STM102 Introduction to Tourism Industry Midterm Exam Review PDF

STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Midterm Exam R...

STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Midterm Exam Review Friday, October 4, 2024 at 09:30-11:30 20% of the course grade Multiple choices Chapters 1-6 Chapter Topic Ch. 1: Definitions and concepts Definitions of tourism Importance terms The three forms of tourism Benefits of the tourism industry Ch. 2: The nature and characteristics of the The nature of tourism tourism industry Characteristics of the tourism industry Types of travelers The ability to travel Ch. 3: Key Elements of Tourist Destinations The 5’As in the context of tourist destinations Examples from each element Ch. 4: Tourism for SDGs The 3 principles of sustainability Tourism 4 SDGs Definitions of ecotourism, sustainable tourism, and responsible tourism Ch. 5: The measurement of tourism Benefits of the measurement in tourism Forms of tourism Tourism success Ch. 6: Factors influencing demand for Push and pull factors tourism Demand factors Supply factors Instructions for Filling Out a Scantron Answer Sheet: 1. Use a No. 2 Pencil Only: o Always use a No. 2 pencil to fill in your answers. Other types of pencils or pens may not be detected by the scanner. 2. Write Your Name and Student/ID Number: o Write your full name and student ID number in the designated space at the top of the sheet. o Fill in the corresponding bubbles for each number. 3. Fill in Bubbles Completely: o Make sure each bubble is completely filled in without stray marks or light shading. o Do not use check marks, Xs, or circles around the bubbles. 4. Erase Mistakes Completely: o If you make a mistake, erase it completely and fill in the correct bubble. Partial erasures may still be detected by the scanner. 5. Double-Check Your Answers: o Before submitting, make sure you’ve answered every question and filled in the bubbles properly. 6. Submit the Answer Sheet: o Ensure your Scantron sheet is placed neatly on top of your test before submitting both to the proctor. --Good luck J-- Ch1: Definitions & concepts STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Ajarn Malin Dejtisak  In-Class Activity #1 Get in small groups.. Then discuss expectations from the course and your career aspirations in the tourism industry. Each group can then share their insights with the class.  Lesson Learning Outcomes At the completion of the lesson, students should be able to…. 1. Understand basic concepts, definitions and terms in tourism industry 2. Recognize importance of tourism industry Travel – Tourism – Trip – Visitor - Traveler  Source: https://www.unwto.org/glossary-tourism-terms Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries These people are called visitors (which may be or places outside their usual either tourists or excursionists; residents or non-residents) and tourism has to do with their environment for personal or activities, some of which involve tourism expenditure. business/professional purposes.  Definition of tourism ”the processes, activities, and outcomes arising from the relationships and the interactions among tourists, tourism suppliers, host governments, host communities, and surrounding environments that are involved in the attracting and hosting of visitors.” Source: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2009 “the business of providing services such as transport, places to stay, or entertainment for people who are on holiday.” Source: Cambridge Dictionary, 2024  UN Tourism Definition the activity of visitors Tourism comprises the activities of persons traveling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes. Travel refers to the activity of travelers.  Important terms A traveler is someone who A visitor is a traveler taking moves between different a trip to a main destination geographic locations, for outside his/her usual any purpose and any environment, for less than a duration. year, for any main purpose A visitor (domestic, inbound (business, leisure or other or outbound) is classified as personal purpose) other a tourist (or overnight than to be employed by a visitor), if his/her trip resident entity in the includes an overnight stay, country or place visited. or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise The visitor is a particular type of traveler and consequently tourism is a subset of travel.  Trips; tourism trips A trip is made up of visits to different places. A trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his/her usual residence until he/she returns it thus refers to a round trip. ○ An inbound trip will correspond to the travel between arriving in a country and leaving, ○ A domestic trip or an outbound trip will correspond to the travel between leaving the place of residence and returning: ▪ a domestic trip has a main destination in the country of residence of the traveler, while ▪ an outbound trip has a main destination outside this country. The main destination of a trip is the place visited that is central to the decision to take the trip! The three forms of tourism These can be combined in various ways to derive the following additional forms of tourism: internal tourism, national tourism and international tourism. Domestic Tourism Inbound Tourism Outbound Tourism the activities of a the activities of a the activities of a resident visitor within non-resident visitor resident visitor the country of within the country of outside the country of reference, either as reference on an reference, either as part of a domestic inbound tourism trip part of an outbound tourism trip or part of tourism trip or as part an outbound tourism of a domestic tourism trip trip These distinctions are crucial for the compilation of data on flows of travelers and visitors and for the credibility of tourism statistics.  Examples Domestic Tourism Inbound Tourism Outbound Tourism A family living in New York A group of tourists from A couple from Australia City decides to take a Germany travels to Japan plans a trip to Paris, vacation to the Grand to experience the cherry France, to visit the Eiffel Canyon in Arizona. blossom festival. Tower and other famous landmarks. Description: This family is Description: These German Description: This Australian traveling within their own tourists are visiting Japan, couple is traveling outside of country, exploring new places making them inbound tourists their own country to another and enjoying the sights and for Japan. country, making them outbound activities the Grand Canyon tourists from Australia. has to offer. Domestic tourism involves Inbound tourism refers to Outbound tourism involves residents traveling within their non-residents traveling to a residents of a country traveling own country. country other than their own. to foreign destinations. Additional Forms of Tourism Internal tourism National tourism International tourism comprises domestic comprises domestic comprises inbound tourism and inbound tourism and outbound tourism and outbound tourism tourism tourism the activities of resident the activities of resident the activities of resident and non-resident visitors visitors within and outside visitors outside the country within the country of the country of reference, of reference, either as part reference as part of either as part of domestic of domestic or outbound domestic or international or outbound tourism trips tourism trips and the tourism trips activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips  Examples Internal tourism National tourism International tourism A resident of Texas travels to A Canadian student living in A family from Brazil takes a Yellowstone National Park in Vancouver visits Montreal for trip to Italy to visit Rome, Wyoming for a week-long a summer internship and Florence, and Venice during vacation. then spends a week their summer holiday. sightseeing in Ottawa. Description: This traveler is Description: This student is Description: This Brazilian family exploring different parts of their traveling within Canada, visiting is traveling outside their home own country, moving from one various cities and regions. country to Italy, engaging in state to another. international tourism. Internal tourism encompasses all National tourism includes all travel International tourism involves travel within a country, including by residents within their own travel to foreign countries, both domestic and inbound country. encompassing both inbound and tourism. outbound tourism.  Country of residence: The country of residence of a household is determined according to the center of predominant economic interest of its members. If a person resides (or intends to reside) for more than one year in a given country and has there his/her center of economic interest (for example, where the predominant amount of time is spent), he/she is considered as a resident of this country. Usual residence vs. usual environment Usual residence: The place of usual Usual environment: The usual residence is the geographical place environment of an individual, a key where the specific person usually concept in tourism, is defined as the resides. geographical area (though not necessarily a connected one) within which an individual conducts his/her regular life routines  Criteria to determine the usual environment Frequency of the trip (regular is excluded; daily shopping, school) Duration of the trip (one year or longer is excluded) The crossing of administrative or national borders (i.e. municipality) Distance from the place of usual residence (i.e. outside municipality)  In-Class Activity #2 To make sure that students understand the mentioned definitions and concepts.. Get in www.kahoot.it OR Download Kahoot! app Tourism Industry TRANSPORTATION In the aftermath of the 2009 economic crisis, international tourist arrivals dipped by 35 million. Fast forward to COVID-19 in 2020, arrivals dropped by 1.1 billion. In 2023, we witness a promising rebound with 1.286 billion arrivals, a 34% increase from 2022, marking a positive step. International tourism receipts hit USD 1.5 trillion in 2023, virtually recovering pre-pandemic levels (-3% versus 2019) and bringing total export revenues from tourism to USD 1.7 trillion. *France remains the top destination with 100M international arrivals  Tourism Industries One of the world’s largest industries, and the economies of many nations are driven by their tourist trade. The tourism industries comprise all establishments for which the principal activity is a tourism characteristic activity. Tourism industries are the activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. Tourism has become one of the major players Benefits of the Tourism Industry in international commerce and represents at the same time one of the main income sources for many developing countries. Tourism offers a wide range of benefits: economic benefits for countries attracting many visitors provides many jobs for people working in the transport and hospitality industry, among others creates benefits in many related sectors - from construction to agriculture or telecommunications can potentially improve relationships between nation-states or businesses, create opportunities for entertainment and recreation, and improve the value of a currency open up cultural exchange opportunities, for tourists, it can lead to improved happiness, well-being, and education In-Class Activity #3 From your latest trip, which city did you visit, what mode of transportation did you use, where did you stay, and what activities did you do? Share your experience in class.  CH2: THE NATURE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOURISM INDUSTRY STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Ajarn Malin Dejtisak Lesson Learning Outcomes At the completion of the lesson, students should be able to…. 1. Identify the nature of tourism 2. Categorize the characteristics of tourism 3. Recognize the concept of ability to travel Tourism Industry The problem in describing tourism as an ‘industry’.. It does not have the usual formal production function, nor does it have an output which can physically be measured. There is no common structure which is representative of the industry in every country.  The Nature of Tourism Tourism is a service industry where people pay for services. It focuses on … o customer experience and satisfaction o human interactions o personalized service Tourists perceive travel products as services and choose between different providers based on their own perception of service quality.  The Nature of Tourism Tourism activities are done in leisure. Tourism activity is experience with satisfaction. It is movement of people away from home. It involves traveling from familiar destination to unfamiliar destination. The activities that undertake in destination should be temporary. Intention of guest should be back to the permanent resident after visiting destination. Engaging in tourism activities can enhance a destination's reputation. Characteristics of the Tourism Industry Tourism has a nature of Inseparability, Heterogeneity, Intangibility, and Perishability (IHIP). “To have a successful tourism product these factors must be managed.”  1. Tourism Product is Inseparable The tourism product cannot be moved to the customer/consumer. The producer and the consumer must come together to consume the tourism products at the destination. o They cannot be transported or moved from one place to another. o Production and consumption happen simultaneously. The provider of the tourism service/product and the client both affect the experience outcome. Sources: 1. Tourismtoday.com 2. Rahmiati, F. & Ismail, Y. & Amin, G. & Simatupang, T. & Larso, D. & Othman, N. (2019)  2. Tourism is Heterogeneous o Heterogeneity in the context of tourism is a variation in the service delivery from customer to customer that is difficult to standardize the interaction of employee- customer. o Other factors that lead to differences are that for most services, the consumer must have physical interaction with the service producer, and the consumers have different sets of expectations; therefore, the same product is perceived differently by the consumers. The tourism experience is likely to be different depending on who provides them, when the product is availed, where, and how the service providers deliver the service at the time of consumption. Sources: 1. Tourismtoday.com 2. Rahmiati, F. & Ismail, Y. & Amin, G. & Simatupang, T. & Larso, D. & Othman, N. (2019)  3. Tourism Product is Intangible Intangibility means that a service product influences consumer behavior, especially on buying behavior. The uncertainty of the buying decision is, therefore, assumed to be higher than deciding on goods, which can be tested and returned. For the tourism industry, intangibility could be defined as the interaction and experience in delivering service product that is critical for satisfaction. It is related to feeling and experience. It cannot be seen, tasted, felt, smelled, or measured before the tourism products are received. And there is no transfer of ownership. But the facilities are available for specified time and for a specified use. Sources: 1. Tourismtoday.com 2. Rahmiati, F. & Ismail, Y. & Amin, G. & Simatupang, T. & Larso, D. & Othman, N. (2019)  Sources: 1. Tourismtoday.com 2. Rahmiati, F. & Ismail, Y. & Amin, G. & Simatupang, T. & Larso, D. & Othman, N. (2019) 3. Tourism Product is Intangible (Cont.) There are tangible components like the hotel bed and food that are products not they are part of the experience, and they are not the product that the customers seek but the intangible benefits of pleasure and relaxation, etc., that the customer desires. Even those tangible products that are purchased are essential to gain access to the intangible experiential aspects.  4. Tourism Product is Perishable o Perishability means that the product’s life has a deadline, and once the deadline passes, the product is unavailable for sale. It can be said that service is produced and consumed in instant and leaving with no value behind, but the experience is stored. For the tourism industry, the meaning of perishability is when the service product is not sold, then the value will be lost forever. The tourism products cannot be stored for future sales, like the capacity of hotels, entry to tourism sites, etc. Unused service of today cannot be sold next day. They lost revenue for that day if not sold in that day. Sources: 1. Tourismtoday.com 2. Rahmiati, F. & Ismail, Y. & Amin, G. & Simatupang, T. & Larso, D. & Othman, N. (2019)  Example Scenarios - IHIP Characteristics in Tourism Sectors Tourism Sectors Inseprarability Heterogeneity Intangibility Perishability 1. Hotels The service of providing Each guest's experience can Guests can't "test" their An unsold room for a night accommodation is produced vary based on factors like room or experience before represents lost revenue that and consumed room assignment, staff booking. can't be recovered. simultaneously. interactions, or other guests. Hotels rely on descriptions, Hotels use yield Staff interactions are an The same hotel room might photos, and reviews to management to maximize integral part of the hotel provide different convey their offerings. occupancy and revenue. experience. experiences for different guests. 2. Airlines The flight service is produced Flight experiences can vary Passengers can't test the An empty seat on a flight and consumed at the same based on factors like weather, flight experience before represents lost revenue once time. crew, or other passengers. purchasing. the plane takes off. Passengers are part of the The same route might provide Airlines use loyalty programs Airlines use overbooking and service process, affecting different experiences on and brand reputation to build dynamic pricing to manage others’ experiences. different days. trust. perishability. 3. Theme parks The experience is produced Each visit can be different Visitors can't fully experience Unused park capacity on a and consumed within the based on factors like crowd the excitement or atmosphere given day is lost revenue. park. levels, weather, or special before visiting. Parks use seasonal pricing Staff interactions and other events. Theme parks use extensive and special events to manage guests contribute to the Different staff members may marketing to create demand. overall experience. provide varying levels of anticipation and expectations. service. 4. Restaurants The dining experience is The same dish might taste Diners can't taste the food An empty table represents produced and consumed slightly different each time it's before ordering. lost revenue. simultaneously. prepared. Restaurants rely on menus, Restaurants use reservations The chef's skills and server's The overall experience can photos, and reviews to attract and time-limited offers to attitude are integral to the vary based on factors like customers. manage capacity. experience. seating, other diners, or staff.  There are two types of travelers.. Business Travelers Leisure Travelers Those who travel for reasons of They travel for personal motives; exploring new places, immersing in business - the purpose of their trip is diverse cultures, or simply taking a break not to enjoy the destinations’ from daily routines. It caters to individual attractions and facilities. interests, whether that means historical exploration, outdoor activities, or seaside relaxation. Business Travelers Business traveler meaning in a broader perspective covers diverse objectives such as attending corporate events, trade exhibitions, and conferences, meeting prospects for business expansion, exploring new investment opportunities, and strengthening customer relationships through networking. These types of business travelers cover faraway destinations, including domestic and international business locations, to achieve business objectives. Most business travelers are employees traveling on behalf of their organizations. The decision to travel, and where to go, is largely beyond their control. They have little discretion in the choice of their prospective destination, or on the timing of their trip - there seems to be inelastic demand for business travel Leisure Travelers Leisure travel refers to travel that is undertaken by an individual on their own personal time for enjoyment and relaxation including visits to friends and relatives (VFR travel); study; religious pilgrimages; sport; health, etc. Leisure travel is highly elastic for those travelers who are price-sensitive. When deciding on a place to stay, leisure travelers turn to their family, friends, colleagues, and online reviews for recommendations and also online reviews.  The Ability to Travel There are other factors that may affect and limit the persons’ ability to travel. Factors that influence ability to travel 1. Age: Health Restrictions: As people age, health conditions may limit their ability to travel. Financial Limitations: Younger travelers might face financial constraints due to student loans, low-income jobs, or lack of savings. In contrast, older travelers might have more financial resources but could also have increased healthcare costs that limit travel budgets. Factors that influence ability to travel (Cont.) 2. Stage in the family life cycle: Travelers may have the money and the time at their disposal, but family commitment may preclude travelling Family Commitments: Individuals at different stages of the family life cycle may have varying degrees of responsibility that affect their ability to travel. Factors that influence ability to travel (Cont.) 3. Political stability and peace: Travel Restrictions: Political instability, conflicts, or acts of terrorism in certain regions can influence travel plans. Travelers might avoid destinations perceived as unsafe or face government-imposed travel bans. Political tensions between countries can also lead to visa restrictions, limiting the ability of certain nationals to travel freely. Safety Concerns: Tourists may choose to avoid areas with political unrest or violence due to safety concerns. This can significantly impact tourism to regions experiencing political turmoil, affecting both the traveler’s options and the destination's economy. Additional current factors: 4. Technological Advancements: Access to Online Booking and Information: The widespread availability of online booking platforms and travel information has made it easier for people to plan and execute trips. However, lack of access to technology or low digital literacy can hinder some from taking advantage of these resources. Virtual Travel Experiences: The rise of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) has created new ways to experience travel destinations without physically going there, which might influence the decision to travel.  Additional current factors (Cont.) 5. Environmental and Climate Concerns: Climate Change Impact: Rising awareness of climate change has led to more eco- conscious travel decisions. Some people may choose to limit their travel to reduce their carbon footprint or opt for sustainable travel options. Natural Disasters: Areas prone to natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, wildfires, floods) may see reduced tourism during certain seasons, impacting travel decisions. Protected Areas and Limits: Some destinations have environmental regulations that limit the number of visitors to protect ecosystems, which may restrict travel during peak seasons. Sustainable Tourism Initiatives: Destinations promoting sustainable tourism may impose rules that limit certain types of travel or activities, influencing traveler decisions. Additional current factors (Cont.) 6. Cultural and Social Factors: Cultural Acceptance: Social norms and cultural practices can influence travel decisions. Social Media Influence: Social media trends and influencers often shape travel preferences by popularizing certain destinations or experiences, which can impact where and how people choose to travel. Additional current factors (Cont.) 7. Legal and Regulatory Factors: Visa and Immigration Policies: Strict visa requirements, lengthy processing times, or political restrictions can make it difficult for individuals from certain countries to travel freely. Customs and Import/Export Regulations: Strict customs regulations on goods, currency, and other items can complicate travel, especially for those carrying valuable or restricted items.  Additional current factors (Cont.) 8. Travel Infrastructure and Accessibility: Transportation Options: The availability and convenience of transportation (e.g., direct flights, public transit, road networks) play a significant role in travel decisions. Poor infrastructure can make travel difficult or less appealing. Accessibility for People with Disabilities: Travelers with disabilities may face additional challenges if destinations lack accessible facilities, transportation, or accommodations.  Ch. 3: Key STM102: Introduction to Elements of Tourist Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Destinations Ajarn Malin Dejtisak  By the end of this lesson, students should be able to: Lesson Learning 1. Define and Explain the 5’As in the context of tourist destinations 2. Identify how each element contributes to the overall appeal and success Outcomes of a tourist destination 3. Apply the 5 'As Framework to design or improve a tourist destination “Tourist Destination” The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited that is central to the decision to take the trip. Key elements that are essential to the success of a tourist destination (5A’s of Tourism) 1. Attraction 2. Accessibility 3. Accommodation 4. Activities 5. Amenities 1. Attraction Attractions are believed to be the greatest influencers of all the components; and the first step of tourism supply chain. The features that attract a person to a particular destination are known as attractions. “Without attraction there shall be no tourism” Natural Attraction Man-Made Social Attraction Cultural Attraction Attraction Places made by nature Places made or Places where can meet Places that depict the itself developed by humans and interact with the history and culture of a locals, as well meet country friends and relatives 2. Accessibility Includes both transportation and infrastructure Various transport modes: road, Enables tourists to reach rail, air, sea destinations Transportation: crucial/important Transport should be comfortable, for tourism growth and reliable, affordable and appropriate for development travelers Connectivity is important Airline Industry Railway Vital role in travel Rail travel: key role in tourism since the 19 th Domestic and overseas flights century Commercial aircraft Means of transportation to destinations Quick travel Overground and underground services for city Scheduled and chartered flights navigation  The Panama Canal (Panama) - one of the busiest and most important sea lanes in the entire world Water Transport Movement across the water Passenger movement (A to B) Port of Shanghai - China The World's Largest Shipping Port  Spacecraft Spacecraft tourism: emerging transport sector Increasing importance in the future Commercial flights for 'space Zhengzhou Yutong - the world’s largest bus and coach manufacturer tourists' planned Virgin Galactic's VSS Unity: recent spaceplane mission Coach/Bus Services Important in the tourism industry o Long-distance travel o Airport transfers o Group day trips o Local attractions o Access to nearby towns/cities 3. Accommodation One of the largest and fastest growing sectors in the tourism industry The accommodation sector is central to the travel and hospitality industry as people traveling to different areas require somewhere to stay, rest, sleep, and unwind. In fact, by many definitions, a tourist is only classed as such if their stay exceeds 24 hours, and they use some form of overnight accommodation. Types of Accommodation Primary Accommodation - Supplementary Accommodation – Serviced Accommodation Self-Catering Established to provide service of lodging Offer accommodation and food but not the and food to the guest services of hotel  Hotel Resort Popular tourist accommodation Primarily known as a destination by Paid lodgings vacationers in search of relaxation and Varied services entertainment Beds and essential facilities A full-service lodging establishment that offers One-star to five stars extensive guest services and recreational facilities Passalacqua, Lake Como The World's Best Hotel 2023 & the Best Hotel in Europe 2023 Anantara Koh Yao Yai Resort & Villas, Thailand The Best New International Resort of 2023 Motel Boutique Hotel Roadside hotels equipped with minimal Often furnished in a themed, individual style amenities Intimate in size Designed for motorists Providing high-quality, personalized Ample parking areas for motor vehicles experiences  Time-Share Igloo Accommodation A typical Eskimo house Or vacation ownership accommodation.. Shared accommodation A dome-shaped snow structure meant to Divided ownership/usage rights provide temporary or permanent shelter in Time allotment cold climates. 1-2 weeks per year Example: Marriott Vacation Club Vacation Rentals Shared Accommodation Renting entire property (house, Shared accommodation service with others apartment, villa) List spare rooms Short-term stay Rent to travelers Exclusive use Short-term basis Private rooms or shared areas Example: Airbnb, Vrbo Example: Couchsurfing, Hostelworld “Meet and Stay with Locals All Over the World”  Hostels Camping Lower-priced accommodation Camping is staying outdoors overnight in a tent Budget travelers or similar type of shelter. Sociable accommodation in public areas, Shared space commercial campsites - more convenient, Multiple guests renting beds charge for access; include additional facilities or Communal bathroom and kitchen utilities Nomads Hostel Brisbane Farmhouse Accommodation and Agri-Tourism Homestays Linked to agri-tourism.. Travelers stay with local families Farm visits Experience local culture and Learning about farm work lifestyle Participating in daily farm activities Basic home facilities provided Travel experience Love and care of the family make the stay memorable The Grainary - Rooms & Cottages, England  Icon of the Seas - the largest cruise ship in the world Bed & Breakfast (B&B) Few rooms Overnight stays Breakfast included Private or shared bathroom Owners/hosts live on-site Cruise Lines An expensive type of stay Allocated cabins Stay on ship for duration Travelers who want to enjoy ocean views choose this type of stay 4. Activities It includes activities which a place or attraction holds that enhance the visitor's experience The experiences that travelers engage in during their journey which enrich the traveler’s understanding of the destination and create lasting memories 5. Amenities The provision of basic facilities and services that help a visitor feel comfortable and secure in the destination The “pleasantness” of a place - play an important role in shaping the visitor experience Ensuring that the tourists stay safe and sound during their stay in a destination. Natural Amenities Manmade Amenities Beaches, seashores, sea baths, fishing, rock Various types of entertainment and facilities which climbing, trekking, sightseeing, rivers, sunrises, etc. cater special needs The 5 elements have played a great role in creating a memorable tourist experience which are considered important pillars of the tourism industry. Without these elements travel and tourism industry is incomplete.  STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Ch. 4: Tourism for SDGs Ajarn Malin Dejtisak  Lesson Learning Outcomes At the completion of the lesson, students should be able to…. 1. Understand foundation concepts of sustainability. 2. Visualize how the tourism industry can contribute to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 3. Recognize eco-, sustainable and responsible tourism as key practices for the industry.  “Addressing the needs of the present moment without compromising current and Sustainability future generations to meet their own sustainable lifestyles” (the UN World Commission on Environment and Development)  The 3 Principles of Sustainability These principles guide us in creating a balanced and sustainable future for our planet and its inhabitants. The three principles of sustainability are interconnected and interdependent. Achieving TRUE sustainability requires a holistic approach that addresses the complex interactions between the environment, society, and the economy.  The 3 Principles of Sustainability (Cont.) Environmental Sustainability revolves around preserving and nurturing the health of our planet o the responsible use of natural resources, reducing waste and pollution, and conserving biodiversity. Economic Sustainability revolves around cultivating a resilient and flourishing economy that serves both the present and Social Sustainability future generations focuses on promoting equitable o advocates for responsible and inclusive communities that resource management, cater to the well-being of all sustainable business practices, individuals. and the promotion of circular o to provide access to basic needs, economies. and opportunities for personal and professional growth. The 17 SDGs "The Future We Want" The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by all UN Member States in 2015, offers a global blueprint for peace and prosperity. The goals call for urgent action from all countries to end poverty, People - Planet - improve health and education, reduce inequality, spur economic Prosperity - Peace - growth, and address climate change while preserving our oceans and Partnership forests. https://youtu.be/0XTBYMfZyrM The goals are interconnected- often the key to success on one will involve tackling issues more commonly associated with another. Social Sustainability Economic Sustainability Environmental Sustainability The World Tourism Organization (UN Tourism), a United Nations specialized agency, is the leading international organization in the field of tourism It promotes responsible, sustainable, and accessible tourism to help achieve the 2030 Agenda and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). UN Tourism's Madrid Headquarters It leads and supports global tourism by advancing knowledge, policies, and advocating for tourism as a key driver of economic growth, inclusive development, and environmental sustainability. With 159 member countries, it also encourages the Global Code of Ethics in Tourism to maximize positive impacts while minimizing negative ones. Tourism & Sustainable Development Goals As the 17 SDGs and the corresponding 169 SDG targets offer the world a new direction, tourism can and must play a significant role in delivering sustainable solutions for people, the planet, prosperity and peace. Tourism has the potential to contribute, In particular, it has been included as targets directly or indirectly to in Goals 8, 12 and 14 all of the goals. In-Class Activity Jigsaw Activity: SDG Focus 1. Students get in a group of 4-5 to form “Home Groups” 1) Student #1 – responsible for SDG 1-4 2) Student #2 - responsible for SDG 5-8 3) Student #3 - responsible for SDG 9-12 4) Student #4 - responsible for SDG 13-16 5) All student in each group – help responsible for SDG 17 2. Then, students from each group with the same assigned number come together to form “Expert Groups” Tourism is well-positioned to foster economic growth and development at all levels and provide income through job creation. Sustainable tourism development, and its impact at community level, can be linked with national poverty reduction goals, those related to promoting entrepreneurship and small businesses, and empowering less favored groups, particularly youth and women. Tourism can reduce poverty directly by creating jobs and business opportunities or indirectly by generating tax revenue for poverty-reduction initiatives and infrastructure improvements that benefit local communities. Tourism can spur sustainable agriculture by promoting the production and supplies to hotels, and sales of local products to tourists. Agro-tourism can generate additional income while enhancing the value of the tourism experience. Tourism can boost sustainable agriculture by encouraging the use of locally produced food and drinks in tourism businesses. Agritourism can increase farmers' income while enriching the tourism experience. Additionally, tourism infrastructure supports a steady supply of goods and services, including food, in the region. Tax income generated from tourism can be reinvested in health care and services, improving maternal health, reduce child mortality and preventing diseases. Visitors' fees collected in protected areas can as well contribute to health services. As the industry relies on close-contact services, destinations with clean and safe tourism facilities and prevention measures can more easily regain consumer trust, which is vital for economic recovery. Additionally, taxes from tourism can be reinvested in local healthcare improvements. Tourism has the potential to promote inclusiveness. A skillful workforce is crucial for tourism to prosper. The tourism sector provides opportunities for direct and indirect jobs for youth, women, and those with special needs, who should benefit through educational means. Tourism relies on a large workforce, making it a driver of sustainable and inclusive socioeconomic development. Skilled workers are crucial for the industry's success. Education programs tailored to tourism can enhance career opportunities and provide essential skills. Additionally, tourism stakeholders can help raise awareness among clients and local communities about their role in achieving the SDGs. Tourism is a sector with a significant Investing in tourism infrastructure can be crucial representation of women in both for ensuring water access, security, and sanitation employment and entrepreneurship. in tourism destinations and their surrounding However, women in tourism often occupy areas. Efficient water use in tourism, along with low-skilled or informal roles. Tourism can effective safety measures, wastewater empower women, particularly through the management, pollution control, and technological provision of direct jobs and income- advancements, is essential for protecting this vital generation from SMEs in tourism and resource. hospitality related enterprises. Tourism can be a tool for women to become fully engaged and lead in every aspect of society. As a sector, which is energy intensive, Tourism, as services trade, is one of the top four tourism can accelerate the shift towards export earners globally, currently providing one in increased renewable energy shares in the ten jobs worldwide. Decent work opportunities in global energy mix. By promoting tourism, particularly for youth and women, and investments in clean energy sources, policies that favor better diversification through tourism can help to reduce green house tourism value chains can enhance tourism gases, mitigate climate change and positive socio-economic impacts. contribute to access of energy for all. Responsible and sustainable management of tourism can enhance job creation, support rural development, diversify the economy, promote cultural awareness, and preserve local traditions. Sustained investment in Tourism can be a powerful Tourism can advance urban The tourism sector needs to infrastructure and tool for reducing infrastructure and adopt sustainable innovation is a crucial inequalities if it engages accessibility, promote consumption and driver of economic growth local populations and all key regeneration and preserve production (SCP) modes, and development. Tourism stakeholders in its cultural and natural accelerating the shift development relies on development. Tourism can heritage, assets on which towards sustainability. Tools good public and private contribute to urban renewal tourism depends. to monitor sustainable infrastructure. The sector and rural development by Investment in green development impacts for can influence public policy giving people the infrastructure (more tourism including for energy, for infrastructure upgrade opportunity to prosper in efficient transport, reduced water, waste, biodiversity and retrofit to be more their place of origin. air pollution) should result and job creation will result in sustainable, innovative, Tourism serves as an in smarter and greener enhanced economic, social and resource-efficient, effective mean for cities for, not only residents and environmental and moving towards low economic integration and but also tourists. outcomes. carbon growth, thus diversification. attracting tourists and other sources of foreign investment. Tourism contributes to and is affected by climate change. Tourism stakeholders should play a leading role in the global response to climate change. By reducing its carbon footprint, in the transport and accommodation sector, tourism can benefit from low carbon growth and help tackle one of the most pressing challenges of our time. Coastal and maritime tourism rely on healthy marine ecosystems. Tourism development must be a part of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in order to help conserve and preserve fragile marine ecosystems and serve as a vehicle to promote a blue economy, contributing to the sustainable use of marine resources. Rich biodiversity and natural heritage are often the main reasons why tourists visit a destination. Tourism can play a major role if sustainably managed in fragile zones, not only in conserving and preserving biodiversity, but also in generating revenue as an alternative livelihood to local communities. Tourism, involving billions of interactions among diverse cultures, can promote multicultural and interfaith tolerance, contributing to more peaceful societies. By supporting local, ethical, and sustainable businesses, tourism can advance human rights and justice, fostering respect for the rule of law. Effective planning and coordination are essential to minimizing any negative impacts on public security in tourist destinations.  Tourism’s cross-sectoral nature can enhance public-private- UNWTO 2030 Tourism Roadmap community partnerships and involve stakeholders at all for Inclusive Growth shall provide levels—international, national, regional, and local—in a new opportunity for working towards the SDGs and other shared goals. Public partnerships for development – policy and innovative financing are central to achieving the SDG 17. 2030 Agenda. Tourism development supports all SDGs, UNWTO Member States needs to extending benefits beyond those directly involved in the build a more resilient, sustainable sector through diverse and collaborative partnerships. and innovative tourism sector that generates jobs and promotes inclusive, low-carbon growth in line with all three dimensions of sustainable development: people, the planet and prosperity. Investing in people, boosting infrastructure development, shaping better policies and institutions, building resilience, stimulating entrepreneurship, fostering innovation and digitalization, and making sustainable use of rich biodiversity and culture should be at the core of our efforts to unlock the potential of tourism growth while mitigating migration and preserving each destination’s natural and cultural assets.  Ecotourism a niche segment of tourism in natural areas “Ecotourism is a sustainable form of natural resource-based tourism that focuses primarily on experiencing and learning about nature, and which is ethically managed to be low-impact, non- consumptive, and locally-oriented. It typically occurs in natural areas and should contribute to the conservation or preservation of such areas.” (Fennell, 1999: 43. Ecotourism: An Introduction) “Ecotourism is responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and creates knowledge and understanding through interpretation and education of all involved (visitors, staff and the visited).” (The Global Ecotourism Network- GEN)  Sustainable Tourism “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts, addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities.” (The World Tourism Organization) Sustainable tourism “refers to the environmental, economic, and socio-cultural aspects of tourism development, and a suitable balance must be established between these three dimensions to guarantee its long-term sustainability” (UNEP & UN Tourism) Sustainable Tourism refers to sustainable practices in and by the tourism industry. It is an aspiration to acknowledge all impacts of tourism, both positive and negative. It aims to minimize the negative impacts and maximize the positive ones. (Global Sustainable Tourism Council)  Responsible Tourism Responsible Tourism is about "making better places for people to live in and better places for people to visit." Encourages the industry to take responsibility for making tourism more sustainable and demonstrate their responsibility. It is about identifying the important issues locally and addressing those, transparently reporting progress towards using tourism for sustainable development. Responsible Tourism is about taking responsibility for making tourism sustainable, it is about what people do to address the many specific challenges we face. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a global call to action for all nations—whether low, middle, or high-income—to foster prosperity while safeguarding the planet. Tourism can play a significant role in advancing these goals, both directly and indirectly, by encouraging sustainable and responsible practices. Ch3: The Measurement of Tourism STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Ajarn Malin Dejtisak Lesson Learning Outcomes At the completion of the lesson, students should be able to…. 1. Understand the importance of tourism industry in terms of an economic concept 2. Differentiate key terms in measuring tourism 3. Visualize significance of measurement of tourism  A close up of a cell phone Description automatically generated A building with a roof Description automatically generated with medium confidence THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM  The Economic and Employment Impact of Travel & Tourism Source: The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) Prior to the pandemic In 2023 (including its direct, indirect, and induced impacts) Visitor Jobs Global GDP Visitor Spending Jobs Global GDP Spending 27 million contributed Domestic 1 in 5 new jobs 10.4% of global International new jobs 9.1% to the global visitor spending rose created across the GDP in 2019 Visitor spent US$ Support 330 GDP by 18.1% in 2023, world 1.91 trillion million jobs surpassing the 2019 10.5% of all jobs US$ 10.3 trillion level (334 million) 9.1% increase increase of International visitor compared to 23.2% from 2022 spending registered a 2022, and only and only 4.1% 33.1% jump in 2023 1.4% below 2019 below 2019 levels but remained 14.4% below the 2019 total Tourism It is a mass movement of people impacting on a large number of destinations visited and many service trades, with major consequences. The activities and spending of travelers on transport, accommodation, food, and services during their trip form the tourist trade and represent tourism's economic impact.  The traveler spends money at the destination visited, which is earned outside that locality or country. Locality/ Home the destination “An external injection of wealth and significant revenue for the area hosting visitors” THE MEASUREMENT OF TOURISM The process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assess various aspects of the tourism industry. There are five main reasons why measuring tourism is important: 1. to understand why and how significant it is for certain destinations, countries and regions in terms of the scale and value of the visitors 2. to understand how important it is for countries in terms of their balance of payments, as it is an invisible export that generates foreign currency and income 3. to assist the tourism industry and governments in planning for and anticipating the type of infrastructure which is required for tourism to grow and prosper 4. to assist in understanding what type of marketing is needed to reach the tourist as a consumer, and what factors will influence tourists to visit a country or destination 5. to help the tourism industry make decisions about what type of action is needed to develop tourism businesses and further develop in this area. The measurement of tourism and related statistical practices involves 1. concept and definitions, and 2. uses and users of travel statistics, categories of statistics, methods and sources of information. Primarily focused on quantity. Measurements usually include number of participants (tourists), total arrivals, trips, nights, and spending, often divided into business and leisure categories. Essentially, it involves assigning numbers to features or events for comparison. Governments use this information to understand tourism’s role in trade and payments. In most cases, data is supplemented by surveys.  Forms of Tourism Basic Forms of Tourism Categories of Tourism 1. Internal tourism Domestic tourism & Inbound tourism the activities of resident and non- refers to residents travelling within when a country or destination resident visitors within the country of their own country receives tourists reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips 2. National tourism Domestic tourism & Outbound tourism refers to the activities and when tourists of country travel to expenditures of both residents and other countries/ destinations, it non-residents travelling within the refers to outbound tourism for that reference country country 3. International tourism Inbound tourism & Outbound tourism Basic Tourism Units An international traveler is defined as ‘any person on a trip outside his or The individuals/households which are the her country of residence subject of tourism activities and can therefore be addressed in surveys as the statistical units “Traveler”: any person on a trip between two or more countries or between two or more localities within his/her country of usual residence A domestic traveler is defined as ‘any person on a trip in his or her own country of residence ‘Visitors’ the basic concept for the whole system of tourism statistics Usual environment of a person Usual residence A key factor in deciding if someone arriving in a country is a visitor or other traveler is their country of residence, not their nationality. A "resident" of a country is someone who: Has lived there for most of the past year (12 months), or Has lived there for a shorter time but plans to return within 12 months. A "resident" of a place is someone who: Has lived there for most of the past year, or Has lived there for less time but plans to return within 12 months. Key characteristics of the travel movement include: 1. Seasonal variation, traffic by month 2. Length of stay 3. Purpose of visit (business, pleasure, health education) 4. Country and place of residence 5. Destination or places visited 6. Sociodemographic information (sex, age, income, education) 7. Expenditure (including transport payments) 8. Travel behavior (transport and accommodation choice) The Problem of Measuring Tourism The measurements are accurate if they are close to the true value of what we measure, and precise if all measurements of a quantity are close to each other Poor questionnaire design, poor response rates, inadequate sampling procedures and falsification of data by surveyors and respondents.  “KNOWING THE PRICE OF EVERYTHING AND THE VALUE OF NOTHING” Knowing the true value of tourism is critically important for decision-making, policy formulation and development planning. Tourism Satellite Account: TSA The concept of TSA demonstrated the larger than previously demonstrated economic benefit of tourism, including elements of the multiplier effect (impacts of tourism) TSA is designed to align tourism economic data with the overall statistical system, linked to the System of National Accounts. It serves as the main framework for reconciling tourism statistics and consists of 10 summary tables, each covering different aspects of tourism's economic impact. inbound, domestic tourism and outbound tourism expenditure, internal tourism expenditure, production accounts of tourism industries, the Gross Value Added (GVA) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) attributable to tourism demand, employment, investment, government consumption, and non-monetary indicators. Tourism's impact on economic development is driven by a multiplier effect. When tourists spend money, like on a hotel room, the hotel buys goods and services from other businesses, which then do the same, creating a cycle. This means tourism's economic benefits extend beyond the sector, generating new income, investments, savings, and consumption across various industries.  Sustainability in tourism One measure of success could be how much more sustainable tourism has become. Rather than collecting expensive new data, what's needed is selective monitoring and smart use of existing data. This may involve re-examining current data sets, modifying them when necessary, and supplementing gaps with surrogate data collected for other purposes. – Social and cultural data may be lacking but can be found in substitute forms, like demand on social and medical services. – Data on water quality, taxation, tourist numbers, employment, garbage collection, transport, crime, housing, and facility development are usually available. – Environmental data, such as fish and wildlife consumption, hunting and fishing permits, and wildlife trends, are often recorded by commercial users, regulators, and interest groups. Source: Butler, R. 2022  The tourism industry focuses on making money, but the environment is crucial for attracting tourists and supporting the quality of life for locals, as well as providing natural resources. Society and culture also play a big role in keeping communities happy with tourism and ensuring the destination thrives. For tourism to be considered successful by everyone, political support is needed for either growing or slowing down tourism development. Source: Butler, R. 2022 Critical issues.. Undertaking the measurements at the local level is critical because what might reasonably constitute success at a national level 1. If tourism is successful, it has to be successful where it takes place. 2. What is judged success is likely to vary from location to location, depending on what local communities want to gain from tourism direct benefits: expenditure, jobs, local taxes indirect benefits: improved transport services, shops and other services, and public sector services such as medical care or emergency services. 3. The definition of success in tourism is hard to pin down. For example, if you try to measure it by how happy a community is, which seems like a good idea, there are still challenges in doing so – “the concept of quality of life” Tourism is not just about leisure and travel; it's a dynamic economic force that influences various sectors and can shape the economic fortunes of regions and nations. Balancing economic growth with sustainability and cultural preservation is a continuous challenge that destination managers and policymakers manage within the tourism industry. Ch 6: Factors Influencing Demand for Tourism STM102: Introduction to Tourism Industry Semester 1/2024 Ajarn Malin Dejtisak Lesson Learning Outcomes At the completion of the lesson, students should be able to…. 1. Understand a basic approach in exploring tourists’ behaviors 2. Recognize the concept of tourism demand and supply 3. Characterize various factors that influnces demand for tourism  “Why do people travel?”  Travel Motivation Motivation is the underlying power of rise and directly affect behavior. Motivation appears when a Motivation for travel is considered as a key factor person wants to in explaining tourist behaviors. fulfill the needs. Tourism is an activity that is driven by the motivational forces – a combination of internal & external forces. Motivation that enhances tourists’ behavior to visit tourism destinations can be investigated by using the Push–pull factor approach.  (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977) Push-Pull Theoretical Framework It is a popular theory to explain the reason why the tourists decide to visit the destination. Tourism is based on the distinction between factors which encourage individuals to move away from their home setting through tourism (push factors) and those attributes of a different place which attract or 'pull' them towards it.  (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977) Push-Pull Theoretical Framework (Cont.) Push Factors Pull Factors o The internal factors (intangible o The external factors (tangible characteristics) characteristics) o Someone’s desire to travel o Destination’s characteristics o The inner motives that lead o The quality of the setting that people to travel in the unusual attracts them to come to an places. attraction or specific destination.  (Crompton, 1979; Dann, 1977) Push Factors Pull Factors Escape from Routine: The desire to Scenic Beauty: Attraction to natural break away from daily life and landscapes, beaches, mountains, or experience something different. picturesque scenery. Rest and Relaxation: Seeking Cultural Attractions: Interest in relaxation, stress relief, and historical sites, museums, festivals, and rejuvenation. local traditions. Adventure: The urge for excitement, Cuisine: The desire to savor local foods new experiences, and adventure. and culinary experiences. Curiosity: A desire to explore new Entertainment: Attractions like theme cultures, destinations, and gain parks, concerts, or nightlife. knowledge. Hospitality: Quality of accommodation, Health and Wellness: Seeking spa service, and hospitality industry treatments, yoga retreats, or wellness reputation. activities Tourism Demand & Supply Definition of Tourism Demand Tourism demand refers to the factors which can influence and direct demand. “The desire and willingness of individuals or groups to travel to specific destinations or engage in tourism activities.” “the quantity/volume of product or services that the potential buyers are willing and able to pay at a given price in a given time frame” The differences between international and domestic tourism is important for several reasons International Tourism Domestic Tourism Traveling across a country's borders, UN Tourism states that domestic which involves dealing with foreign tourism is a major force in tourism currency. It contributes approximately 80% of all It offers countries the opportunity to earn tourism trips, although with a much money from other nations by focusing on lower proportion of total tourism spend growing their tourism sector. International tourists usually spend more per trip compared to domestic travelers. Tourism Supply Factors Destinations Attractions The provision of variety of tourism products (Goods and services) to Activities tourists/consumers at a particular market/destination in a given time. Transportation Factors which ‘pull’ tourists to specific destinations. Intermediaries It ranges from natural to man-made. Tourism Supply Factors The travel price levels at the destination - how much they want to spend on a holiday and their choice will take place within a range of prices available and products: The cost structures within a particular country - tourist consumption items. The level of exchange rates – favorable exchange rates can make international travel more affordable The attractiveness of the destination: for tourists o Cultural and natural attractions o Supply of accommodation and amenities o Accessibility: the ease of access to the destination o Safety and security: political stability and low crime rates Tourism reception services include travel Transport: high-speed rail routes, improvements agencies, tourist offices, hire companies and in aircraft technology and the development of safe, visitor managers. reliable and punctual services Tourism Supply Factors (Cont.) Tourism supply involves following provisions: Tourism supply also refers 1) Tour packages to variety of supply 2) Tour components 3) Supplementary services channels. including visa facility o Distribution: wholesale / retail 4) Creative tourism products o Interaction between the seller and buyer: direct or indirect channels o The mode of purchase of tourism products: online and offline Economic Determinants of Demand 1. A sufficient level of real discretionary income. After covering basic expenses, the leftover money is called discretionary income. This is the part of a person's income they can choose to spend or save however they like. People are more likely to travel when they have disposable income and job security. Economic Determinants of Demand (Cont.) 2. Price factors: Transportation cost o Flight prices - Pricing policy Cost of accommodation, food, shopping and entertainment Exchange rate Non-economic Factors 1. Structural Factors 1) Population There are three trends which are The size of population, the propensity important: to travel, and the ability to afford 1. The declining birth rates: population holidays and travel is stagnating and declining 2. The reduction in family size: this trend is supported by changes in social attitudes towards holiday taking 3. The increased entitlement to paid holiday: It is reflected peoples’ reduction in the average working week, year; and working life Non-economic Factors (Cont.) 1. Structural Factors (Cont.) 2) Leisure Time Activity The increase in paid time off, people’s ability to travel, and the growing popularity of travel as a social activity will boost tourism demand. In developed countries, most people take at least two vacations a year, with weekend getaways and special event packages becoming more common. Europe's ageing population will lead to a more selective market that values quality and flexibility, and these changing market trends will influence travel patterns and reasons for traveling. Non-economic Factors (Cont.) 2. Motivational Factors 1) Education o There is a correlation between the level of education and the income levels which are earned by groups in society. o Also, a connection between the level of education and a person’s cultural curiosity Non-economic Factors (Cont.) 2. Motivational Factors (Cont.) 2) Urbanization Most urban environments are well served with a network of travel services information Most international tourists live in urban areas – tend to enjoy higher income levels than people living in rural areas. With a higher level of pressure in terms of their living environment – they prefer environmental quality and the quality of holiday experience 3) Marketing Effective marketing campaigns and destination promotion can boost tourism demand. Motivation for travel is stimulated by advertising and by the provision of information. Non-economic Factors (Cont.) 2. Motivational Factors (Cont.) 4) The Travel Trade It is this ‘reassurance factor’ which is often a powerful motivator in choosing a destination. It can influence and often change initial perceptions of a proposed destination. This power of influence is reinforced by the customer’s need for reassurance relating to his travel arrangements and choice of destination. 5) Destination Attractions Matching markets to facilities is the purpose of tourism promotion; it is part of the process which can influence the potential tourist to choose one destination in preference to another. Non-economic Factors (Cont.) 2. Motivational Factors (Cont.) 8) Weather conditions Tourists often go to destinations in search of sunshine. Likewise, winter 6) Immigration systems is perhaps the only solution for many Flexible and accelerated visa attractions promoting skiing. Heavy processing systems often motivate rains and floods usually impact on tourists to travel abroad. tourism demand in any destination. Free movement of people 9) Internet agreements among countries can help tourists get a clear idea impact on their national tourism about the destination. many tourists share their experience demand and views on social media and other 7) Global events can dramatically online platforms, which influence increase tourism demand, e.g. the World many potential visitors and impact Cup, the Olympic Game on their purchase decisions.  According to Prosser (1994), the character of tourism demands will continue to change. Tourism demand will continue to grow and become increasingly differentiated. Understanding these factors is crucial for businesses and destinations in the tourism industry to effectively plan and adapt to changing demand patterns.