3423 Terms Study Guide PDF

3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 1. biopower A concept coined by Michel Foucault that refers to the power exercised by state authorities to control human bodies,...

3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 1. biopower A concept coined by Michel Foucault that refers to the power exercised by state authorities to control human bodies, including the power to take life or determine the conditions under which people live. 2. Black Lives Matter An activist social movement originating in the USA that aims to raise awareness and policy changes against racial profiling and the abuse of lethal force by police officers against Black people. 3. broken windows A crime prevention and control theory based on the idea that public and theory police tolerance for minor acts of crime and wrongdoing has a tendency to encourage the commission of more serious crimes. 4. claims making A process by which social problems are constructed by claims made by those who are active in their assertions or grievances about particular social prob- lems, such as the claim that there is a rise in a particular type of criminal activity. 5. commonsense A popular way of talking about criminality typically revealed in public conver- criminology sations that reflect simplistic understandings of criminology. 6. conflict perspective A theory of society based on Marx and Engels's analysis of the conflict between economic classes in capitalism that has been used by criminologists to explain the causes of crime and criminalization as the result of economic inequality. 7. correlates of crime Demographic factors such as age, race, location, alcohol use, gender, or income level as social factors that are connected to, associated with, or linked to a particular type of crime but do not necessarily cause it. 8. criminalization of The criminalization and punishment of individuals and groups who express dissent dissent against established social and political realities and whose interest is the active pursuit of social change, including environmental, anti-violence, and anti-hate activism. 9. criminogenic To generate, stimulate, or cause crime and/or criminal behaviour. 1 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 10. CSI effect A phenomenon whereby avid viewer interest in, and knowledge gained from, criminal investigation-type television programs has influenced both the as- sumptions and expectations about how criminal cases are able to be solved. 11. cultivation model A theory that concludes that heavy television viewing tends to cultivate attitudes among viewers that make them supportive of mainstream political values. 12. cultural criminolo- The study of how media narratives about crime have become popular products gy for public consumption that in turn influence cultural ideas about crime, criminality, and criminal justice. 13. culture The system of values, beliefs, and practices that characterize a specific human group and define its identity. 14. disciplinary society Michel Foucault's concept used to identify how modern society is characterized by excessive forms of social control, both external (such as surveillance systems and punishment) and internal (such as docile obedience) that discipline, regulate, and govern populations. 15. discourse The formal knowledge disseminated by institutional and professional author- ities that regulates the conduct of people. 16. feminist criminolo- An anti-patriarchal criminology that developed as a critique of the tendency gy within traditional mainstream criminology and among justice system officials to reproduce sexist stereotypes and to ignore the differential treatment of female crime and wrongdoing. 17. governmentality The normalized routines and practices citizens engage in that bind them to the existing political order and thus extend bureaucratic governmental control over their lives. 18. green criminology An emerging branch of criminology that examines harms and crimes against the natural environment such as pollution, toxic emissions, illegal fishing, 2 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 whaling, forest depletion, and human-made disasters, among others, that pose a risk to planetary life. 19. hypersecurity state A concept that refers to the political state's practice of intensifying security policies, increasing the surveillance and monitoring of citizens, and enforcing the criminalization of dissent, all under the auspices of fighting terror and maintaining security. 20. ideological hege- A theory of social control that emphasizes how dominant ideologies and widely mony shared beliefs are used to get people to consent to the established political order. 21. ideology A set of ideas or belief systems used to justify, legitimate, and normalize social arrangements based on unequal power relations. 22. labelling theory A criminological theory that focuses on the meanings ascribed to an act that is labelled deviant or criminal, rather than on the act itself. 23. law and order per- A crime control perspective that emphasizes a tough-on-crime, public safety spective approach based on increased policing, zero tolerance for illegal acts, and strict criminal justice sentencing practices. 24. left realism A theory of crime that questions idealized assumptions inherent in earlier 20th-century left/Marxist theories of crime that similarly emphasizes the role of social and economic disadvantage in the creation of crime, but which also explains that crime disproportionally victimizes the poor and powerless and that crime is a real social problem that needs to be controlled regardless of its causes. 25. mass incarceration A term that refers to the overuse of imprisonment as a crime control strategy, and which results in a high proportion of the population serving prison sentences. 26. moral crimes 3 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 A category of illegal activity such as gambling, prostitution/sex-trade work, illicit drug use, and, until recently, sodomy and homosexuality, that have historically been viewed as morally reprehensible vices that may corrupt the values of society. 27. moral entrepre- Individuals or groups who hope to gain some sort of benefit by capitalizing neurs on the crisis or moral panic generated by the occurrence of a sensationalized crime trend. 28. moral panic A sensationalized, exaggerated response to a crime trend based on fears that the moral fabric of society is under threat unless something is done to stop it. 29. moral regulation A traditional form of social control whereby moral values and judgments serve to regulate social behaviour and personal conduct and is reflected informally in codes of conduct and more formally in law. 30. mystification An ideological process, usually generated by communications media, that masks the power dynamics of a social issue by obscuring and influencing the way it is perceived by the public. 31. neoliberalism A political and economic trend based on the decline of social services and the promotion of competition, individualism, corporate rights, and the globaliza- tion of the free-market capitalist system. 32. new world order A term that refers to the geopolitical configuration of military and economic power relations that began to form at the start of the 21st century, character- ized by American military hegemony and ongoing civil conflict and warfare. 33. prison-industrial A configuration of the prison system, especially in the United States in the complex late 20th century, whereby the mass incarceration of inmates was overseen by private companies contracted to operate prisons for profit. 34. queer criminology A subfield of criminology that focuses on the historic and current criminal- ization of LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) people 4 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 subjected to discriminatory practices by the justice system and other social institutions. 35. racial profiling The police apprehension of crime suspects on the basis of their racial charac- teristics. 36. reintegrative sham- A type of crime control method that shames the offender into being reintegrat- ing ed into their community group by appealing to the offender's non-criminal sense of self-esteem. 37. risk society Ulrich Beck's concept whereby human industrial activity via resource extraction has been so significant that it has created a new planetary reality that poses a risk to life, which threatens to become larger than the human capacity to contain it. 38. state crime A type of criminal conduct committed by state officials and governments, ranging from political corruption to war crimes. 39. stigma In labelling theory, the tarnishing or spoiling of a person's identity due to the successful application of a negative label onto them. 40. symbolic interac- A branch of sociology that emphasizes the shared meanings and interpreta- tionism tions of social reality that guide people in their interactions with others. 41. transgression The willful and pleasurable violation of a rule, law, or social code of conduct, as well as the entertainment experienced at the symbolic/emotional level by those who watch crime dramas or play violent video games. 42. transnational femi- A theoretical perspective in criminology that combines the critique of patri- nist criminology archal practices predominant in nations outside of North America with a hu- man-rights focus on rape, sexual abuse, acid attacks, female genital mutilation, forced marriage, honour killings, the infanticide of female fetuses and infants, and the deliberate sale and trafficking of girls into the illicit sex trade. 5 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 43. zero-tolerance per- A law and order perspective on policing and crime control based on the spective premise that tolerance of small infractions will encourage offenders towards the commission of greater violations; thus, even seemingly minor acts of lawbreaking need to be prosecuted. 44. agency The capacity of individuals to make decisions freely and in a way that repre- sents their own best interests, in the context of social restraints and imposed limitations. 45. carnival of crime A theory of criminal transgression that examines how some criminal acts and forms of wrongdoing are experienced by their perpetrators as radical rule-breaking and exciting expressions of disrespect that fulfil unmet desires and break through the restraints of social conformity. 46. commodity A consumer product that is manufactured and offered for sale. 47. commonsense A layperson's simplistic understanding of crime that results from the con- criminology sumption of popular crime-themed entertainment programming and its typ- ical themes, such as the criminal mind, serial killers, dramatic portrayals of policing street criminals and crimes of the downtrodden, and law and order perspectives of justice. 48. copycat crime A crime that is inspired, planned, or executed by copying a criminal act represented in the media. 49. crime control mod- A philosophy of criminal justice that emphasizes a tough-on-crime approach el and the strength of police and prosecutorial power as the basis of public safety. 50. cultivation theory A theory of media analysis that measures influence and indicates that heavy viewing of television tends to cultivate attitudes among viewers that make them supportive of mainstream political values. 51. cultural criminolo- gy 6 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 The study of how narratives about crime have become products for public consumption that influence cultural conceptions of crime and criminal justice and how crime plays a significant role in contemporary media culture. 52. culture industry The industry that consists of corporately owned media including television, news media, fashion, and entertainment that produces a vast proportion of popular culture content within consumer society. 53. discourse The official knowledge, concepts, and themes that are produced by a particular institution and form the basis of its ideological power. 54. due process model A philosophy of criminal justice that emphasizes the rights of the accused to a fair trial and legal representation and upholds the value that a person is innocent unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. 55. ideological hege- A theory of social control where taken-for-granted ideas about power and mony hierarchy are embedded in media messages in order to get people to consent to and defend the established political order. 56. ideology A deceptive type of popular knowledge that generates public consent to the prevailing social order and is used to make socially constructed hierarchies seem natural and inevitable. 57. infotainment A genre of news broadcasting that informs and entertains and usually consists of content such as crime and celebrity gossip that is deliberately sensational- ized for dramatic effect. 58. Islamophobia Discrimination or prejudice directed against Arabic people and Muslims that is based on fear and misunderstanding. 59. mainstreaming The process whereby viewer exposure to the symbolic environment of mass media messages and themes cultivates commonly shared, mainstream values. 60. mediagon 7 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 A concept describing the tendency within entertainment media offerings to depict violence, adversarial contest, combat, competition, and predation as dominant program themes, making such programs akin to a modern coliseum that provides viewer pleasure on the basis of consuming agony, victory, and defeat. 61. mega-cases Crimes that, as a result of some combination of rarity, severity, complexity, and brutality, elicit powerful responses from public audiences and enjoy great longevity. 62. moral panic The generation of an intense public reaction to criminal or deviant behaviour perceived to be a moral threat to society, which calls for some sort of extreme response or drastic social control measure. 63. newsworthy An occurrence deemed significant or interesting enough to be worthy of coverage in the news reports. 64. postmodernism The theory that contemporary popular culture, art, and design has departed significantly from the modern era and its claims to truth, and that media representations of reality create a world of illusions grounded in previous representations of reality such as art and photography. 65. problem frame In media theory, the focus, parameter, or boundary for discussing a particular event that determines the way it is discussed and responded to. 66. propaganda A type of mass communicated message, common in times of war, that is deliberately designed to promote a particular view or opinion for political purposes. 67. reification A type of alienating loss of self whereby the individual is shaped into a consumer object to perpetuate the functioning of the established political and economic order. 68. 8 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 scary world syn- The theory that heavy viewers of crime programs come to believe that they live drome in a scary world full of threats and dangers and are thus more supportive of harsh and punitive criminal justice policies than people who do not watch and are thus not influenced by crime programs. 69. semiotics The study of symbols and signs and how they communicate meaning. 70. transgression A violation, vice, or wrongdoing that, for cultural criminologists, also refers to acts that transcend the boundaries of acceptable behaviour or deviate from social norms with a deliberate degree of recklessness, disorder, or revelry. 71. Age of Enlighten- A period in 18th-century Europe characterized by unprecedented advance- ment ments in science and philosophy that gave rise to the progressive changes of the modern era, against the backwardness and superstition of the previous age. 72. anthropology The academic discipline that studies human social behaviour and the diversity of human culture past and present. 73. capital punishment The most extreme form of punishment whereby the state exercises its right to (also known as the take the life of a person accused of a crime. death penalty) 74. civil disobedience A conscientious type of social resistance involving the deliberate violation of the law as an expression of protest or dissent against a perceived injustice. 75. Code of Hammura- An ancient (1754 BCE) Mesopotamian legal code, created by the Babylonian bi king Hammurabi, that set out laws and punishments in matters ranging from fraud and theft to slavery, contracts, and divorce, among others, and is widely regarded as one of the oldest surviving records of an attempt to establish a legal order. 76. correlation 9 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 A measurable relationship between two or more variable phenomena that can be seen to go together but in which one element does not necessarily cause the other. 77. corruption The unfair abuse of one's position of power or authority for the purpose of professional or private gain through the manipulation of others through coercive means. 78. crime Technically, an act or behaviour prohibited by law, but the term is also used broadly to refer to acts of injustice, grievous wrongdoing, or harmful behav- iour. 79. crime control The various techniques that are employed to reduce crime such as policing, the incapacitation of offenders, and the use of crime prevention strategies. 80. criminal event As defined by Cohen and Felson (1979), a criminal event consists of three main elements: 1) a motivated offender, 2) a target or victim, and 3) the absence of controls to prevent the crime. 81. criminal justice pol- The changing set of practices and laws that guide the operation of the criminal icy justice system. Policies can include the treatment of offenders during arrest through to incarceration and probation. 82. criminal justice sys- The institution tasked with the control of crime and the treatment of offenders, tem and whose primary elements are the police, lawyers, the prison system, and the correction and rehabilitation of offenders. 83. criminalization The process whereby an act or behaviour is designated as a criminal offence and which may reflect the bias of those who control criminal justice policy. 84. criminology The academic discipline that studies crime, the causes of criminal behaviour, and crime control, along with related issues such as deviance and policing, among others. 10 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 85. dangerous classes A historical term used to refer to people (such as racial and ethnic immigrants, striking workers, vagrants, or prostitutes) believed to represent a threat to the established order and who were looked upon with suspicion by those in power who used the criminal law to control and punish them. 86. deviance A sociological concept that refers to deviation from socially acceptable norms and standards of behaviour, conduct, or lifestyle. 87. dispossession A type of socially oppressive practice whereby people are deprived of the elements required for dignified survival, such as housing, land, and access to natural resources. 88. economics The academic discipline that studies the exchange of goods and services in a social context, as well as the nature and operation of the financial system. 89. evolutionary biolo- A subfield of the academic discipline of biology that examines the role of the gy evolutionary process of natural selection in living organisms. 90. hegemony A type of political domination or control of people that is based on their voluntary submission or public consent to the established values and beliefs that support an existing social arrangement. 91. human rights The basic freedoms that uphold the dignity and equality of all people by virtue of their being human and thus deserving of respect and protection from oppression and persecution as guaranteed by law. 92. humanism An ethical system of thought expressed in philosophy and art that emphasizes the concern for human well-being as the guiding principle of life (as opposed to religious or deistic principles that focused on otherworldly matters such as the afterlife). 93. institutional racism A type of racial discrimination that disadvantages specific groups of people by virtue of the inequitable bureaucratic rules and operation of a particular institution. 11 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 94. Interpol The International Criminal Police Organization, a global policing institution that consists of members from numerous countries and cooperates primarily on transnational organized crime, human trafficking, illicit drug sales, war crimes, and other forms of complex illegal activities that require policing efforts across various jurisdictions. 95. justice An outcome of a dispute that is just, fair, and ethical in response to a wrong- doing, injury, or mistreatment inflicted on a person or group. 96. law The state-run system of official rules that govern the conduct of members in a given nation or territory, regulate wrongdoing, and maintain stable social re- lations in civil and financial matters, and whose violation is subject to sanction, penalty, or punishment. 97. moral regulation A traditional form of social control whereby moral values and judgments involving shaming and social exclusion regulate social solidarity and personal conduct. 98. mystification The process whereby the meaning of a cultural message is deliberately mis- directed to create confusion or to influence its interpretation. 99. patriarchal order A type of hierarchical social organization privileging male power that emerged in human civilization approximately 5,000 years ago and is reproduced in numerous institutions such as the family, the state, and religion, where males generally hold dominant status. 100. peacemaking crim- A criminological orientation that stands against punitive justice and affirms inology practices aimed at the humane rehabilitation of offenders and the promotion of social justice, peace, security, and crime reduction through the mitigation of social systemic disadvantages. 101. power A social scientific concept that refers to the capacity to control the fate of, or exert influence over, the behaviour or the decision-making ability of others. 12 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 102. presumption of in- A legal concept that affirms the principle that a person accused of a crime is nocence considered to be innocent of all charges until they can be proven to be guilty. 103. psychology The academic discipline that studies individual human and social behaviour, the human mind, and cognitive processes. 104. rational philosophy A branch of philosophy that privileges logical reason over speculation and faith as a way of arriving at valid conclusions about the nature of reality. 105. rights of the ac- A legal concept that affirms the principle that a person accused of a crime is cused guaranteed basic rights, such as the right to a fair trial, that need to be upheld in order for a fair and just outcome. 106. secular state The political institutions of a government that operate independent of the influence of any religious authority or religious doctrine, based on modern secular values and laws. 107. social construction A sociological concept that refers to how human realities are the product of of reality shared meanings about what is real, which holds that human social forces, as opposed to natural laws, determine the nature of social reality. 108. social control A sociological concept that refers to the large-scale organization and regula- tion of human conduct through shared norms and values, as well as through laws and violent force. 109. social justice A condition of fairness where people are given equal chances to prosper socially and economically and to be included in positions of status and power regardless of their personal characteristics. 110. sociobiology The academic discipline that studies the biological basis of human behaviour and emphasizes evolutionary processes. 111. sociology 13 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 The academic discipline that studies modern human societies, social institu- tions, and social problems. 112. state (also known The political apparatus that forms government and has legal power over the as the nation-state) people and resources in a given geographical territory. 113. systemic discrimi- A type of racial, gender, or cultural discrimination perpetuated by unfair institu- nation tional practices or policies that are a part of the way the social system functions. 114. war on drugs An American-led policing and military campaign aimed at halting the manu- facture, sale, and use of illicit drugs globally, which has been heavily criticized as ineffective, oppressive, and unjust. 115. wrongful convic- Cases where factually innocent people are deemed guilty and convicted for tions crimes they did not commit. 116. 2008 financial crisis An economic upheaval of global proportion that created massive financial losses caused by financial markets collapsing due to the impact of predatory mortgage lending practices and undisclosed risks to borrowers, as well as wrongdoing and failure to act on the part of government and financial organizations. 117. anomie A sociological concept coined by Emile Durkheim referring to an alienating loss of self that arises from a lack of solidarity with the members, norms, or morals of society, or, conversely, the individual overinvestment in a social cause. 118. antisocial personal- A personality type characterized by shortcomings with regards to basic social ity interaction skills, such as ease of conversation, and a lack of familiarity with social cues and a tendency towards reclusiveness, frustration, aggression, and paranoid 14 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 thoughts. asymmetrical warfare: A type of warfare where combat does not occur in established fields of battle, and where surprise attacks by non-traditional, often individual or small groups of combatants can strike at any place, including civilian spaces. 119. atavism Cesare Lombroso's conceptual classification for a type of criminal he hypoth- esized to be born in a more primitive evolutionary state, lacking the voluntary self-control of a civilized person, and who is thus more prone to criminal behaviour. 120. biological deter- A school of thought that emphasizes biological factors from body type to minism genetics as the most influential factors that determine human behaviour. 121. Chicago School A diverse body of criminological scholarship developed by numerous re- searchers at the University of Chicago in the early 20th century that examined how some urban neighbourhoods with greater amounts of social disorganization have higher rates of crime. 122. civil society A society where norms of civility, mutual respect, and cooperation prevail through the combined efforts of individuals and collective groups. 123. collective punish- A type of maltreatment that targets a collective or group based on their racial, ment cultural, or political identity that can range from discrimination to more severe punishments such as detention. 124. concept 15 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 A scientific or analytic term that identifies and names specific natural or social phenomenon revealed through research findings or analysis. 125. corporate crime Criminal activity engaged in by business corporations in the course of con- ducting business. 126. crimes against hu- Large-scale atrocities inflicted on mostly civilian populations by those in manity power or those seeking to attain power that is so unconscionable that it is viewed as a crime against the entire human community. 127. criminal profiling A technique of investigation based on gathering typically behavioural or geographical information with the aim of identifying a criminal perpetrator. 128. criminological the- The broad range of interdisciplinary ideas and concepts that combine to form ory the analytic models used by researchers to understand and explain different types of crime and criminal phenomena. 129. critical race theory A social theory based on law and power relations that critically analyzes social hierarchies of exclusion, discrimination, and domination that categorize peo- ple on the basis of their racial identity. 130. cultural criminolo- The study of how narratives about crime have become products for public gy consumption that influence cultural conceptions of crime, criminal justice, and how crime plays a significant role in contemporary media culture. 131. cybercrime Criminal wrongdoings that are perpetrated through computers and computer networks 16 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 including the internet and social media that target individuals, groups, or technology and information systems. 132. deterrence To deter, inhibit, or de-incentivize against the commission of crime or wrong- doing through the threat of negative repercussions such as punishment. 133. deviant subculture A social group distinguished from the larger society by virtue of their mem- bers having cultural values, norms, and practices that depart substantially from the mainstream and defines their identity. Deviant subcultures can range from groups who practice alternative lifestyles to more extreme examples such as fanatical cults. 134. differential associa- Edwin Sutherland's theory of criminal behaviour that emphasizes how tion criminal conduct and ways of thinking are learned through interactions with others who engage in criminal lifestyles. 135. empirical research Methods of research aimed at verifying the validity of theoretical methods claims or hypotheses based on the analysis of measurable evidence gathered by experimentation or observation as proof. 136. ethnocide Also known as "cultural genocide," the attempt to control and subjugate a particular social group through the systematic elimination of their cultural identity, language, and cultural practices. 137. eugenics The selective breeding of humans with the goal of producing genetically superior offspring. 17 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 138. femicide The deliberate killing of females, and in particular female fetuses and infants, for the purpose of gender selection in favour of male births. 139. frustration-aggres- The observation that some people will respond with aggression sion hypothesis when they are faced with frustration. 140. genocide The systematic murder of a large number of people targeted on the basis of their belonging to a particular race, ethnicity, or creed. 141. hedonism A lifestyle or view of human nature based upon the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. 142. heresy Beliefs, opinions, or teachings that violate religious dogma or orthodoxy as defined by authorities which are punishable. 143. Intelligence Quo- A number derived from testing that is purported to be a measure of a tient (IQ) person's intelligence with a classification range from feeble-minded to genius. 144. Islamophobia The fear and hatred of, and prejudice against, Muslims, especially the form that arose after the events of September 11th, 2001, and which links followers of Islam with the threat of terrorism and hatred of the West. 145. learning theory A branch of psychology that studies how human behaviour is learned in a variety of ways from conditioned responses and rewarded behaviour to social learning from others. 18 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 146. legal precedent A principle in the practice of law where the ruling in a particular case estab- lishes a new benchmark for future cases of a similar nature. 147. McCarthyism A state-sponsored campaign of persecution led by Senator Joseph McCarthy that took place in early-1950s America, which targeted individuals accused of being communists or communist sympathizers and were subsequently "blacklisted," lost their jobs, and had their lives destroyed in various ways purely on the basis of accusations and political viewpoints. 148. M'Naghten rule A legal ruling in a criminal case where the accused is found not responsible for a crime because they were determined to be of unsound mind at the time the crime was committed. 149. misogyny Hatred of or contempt for women. 150. moral regulation The process of regulating individuals and social relations through the appli- cation of moral judgments that may elicit guilt, shame, and dishonour to control and sanction people into conforming with the dominant moral order. 151. panopticon A late 18th-century prison with architectural features designed to maximize the surveillance of inmates by guards who are placed at a central vantage point. 152. paradigm In the philosophy of science, a paradigm is a model of analysis that comes to dominate 19 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 study and research within a particular discipline of study for a particular period of time. 153. patriarchal order A type of hierarchical social organization that privileges male power, which emerged in human civilization approximately 5,000 years ago, and is repro- duced in numerous institutions such as the family, the state, and religion, where males generally hold dominant status. 154. political prisoner An individual who is incarcerated for their political or ideological beliefs by a government or other ruling authority who feels threatened by such beliefs. 155. post-9/11 era The historical period following the events of September 11th, 2001, character- ized by intensified forms of anti-terrorist governmental policies, revived warfare, and subsequent new security measures restricting individual rights and freedoms. 156. psychopath A psychological diagnosis often associated with criminal and deviant behav- iour, where the individual exhibits cunning, false confidence, authoritarian qualities, ma- nipulation, and aggression in their attempts to exert control over others. 157. psychopathology A generic term for a broad range of psychological disorders characterized by a pronounced and debilitating psychiatric or mental impairment that substan- tially affects one's quality of life. 158. rational choice the- A theory of human behaviour that examines the motivating factors and ory rational decision-making processes or choices individuals make, including the 20 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 risks and rewards one contemplates before acting in a specific set of circumstances. 159. scientific racism A theory that uses the authority of science to make the claim that certain groups of humans are biologically inferior to others. 160. social bond theory The theory that people with strong social bonds to others based on mutual attachments, commitments, involvements, and shared beliefs will compel such people to conform to a law-abiding lifestyle. 161. social bonds The meaningful social relations that create solidarity and support among people and lead to the formation of human societies. 162. stake in conformity The theory that the more a person conforms to conventional lifestyle goals, such as gainful employment, dependent social relations, and financial commit- ments, the greater the likelihood they will not deviate into criminal activities because they have too much to lose if they get caught. 163. state of exception A concept from political theory referring to a condition where the governmen- tal state temporarily suspends legal protections and maximizes its powers in response to a crisis or emergency situation that threatens public safety. 164. strain theory Robert Merton's theory that explains crime and deviance as the result of particular kinds of social pressures and strains that one faces in achieving economic 21 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 success in life and subsequently compels them to violate normative and legal codes of conduct. 165. subcultural theory A theory that emphasizes how deviant or criminal lifestyles and patterns of behaviour develop in the context of a person's affiliation with a subculture that embraces non- conformist norms. 166. techniques of neu- The criminological theory outlined by Sykes and Matza that explains tralization how wrongdoers attempt to justify their behaviour and neutralize or minimize the extent of their wrongdoing through various rationalizations. 167. theory A formal analytic model that aims to hypothesize about, explain, understand, or interpret a particular natural or social phenomenon. 168. war crime A horrific act perpetrated in the context of warfare that violates acceptable standards of military combat, such as the murder of captured enemy soldiers, targeting of civilians, rape of women and girls, torture, and beheading, among other atrocities. 169. white-collar crime Criminal activities committed by high-status or well-to-do individuals who occupy positions of privilege and power. 170. legal definition of - Acts prohibited by law, which change over time and place. crime - Critical examination of what constitutes the "greater good. 171. critical race theory - assumptions that race is a fixed context- adapts the more fluid definition from challenges intersectionality - Challenges white supremacy and normalization of racism - Converging interests: 22 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 172. torture was a stan- - Records suggest 5-20% of defendants were tortured in courts like Florence, dard but not uni- Paris, Bordeaux, and Geneva in Medieval times. versal procedure: - Frequency varied:France: Torture limited to one session by law, Geneva: Multiple sessions were common 173. wrongdoing - Actions that upset social standards of safety and order. - Can invoke outrage, whether real or perceived. 174. what are the 3 rela- - some moral wrongs are not criminal wrongs tionships between - some criminal wrongs are not moral wrongs moral and criminal - there is overlap between moral wrongs and criminal wrongs wrongs 175. crime involves 3 - A motivated offender. main elements (Co- - A target or victim. hen & Felson 1979) - Absence of controls to prevent the act 176. what does "crime - crime often does not happen in isolation as a social event" - how we define and react to a crime is based on our social meanings attached mean to an action, the victim or the motivation 177. criminology The study of harm, wrongdoing, and the societal consequences of controlling these acts. 178. Crime and its con- - Antagonistic interpersonal relations. (hate crime, gang violence, property trol intersect with crime) various social is- - Challenges in achieving justice system goals. (economic inequality) sues ,including: - Racial, cultural, and gender inequalities. - Unequal distribution of economic resources. - Historical discrimination against marginalized groups (system built on white supremecy, 60s scoop) 179. 23 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 Power dynamics - Victims and offenders. (micro level) underpin crime and - Legal systems and the state. (power struggle) its control, influenc- - Media, officials, and technology. (competing priorities) ing relationships - Police and communities, corporations, and individuals. between ______: 180. deviance - Challenges social norms and reflects power imbalances. - most deviance is going to me informally sanctioned 181. crime and deviance - What is deviant is not always a crime, though a crime is typically deviant relationship - definitions are socially constructed and merit reflection as these shared understandings can change. (changing perception of alc consumption) - "Mystification" of crime committed by elites. 182. social order can be - hard power: formal, coercive measures (policing) achieved through - soft power: informal norms and cultural values - society uses both; tends to be more concerned with punishment 183. social order and - examines institutional racism and over-policing control: War on - support penalization of drug use Drugs - language aimed at getting public support for more extreme measures (think soft power but really hard) 184. Power Dynamics in - Modern punishment systems as mechanisms of control. (has to fir in with Crime: Michel Fou- society) cault - how punishment has evolved overtime to be less in your face and more subtle and coercive - make prison centre, not just monitor, dehumanize 185. Power Dynamics - Normative control (similar to hard and soft power) through accepted norms in Crime: Emile and practices, and coercive control through force and institutions Durkheim - cultural hegemony 24 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 186. Cultural Hegemony - the dominance or leader of a group in a particular context Power through can be understood force and it is radiating across as - How the ruling class remains force (common sense), accepting without thinking often means dominant sense 187. Power Dynamics - Hegemony (Cultural,Economic, Social) as a form of social control for the in Crime: Antonia powerful groups Gramsci - accepting the dominate group values, voluntarily accept it, people can't think to critically about what they are accepting 188. Gramsci: what - Media influence = does something weird and it is posted out there, imme- stops us from diate reaction thinking criticallt - Cultural influences = culture sends on thing but new country norms say another - Familial influences - Capitalism = have the resources to understand and fight what is happening - Time = do you have the resources to understand how it got to this point 189. what do power dy- the relationship between victims and offenders (Social opinion is what of the namics influence in biggest things that can change how we change) crime 190. how are criminal - Authority: Federal Responsibility under Consitituion Act of 1867 laws made in Cana- - Legislative Processess (Criminal Code of Canada & various acts) da - Judicial Interpretation (judges interpretation, common law precedenets, Charter of Rights and Freedoms) - Public advocacy and amendements can also change the law through these channels. 191. how are criminal - Reactive system critiqued for perpetuating injustice. laws made in Cana- - Key issues: discrimination, wrongful convictions, outdated laws (ex. Henry da: key issues and Morgentaler) critiques 25 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 192. Henry Morgentaler - decriminalized abortion in canada - He would perform them out of his office - said that is was against sect 7 of the charter of rights and freedom Jury said law was wrong 193. Herbert packers - Crime Control: Focus on public safety and efficient punishment., hard on models of justice crime (crime is about - Due Process: Emphasizes rights of the accused and fairness. soft on crime public) 194. crime control mod- - presumption of guilt el - priority is repression of criminal conduct - efficient assembly line system - focus in on the plea of guilt - premium on speed and finality - informal administrative fact finding 195. due process model - presumption of innocence - priority of protecting individuals rights - obstacle course - based on formal structure of the law - adversarial fact finding process - demand for finality is low - insists on prevention and elimination of mistakes 196. how has crime - societal norms and laws are socially constructed been constructed - labels like criminal reinforce exclusion and power imbalances (gives us permission to treat them a Certain way 197. Civil Disobedience - challenges unjust laws - some laws in place to criminalize some acts that show disregard - sometimes, civil disobiedence is a good thing, and pushes change 26 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 - Some things that are seen as evil in one place and time can be seen as heroic in others - Example: Viola Desmond's protest against segregation in 1946. 198. examples of some - Mischeif, laws and systems in - Obstruction of Justice or Police, (blocking roads place that can crim- - Unlawful Assembly, (3 or more people) inalize acts that - Tresspassing, (need permit) show a disregard - Nuisance or for current systems - disturbin the peace or strcutures (civil disobedience) 199. historical context of - Religious and secular codes have shaped our understanding of crime. control and de- - As we became larger and cities began to form viance: early soci- where different beliefs meshed, we needed something else! eties 200. historical context of -17-18th Century; more secular and focus on human freedom and potential, control and de- science, and freedom viance: enlighten- - huge shift in how we thought about crime ment period 201. What factors con- Increasing scientific knowledge that disputed religious understanding, Protes- tributed to the tant Reformation, emergence of large cities, and destabilizing wars emergence of the Enlightenment pe- riod? 202. cogntive disso- - distance ourselves from the problem (justifications for the behaviour) nance - Ideology is always giving us those outs 203. 27 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 Marx said we are - own labour (the self), alienated from 3 - process and the product, major things what - others (other people are our competition) are they -made it impossible to empathize with people 204. As society pro- - we have had different modes of operating as a society, and new social issues gresses, our laws emerged (or continued in a new form) and mechanisms - civil movements around issues like race and gender equality, war time of social control practices, immigration and nationalism, evolve - civil rights issues such as challenging heteronormative laws 205. modern implica- - focus on broader threats: human rights violations, corporate crime tions of crime tend - addressing systemic issues could reduce crime rates to focus on and ad- - globalization and international crime dress - telecommunication and cyber cirme 206. why are legacy (tra- - they include biological, psychological, sociological, social control, and ditional) theories of pre-scientific perspectives criminology are im- - serve as the foundation of criminology and continue to influence research portant - offers a unique perspective on crime and deviance, with its own biases and emphases - history of criminological thought reflects changing conceptions of wrongdo- ing and social control strategies 207. What is a theory? - often used informally make sense of the world and is influenced by prevailing ideas, assumptions, and beliefs - involve making sense of complexities, like crime, to control, prevent, or manage narratives - an analytic process that helps researchers arrive at general understandings of the phenomenon being studied. 208. theories in crimi- - general explanations for why crime occurs nology offer - comes with limitations and assumptions that are important for us to know as 28 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 critical thinkers - one theory cannot explain everything 209. World medical as- - the deliberate, systematic or wanton infliction of physical or mental suffering sociation (WMA) by one or more persons acting alone or on the orders of any authority, to force defintion of torture another person to yield information, to make a confession, or for any other reason." - one of the oldest forms of punishment 210. historical roots of - Spanish inquisition: torture used widely for confessions, and institutionalized torture it by making it bureaucratic - witchcraft cases were notable for intensive torture: 30,000-50,000 individuals executed for witchcraft, many tortured repeatedly. seen as a form of heresy and an exceptional crime 211. pre-modern justice - Fines, imprisonment, and banishment were common punishment was originally be- - 12th Century Corpus Juris Civilis (roman law) was rediscovered and influ- lieved to be very enced law in the Middle Ages violent and unjust, - Church Canon Law; also influenced by Roman law, justifying torture to achieve but we see it may confessions as this is crucial to salvaging the soul. have been less vio- - Papal bull (1252) authorized torture for extracting confessions lent and more flex- - emergence of legal codes and scholars ible than we be- lieved 212. 12th Century Cor- Allowed for torture relating to extracting confessions and other circumstances, pus Juris Civilis legitimizing it as a tool for serious crimes 213. early medieval jus- - trials used to determine if you were innocent or guilty, the idea was that if tice: divine ordeals you were innocent than god would save you, was meant to remove human judgement - Trail by Fire, (walk on hot metal, burning people, hold hot metal) - trial by Water (hot & cold), (dripping or submerging 29 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 - trial by combat, (if you win the fight that means that god wants you too but you could use a representative) - trial by by cross, (have to walk a distance while holding a cross or another sacred object (show no distress, don't fall or stumble = innocent) - trial by by eucharist) - were outlawed in 1215 but the catholic church leading to evidence-based procedures 214. Torture began to - the legal system began to develop more robustly decline after peak- - Execution and torture rates declined from the 17th century. ing in the 16th cen- - Changing attitudes towards corporal punishment influenced this decline tury as 215. despite torture be- It was known that torture could prompt false confessions, so inquisitors would ing widely used gather information slowly over months, during the spanish - using torture strategically in conjunction with fact finding, using various acquisition it was sources and methods not used randomly. - became bureaucratic why? - influenced the adoption of torture more broadly to less secular uses of torture as we moved into the 16th century - It became systematic with a process to do so efficiently based on evidence of success 216. Secular Use of Tor- - Secular jurisdictions adopted torture between 1200-1400 for serious crimes ture - Italy: Early adoption; exemptions for citizens initially. - Elsewhere: Documented use in Flanders (1294), Vienna (1277), Lausanne (1368), and France (1254). - By the 16th century:Torture became standard for interrogations to extract confessions in severe cases. - Execution methods included burning, breaking on the wheel, and hanging. 217. what are some le- - The Carolina (1532): Mandated only one gal statutes that session of torture unless new evidence emerged. 30 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 aimed to standard- - French legislation (1498, 1539): Similar ize and limit the use restrictions but normalized its use. of torture - Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789) *French revolution* - The Prisoner's Torture Act (England, 1829) - United Nations Convention Against Torture (1984) MOST IMPORTANT - Bonus: Malleus Maleficarum (1487) (not law per se, but a guidebook prompting torture for confession during witch trials) 218. problem with legal Torture is institutionalized in some capacity allowing state violence statutes regarding torture 219. sociology: the shift a shift in society to believe in justice, fair treatment of prisoners/ accused, and away from torture more palatable forms of social control represents 220. execution and tor- - Painful executions demonstrated power and deterred crime. ture symbolized - Woodcuts and public punishments served as propaganda state authority 221. according to a 2023 - Torture was reported for 105 countries; meta analysis: tor- - 21 methods accounted for 84% of all reported methods and ture is still widely - 10 methods accounted for 78% of all physical tortures. used - The top 3 methods were, beating or blunt-force trauma, electrical torture and starvation or dehydration 222. top 3 methods of - beating or blunt-force trauma tortue according to - electrical torture a 2023 meta analy- - starvation or dehydration sis 31 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 223. valorization of pain - we justify this action when we feel that a group has the authority to use and culture of torture, or perhaps for retribution purposes ("well they did do something vendetta really bad; this is important for national security!") - allow vendetta for political control - when society is scared punishments get harsher 224. execution and state - Executions were civic events attended by hundreds or thousands. power: symbolism - Combined state authority with Christian ritual. - Criminals were expected to publicly confess and seek forgiveness before execution 225. execution rates - death sentences rare in inquisitions - secular courts had higher execution rates - high rates often coincided with political or religious crises 226. High execution - Pain seen as a spiritual test in Christianity and Protestant Religions mimicking rates often coincid- Jesus's pain ed with political or - Rituals around disposable of a body or blood connected to the spiritual religious crises. significance of this act - As religious orientations wain, this more positive association begins to lose weight aswel 227. public Reaction to - Responses ranged from solemn observation to active disruption. Executions: crowd - Executioners were occasionally harassed or mocked. behaviour - Authorities choreographed processions to maintain order. 228. public Reaction to - Urban crowds often sympathized with the criminal's suffering, reflecting Executions: empa- Christian teachings on redemptive pain. thy and identifica- - Catholic emphasis on Christ's Passion encouraged identification with suffer- tion ing as a path to divine grace 229. 32 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 why do we think - To justify modern versions of torture (ex. Solitary confinement, police investi- early justice was gations were people are denied basic needs, war-time torture practices, etc.) so harsh? why is - To promote cognitive dissonance- yes this is bad, but prisoners have it so shown that way? much better than back in the day - Because of the thrill and taboo nature of torture - it sparks our interest - To legitimate power; think of Foucault and how power has shifted to less overt control; this maintains that image and reminds of state power when its used 230. more common - Acquittals and Pardons methods of early - Evasion of Justice justice - Appeals and Judicial flexibility - Moderate punishment for everyday crime (labour, banishment, fines, etc.) - Prisons did exist (though very harsh conditions) - 18th century saw a moal and practical justification of incarcerations 231. early criminology presumed natural inferiority. involved classify- ing deviant hu- mans based on 232. when did crimi- the 1800s, but its development wasn't smooth, and consensus among theo- nology emerge as rists was lacking. a specialized disci- pline 233. natural inferiority: - during the middle ages deviant behaviour was attributed to supernatural the "demonic per- forces spective" - Mental Health disorders like psychopathy often attributed to evil spirits- sometimes prompting exorcisms 234. Superstitious be- - Modern campaigns of persecution target specific groups based on cultural, liefs about demon- religious, racial, sexual ,and gender identities (or misconceptions against ic possession per- them) 33 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 sist today, influenc- - fraud and murder crimes in india are related to supersititions ing perceptions of - serious mental health, cults or certain religious beliefs crime and wrong- doing. 235. Cesare Lombroso's - posited that physical traits could identify born criminals theory of criminal - although flawed, influenced criminal investigation practices like criminal atavism profiling 236. early biological de- - Early criminological theories often incorporated racist, sexist, and pseu- terminism: sys- do-scientific ideas temic racism - some applied misconstrued evolutionary theories to criminology. - prevalent in early theories, suggested that physical features determined personality and behaviour 237. Contemporary bi- internal factors like brain injuries and genetic influences on behaviour. ological explana- tions focus on 238. Cesare Lombroso's - Death penalty for "born criminals" Legacy in Law: - Creation ofAsylums for the criminally insane - Beginning of forensic psychiatry - Murder Act of 1752 prompted 239. atavism - lombroso suggested criminals exhibit atavistic (primitive) features, implying they were at a more primitive stage of evolution than non-offenders. - physical traits to determine how someone is 240. genetic throwbacks - lombroso argued that criminals were "genetic throwbacks," more wild, un- tamed, and unable to adapt to society, making crime inevitable. - lees evolutionary developed 241. 34 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 Criminality Inherit- According to Lombroso, criminality was inherited, and physical defects could ed: identify potential criminals 242. epigenetics the study of environmental influences on gene expression 243. eugenics - trying to manipulate the biological structure of society by preventing people who have certain traits do not reproduce - canada has a history of this: lobotomies and sterilization 244. Degeneration: He linked criminality to degeneration, asserting that criminals' physical and mental traits resembled primitive humans due to biological abnormalitie 245. Physical Features - Thieves: expressive faces, manual dexterity, and small wandering eyes. of Criminals: - Murderers: cold, glassy stares, bloodshot eyes, large hawk-like noses. - Sex offenders: thick lips and protruding ears. - Women offenders: shorter, more wrinkled, darker hair, and smaller skulls 246. theories of biolog- - Eugenic practices, like compulsory sterilization, have targeted marginalized ical inferiority (eu- groups based on perceived biological inferiority. genics) used to jus- - Ethnocide and genocide are extreme forms of persecution rooted in eugenic tify social injus- ideas and aimed at eliminating targeted groups. tuces - State-sponsored sterilization, - Abolishment of Laws: The Alberta Eugenics Act was repealed in 1972, and the BC Sterilization Act ended in 1973. 247. y the case of - diagnosed with an intellectual disorder (was later found to be incorrect) Leilani Muir, illus- - she was forcibly sterilized under albertas eugenics act at Alberta training trates the conse- school for mental defectives in 1959 Stigma quences of eugenic - they are know assumed to be lesser School - air of reintegration of learning policies on individ- and development Justified immediately in the naming it uals. - She was not informed or given the opportunity to consent - 1998 the court ruled in her favour, she got compensation and an apology 35 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 248. Political power can - The "Red Scare" of the 20th century exemplifies state-sponsored persecution create perceptions based on political beliefs. (communist) of an enemy who - Post-9/11, the global "war on terrorism" is seen as "differ- - Post-9/11 security measures have ent" and a threat - Collective punishment, often associated with warfare, can lead to mass to society's well-be- atrocities such as genocide ing. some historical - Giordano Bruno and Antonio Gramsci, illustrate the persecution of critical examples include thinkers and suppression of freedom of though 249. Post 9/11 war on - led to heightened suspicion and fear, particularly against Islamic and Arabic terrorism and secu- communities. Torture sanctioned for confessions rity measures im- - eroded civil liberties, leading to concerns about human rights violations and pact the normalization of exceptional states. 250. classical rational - Cesare Beccaria criticized cruel punishments and advocated for the human- theorists ization of the criminal justice system. - Jeremy Bentham (Utilitarian Philosophy) proposed that humans are motivat- ed by pain and pleasure, forming the basis of deterrence theory - Bentham's panopticon design influenced prison architecture and the idea ofconstant surveillance. 251. classical rational - We have free will and make rational choices, punishment and deterrence are theories assump- key to changing human choices, tion and influence - heavily influence retributive justice model - need harsher punishments and sentences so people will not want to do it 252. rational choice the- - posits that criminals make calculated decisions based on perceived risks and ory rewards. - Key assumptions of rational choice theory include the exercise of free will, responsibility for choices, and the efficacy of swift punishment 253. - situational crime prevention to reduce opportunities (ex. street design/ lighting, security systems, guards, etc.) 36 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 Policies from ratio- - Punishment: Want the punishment to be proportional while also deterring nal choice theory (If too harsh, will be disregarded, but similar issue if not harsh enough) tend to focus on: - Incentivizing law-abiding citizens (ex. Rewards for reporting information, perceived leniency with low-level crimes, mitigating crime sentences). - Does account for influence of meso-level factors that can change the 'choice calculation' - General VS Specific Deterrence - Certainty vs severity of punishment 254. Critics argue that - Katz's theory of "seductions of crime" suggests that some criminals are criminal behaviour motivated by the thrill or pleasure of wrongdoing. is not always ratio- - Policymakers operate under the assumption that individuals are responsible nal and maybe dri- for their choices. ven by irrational de- - psychological theories influence of mental states on criminal behaviour and sires or impulses. can critique situations were we may not deem someone as making a 'rational How do we see rea- choice'. sons of crime as risk taking and in- dividual choice ap- plied 255. Psychological theo- - antisocial emotional motivations, intelligence levels, thought and behaviour ries of crime an- patterns, emotional temperament, coping abilities, and psychiatric condi- alyze factors influ- tions. encing criminal be- - the concept of the "criminal mind" and its fascination in popular culture. haviour such as - Classical psychologists like Freud, Skinner, and Piaget emphasized the role of psychological nature in behaviour. 256. learning theory - - suggests behaviour is learned through interactions and conditioning. psychological theo- - Albert Bandura's social learning theory explains violence and aggression ry of crime 37 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 as learned behaviours (can be influenced by individual temperament, cultural norms, and contextual factors) 257. modern applica- - Personality theories identify traits that may predispose individuals to criminal tions of psychologi- behaviour. cal theories of crim- - Psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder are distinct conditions asso- inal behaviour ciated with different behavioural patterns.- Stress and frustration can lead to aggression, as proposed by the frustra- tion-aggression hypothesis. - Some responses to stress, trauma, and victimization can manifest as deviant behaviours such as addiction or self-injury. 258. The McNaughten established a legal precedent for the insanity defense, absolving individuals Rule (insanity plea of crimes due to impaired mental states. 259. The case of Ugan- - how powerful psychiatric labels can be misused by state actors to criminalize dan Professor Stel- dissent. la Nyanzi illustrates - highlights the complex interplay of criminological concepts such as labeling theory, stigma, state power, and political corruption in the criminalization process. 260. what is a grow- - The incarceration of offenders with psychiatric disorders in facilities ing concern for ill-equipped to handle their need psychological dis- - Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz opposed the reliance on psychiatric diagnoses in orders and criminal legal cases, challenging the concept of mental illness. justice - Cases like that of Vince Li, who killed Tim McLean, raise questions about treating criminal behaviour differently based on mental state 261. Sociological theo- - focus on the influence of social structures and forces on individual behaviour ries and explana- - consider social structures such as family, workplace, and cultural groups, and tions of crime and social forces like norms and values. deviance 38 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 262. Durkheim's theory - that social bonds and solidarity prevent deviant behaviour, while anomie can of anomie lead to suicide - Different ways that we experience the alienation the more likely they are to have these deviant ideas 263. Merton's strain the- - explains deviance as a response to the disjunction between cultural goals ory and institutional means - when there are cultural goals are unable to attained (they don't line up) people will come up with news ways to get there (innovation) 264. Merton's typology - conformity, (accept goals and go proper way) of modes of individ- - innovation, (accept goals, disapproved means) ual adaptation in- - ritualism, (abandons goals, proper way) cludes - retreatism, (abandon goal, disapproved way) see in video games - rebellion (challenge goals and means) 265. Differential associ- - emphasizes social learning and how individuals adopt criminal behaviour ation theory by Ed- from intimate social groups win Sutherland - We have to get youth new friends, or places to gather that is not connected to crime - also studied white-collar crime, emphasizing the criminality of those in positions of privilege and power.empathy 266. Subcultural theory examines the formation of deviant subcultures, including criminal gangs, terrorist organizations, and countercultural groups. 267. empathy - is perspective taking - mead if we can step out of our own personal bubble than we can connect with eachother - Symbolic interactionism How you respond to the different stories and per- spectives will impact the relationship and how the individual responds going forward 39 / 65  3423 terms from chapter readings , 3423 midterm Study online at https://quizlet.com/_glmsz3 268. role thinking - how offenders and non offenders see eachother - Way to overcome stigma, all about perspective taking - Why sometimes you hear individuals story at trial 269. Weber social mean- - Is it assigned, granted, natural ing and authority - Authority is a symbol, another way to determine who has power, and it legitimizes it - Meanings from actions and how that leads to interactions - How we rationalize the law (Do this through labels What that then gives us permission to do) 270. Cooley - look