔﻈﻲ (ﺷﻔﻬﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ) ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻟﻔﻈﻲ (ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻭﻟﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﺪ). ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ :ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻲ. ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻻﺗﺠﺎﻩ :ﺗﺼﺎﻋﺪﻱ ﺗﻨﺎﺯﻟﻲ ﺃﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻗﻄﺮﻱ. ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ3. : ﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ :ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻔﻴﺰ :ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺍﻷﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺂﺕ. ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ :ﺗﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ. ﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ :ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ :ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ1. : ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﻹﻳﻤﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﻟﻮﺣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺮﻭﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ. ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﺎﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ. ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺑﻲ2. : ﺑﺪﺃ ﻋﺎﻡ 2400ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻼﺩ ﺑﺘﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ. ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺎﻡ 1440ﻣﻤﺎ ﺳﻪﻝ ﻧﺸﺮ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺐ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﻒ. ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺫﺍﻋﻴﺔ3. : ﻇﻬﺮﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻐﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺷﻔﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ. ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﻮﺕ. ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺼﺮﻳﺔ4. : ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ. ﺍﻟﺒﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻠﻔﺰﻳﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺪﺃ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ. ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﻓﺘﺮﺍﺿﻲ5. : ﻇﻬﺮ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺯﺩﻫﺮ ﻣﻊ ﺍﺧﺘﺮﺍﻉ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ .1989 ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺗﻒ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﻴﺔ ﺟﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻨﺼﻴﺔ-. ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻌﺔ :ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺗﻬ ﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ1. : ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ :ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ. ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ :ﺍﻟﻔﻜﺮﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ :ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ. ﺍﻟﻘﻨﺎﺓ :ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻳﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ). ﻓﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻔﻴﺮ :ﺗﻔﺴﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ. ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ :ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ. ﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ :ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻓﻬﻤﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﺘﺸﻮﻳﺶ :ﺃﻱ ﻋﺎﺋﻖ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻮﺡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ. ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﻧﺠﺎﺡ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ2. : ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ. ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺿﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ. ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﺬﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺟﻌﺔ. ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺴﺠﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻠﻔﻈﻴﺔ. ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ3. : ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﻮﻳﺔ :ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ. ﺏ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ :ﺍﺿﻄﺮﺍﺑﺎﺕ ﻧﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺨﻮﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﻛﺘﺌﺎ ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻴﺔ :ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ ﺍﻟﺬﻛﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﻲ. ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﻳﺔ :ﺍﻟﻀﻮﺿﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺒﺔ. ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﺋﻖ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ :ﺍﻻﺧﺘﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ. ﻣﻌﻮﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻲ :ﻧﻘﺺ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ. ﺣﻮﺍﺟﺰ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻒ ﻭﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ :ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻛﻴﺔ. --- ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﺴﺔ :ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎﺛﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﻋﻼﻡ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ (ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ) ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ1. : ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ :ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻀﻠﻠ ﺔ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻋﻬﺎ: ﻕ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ :ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻣﻮﺛﻮ ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻮﺩﺍﺀ :ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺬﺏ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﺍﻉ. ﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻳﺔ :ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻫﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻭﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬﺎ: ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻃﻔﺔ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘ ﺔ ﺍﻹﻏﻔﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ. ﺍﻟﺘﻜﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ. ﺍﻹﺷﺎﻋﺔ2. : ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ :ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺆﻛﺪﺓ ﺗﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﻔﻬﻲﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻘﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺤﺘﻬﺎ. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼﻬ ﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ. ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻀﺨﻴﻢ. ﻏﺎﻟﺐﺍ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺼﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﺑﻌﺪﻡ ﺍﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺼﺤﺘﻬﺎ. ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻥ3. : ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ :ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻭﻳﺞ ﻟﻤﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺪﻑ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﺒﻴﻌﺎﺕ. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺼ ﻪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻬﻮﺭ. ﻱﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﺨﻠﻖ ﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺷﺮﺍﺋﻬﺎ. ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ4. : ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ :ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻠﻖ ﺻﻮﺭﺓ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﻓﻮﻋﺔ. -- ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺳﺔ :ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ (ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ) ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻡ 1. ﺭﺃﻱ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ. ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻘﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻟﻘﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ. ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ2. : ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺗﻄﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ. ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺐ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﻟﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺻﻮﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮ. ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎ ﻡ 3. ﻳﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻮﺭﻱﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻤﻘﺮﺍﻃﻲ ﻭﺗﻮﺟﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ. ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴ ﺔ ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭﺍﺕ. ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ4. : ﺍﻻﺗﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ :ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺣﻮﻝ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻴﺔ :ﻳﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻼﻧﻲ. ﺍﻟﺮﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ :ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ. ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻕ :ﻳﺪﻋﻢ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺧﻼﻗﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺮﺍﻗﺒﻬﺎ. ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻡ5. : ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻏﻠﺒﻴﺔ :ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ. ﺭﺃﻱ ﺍﻷﻗﻠﻴﺔ :ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺆﺛﺮﺍ ﺭﻏﻢ ﻗﻠﺔ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩﻩ. ﺍﻟﺮﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﻴﺮ :ﻳﺘﺒﻨﺎﻩ ﺃﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﻣﻄﻠﻌﻮﻥ ﻭﻣﺆﻫﻠﻮﻥ. --- ﻝ ﺗﻠﺨﻴﺺ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻌﺔ :ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺗﺨﺼﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ1. : ﻓﺮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ. ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻴﻊ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺎﺩﺛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ. ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ2. : ﻇﻬﺮ ﻛﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻄﻮﺭ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ. ﺍﺭﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺮﻱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ. ﺃﺳﺲ ﺍﻻﻧﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻷﻛﺎﺩﻳﻤﻲ3. : ﺑﺪﺃﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻛﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﻛﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﻠﺒﺮ ﺷﺮﺍﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﺳﺲ ﻣﻌﺎﻫﺪ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺭﺯﺓ ﻭﺳﺎﻫﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻣﺞ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼ ﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺕ4. : ﺗﺘﺪﺍﺧﻞ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ. ﺗﻬﺘﻢ ﺑﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ. ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﻏﻲ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﻨﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻤﻴ ﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ5. : ﻧﺸﺄﺕ ﻣﻊ ﺩﺧﻮﻝ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ. ﺍﺳﺖﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺄﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻋﺎﻳﺔ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻘﻼﻝ ( )1962ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺩﺍﺀ ﺃﺩﻭﺍﺭ ﺩﻋﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻬﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺴﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻧﻔﺘﺎﺡﺍ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲﺍ ﻭﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱﺍ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ. ﺗﻄﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﺍﺋﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻠﺤﻮﻅ ﻣﻨﺬ ﺍﻟﺴﺒﻌﻴﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺎﺕ. ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺗﺼﺎﻝ6. : ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬﻢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ. ﺗﺪﻋﻢ ﺻﻨﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻹﻋﻼﻣﻴﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﻢ ﻭﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻣﻴﺔ.