Intellectual and Industrial Revolutions Module 3 PDF

Intellectual and Industrial Revolutions Module 3  Recap Science and Society Technology ✣ Medieval science though faith centered was actually transitioning from scholasticism to empiricism or the adherence to the scientific method. Science became modern when...

Intellectual and Industrial Revolutions Module 3  Recap Science and Society Technology ✣ Medieval science though faith centered was actually transitioning from scholasticism to empiricism or the adherence to the scientific method. Science became modern when no other process but the scientific method became the way of scientific inquiry. Scientific evidence became synonymous with reality. Some world views or perception of what is real however persist despite scientific evidences. On your personal capacity, how fast do you change perception when scientific evidence against your view is presented? Answer should be: fast, not so fast , very slow. 4  3A. The Scientific Revolution in the Middle Age “The Age of Enlightenment”  IN THE MIDDLE AGE, RELIGION DOMINATED THE SOCIETY. 6  Geocentric Model Geocentrism is the belief that the Earth is fixed at the centre of the Universe proposed by 7Ptolemy.  Ptolemy “The Epicycle and Deferent in Geocentrism” 8  ✣ Issues arising from the Geocentric model: Variation in the size of planets Retrograde motion ✣ Geocentric explanation: Motions along the epicycles Img src: http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci102/lectures/ptolemy.htm  The Scientific Revolution began in the early 16th Century. NICHOLAS Opposed the geocentric COPERNICUS idea and introduces a new concept known as HELIOCENTRIS M 10  HELIOCENTRIC MODEL A heliocentric system is one in which the planets revolve around a fixed sun. The moon is the only celestial sphere in this system which revolves around the earth, and, together with it, around the sun. 11  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ Planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Img src: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler; https://www.universetoday.com/55423/keplers-law/  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ Kepler's three laws of planetary motion can be described as follows: ✣ (1) The path of the planets about the sun is elliptical in shape, with the center of the sun being located at one focus. (The Law of Ellipses) ✣ (2) An imaginary line drawn from the center of the sun to the center of the planet will sweep out equal areas in equal intervals of time. (The Law of Equal Areas) ✣ (3) The ratio of the squares of the periods of any two planets is equal to the ratio of the cubes of their average distances from the sun. (The Law of Harmonies) Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Img src: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Kepler; https://www.universetoday.com/55423/keplers-law/  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ Astronomer ✣ Physicist ✣ Engineer ✣ Polymath ✣ Inventor Galileo Galilei (1564-1672) Img src: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_Galilei; https://www.britannica.com/biography/Galileo-Galilei  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ What Galileo saw: 1. Moon ✣ The discovery that the Moon’s surface is not a smooth glass sphere, as the ancients had proclaimed. Rather, Galileo saw mountains, craters, and plains, indicating that the Moon was Earth-like Img src: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo%27s_sketches_of_the_moon.png  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ What Galileo saw: 2.Jupiter’s Moons ✣ Motions of Jupiter’s moons which were not orbiting earth in contrast to the concept of geocentrism Img src: https://sarahmstauner.wordpress.com/2013/04/09/the-moons-of-jupiter/  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ What Galileo saw: 3.Phases of Venus ✣ Venus goes through a series of Moonlike phases. Venus appears smallest during the full phase when it is farthest from Earth and largest in the crescent phase when it is closest to Earth. This verified Galileo’s belief that the Sun was the center of the solar system Img src: https://www.reddit.com/r/Astronomy/comments/gqicxx/phases_of_venus_2020/  https://people.highline.edu/iglozman/classes/ astronotes/venus_phases.html Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ What Galileo saw: 3.Phases of Venus Img src: https://www.reddit.com/r/Astronomy/comments/gqicxx/phases_of_venus_2020/  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ What Galileo saw: 4. Sunspots ✣ The discovery that the Sun (the viewing of which may have caused the eye damage that later blinded him) had sunspots—dark regions caused by slightly lower temperatures. He tracked the movement of these spots and estimated the rotational period of the sun Img src: https://www.weather.gov/fsd/sunspots  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ Thanks to his intuition as a brilliant physicist and by relying on different arguments, Galileo, who practically invented the experimental method, understood why only the sun could function as the center of the world, as it was then known, that is to say, as a planetary system. The error of the theologians of the time, when they maintained the centrality of the Earth, was to think that our understanding of the physical world’s structure was, in some way, imposed by the literal sense of the Sacred Scripture… ✣ -Pope John Paul II, L’ Osservatore Romano N. 44 (1264)-November 4, 1992 Img src: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialogue_Concerning_the_Two_Chief_World_Systems  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages Img src: https://worldhistory.live/universities-scholastic-centers/; https://www.thegreatcoursesdaily.com/the-medieval-universities-of-paris-and-bologna-structure-and-operations/  Scientific Revolution in the Middle Ages ✣ Proposed the Law of Universal Gravitation Sir Isaac New ton (1643-1727) Img src: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation Darwinian REVOLUTION 23 Charles Darwin Darwin’s view of life as expressed in his book on the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859. - presented evidence on evolution and suggested a theory on how evolution works. - his theory of evolution became controversial because it came out at a time a when most of the people believed the BIBLICAL24STORY OF CREATION.  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution ✣ Evolution – descent with modification Img src:https://sciencemusicvideos.com/ap-biology/evolution-natural-selection-unit-7-menu/phylogeny-and-classification;  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution ✣ Natural Selection – mechanism for evolution Traits are heritable More offspring are produced than can survive Offsprings vary in heritable trait Img src:https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/natural-selection/natural-selection-ap/a/darwin-evolution-natural-selection;  Darwin’s Theory of Evolution ✣ Concerns were raised regarding the implication of the theory of evolution on the origin of humans ✣ In 1950, Pope Pious XII through his encyclical Humani Generis affirmed that the theory of evolution and the Catholic faith are not in conflict Img src: http://faculty.knox.edu/fmcandre/evolution-creation.html  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BcpB_986wyk Theory of Evolution 28 Kuhn’s Philosophical View of a SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION 29  Thomas Kuhn In the book “The Structure of S c i e n t i fi c R evo l u t i o n s” , Thomas Ku h n introduced a d i ff e r e n t a p p r o a c h to h ow s c i e n c e a d va n c e s 30 31