Criminology and Deviance Theory

Biopower

• It is the power exercised by state authorities to control human bodies
• It includes power to take life or determine conditions of living according to Michel Foucault

Black Lives Matter

• It is an activist social movement originating in the United States
• It aims to raise awareness and policy changes against racial profiling
• It seeks to prevent use of lethal force by police officers against Black people

Broken Windows Theory

• Crime prevention and control theory asserts public and police should not tolerate minor crimes
• Tolerance of minor acts of crime and wrongdoing has a tendency to encourage more serious crimes

Claims Making

• It's a process by which social problems are constructed by claims made by those active in their assertions or grievances
• It involves assertions about particular social problems like a rise in criminal activity

Commonsense Criminology

• A popular way of talking about criminality is typically revealed in public conversations
• Such public discussions reflect simplistic understandings of criminology

Conflict Perspective

• A theory of society based on Marx and Engels's analysis, it describes the conflict between economic classes in capitalism
• Criminologists use the theory to explain crime and criminalization as the result of economic inequality

Correlates of Crime

• Demographic factors like age, race, location, alcohol use, gender, or income level connect to crime
• These factors are associated with certain types of crime but do not necessarily cause the crime

Criminalization of Dissent

• It is the process of criminalizing and punishing individuals/groups who express dissent against established social and political realities
• Their interest lies in active pursuit of social change, including environmental, anti-violence, and anti-hate activism

Criminogenic

• To generate, stimulate, or cause crime and/or criminal behavior

CSI Effect

• Avid viewer interest in criminal investigation television programs influences assumptions and expectations
• It shapes how viewers believe criminal cases can be solved

Cultivation Model

• Heavy television viewing tends to cultivate attitudes supporting mainstream political values among viewers

Cultural Criminology

• It studies how media narratives about crime have become popular products for public consumption
• Such narratives influence cultural ideas about crime, criminality, and criminal justice

Culture

• The system of values, beliefs, and practices characterizes a specific human group
• It also serves to define the group's identity

Disciplinary Society

• Michel Foucault's concept describes modern society, characterized by excessive forms of social control
• These controls are both external such as surveillance systems and punishment and internal like docile obedience
• It serves to discipline, regulate, and govern populations

Discourse

• Formal knowledge disseminated by institutional and professional authorities regulate people's conduct

Feminist Criminology

• Anti-patriarchal criminology developed as a critique of traditional mainstream criminology
• Argues justice system officials reproduce sexist stereotypes and overlook the differential treatment of female crime and wrongdoing

Governmentality

• Normalized routines and practices citizens engage in bind citizens to the existing political order
• It extends bureaucratic governmental control over citizen's lives

Green Criminology

• An emerging branch of criminology examines harms and crimes against the natural environment
• Examples includes pollution, toxic emissions, illegal fishing, whaling, forest depletion, and human-made disasters
• Such crimes pose a risk to planetary life

Hypersecurity State

• It refers to the political state's strategy of intensifying security policies.
• It increases citizen surveillance and monitoring.
• It enforces the criminalization of dissent under the guise of fighting terror and maintaining security.

Ideological Hegemony

• Social control theory emphasizes use of dominant ideologies and shared beliefs
• The goal is to get people to consent to the established political order

Ideology

• A set of ideas or belief systems serve to justify, legitimate, and normalize social arrangements
• These arrangements are based on unequal power relations

Labeling Theory

• It is a criminological theory that focuses on the meanings ascribed to an act
• Meaning relies on whether it is labeled deviant or criminal, rather than on the act itself

Law and Order Perspective

• A crime control perspective emphasizes "tough-on-crime" and public safety approach
• It is based on increased policing, zero tolerance for illegal acts, and strict criminal justice sentencing practices

Left Realism

• It questions idealized assumptions in earlier 20th-century left/Marxist crime theories
• It emphasizes social and economic disadvantage in the creation of crime
• Explains crime disproportionally victimizes the poor and powerless
• States crime is a real social problem needing control, regardless of its causes

Mass Incarceration

• Overuse of imprisonment as a crime control strategy results in a high prison population

Moral Crimes

• Category including illegal activity such as gambling, illicit drug use, and prostitution/sex work
• Sodomy and homosexuality also included until recently
• Historically viewed as morally reprehensible vices that may corrupt society's values

Moral Entrepreneurs

• Individuals or groups hope to gain some benefit by capitalizing on the crisis or moral panic
• Benefits are generated by the occurrence of a sensationalized crime trend

Moral Panic

• Sensationalized, exaggerated response to a crime trend based on fears
• Fears stem from threat to the moral fabric of society and calls for action to stop it

Moral Regulation

• Traditional form of social control uses moral values and judgments to regulate social behavior and personal conduct
• Reflected informally in codes of conduct, formally in law

Mystification

• An ideological media-generated process masks the power dynamics of a social issue
• It obscures and influences how the public perceives the issue

Neoliberalism

• It is political and economic trend based on the decline of social services
• There is promotion of competition, individualism, corporate rights, and the globalization of the free-market capitalist system

New World Order

• Refers to the geopolitical configuration of military and economic power relations started in the 21st century
• Characterized by American military hegemony and ongoing civil conflict and warfare

Prison-Industrial Complex

• A configuration of the prison system, especially in the United States in the late 20th century
• The mass incarceration was overseen by private companies contracted to operate prisons for profit

Queer Criminology

• A criminology subfield focusing on the historic and current criminalization of LGBTQ+ people

Racial Profiling

• Police apprehend crime suspects on the basis of their racial characteristics

Reintegrative Shaming

• Crime control method designed to reintegrate offender into their community group
• Appeals to offender's non-criminal sense of self-esteem

Risk Society

• Ulrich Beck's concept, human industrial activity created a planetary reality which threatens life
• Risk threatens to become larger than human capacity to contain it

State Crime

• Criminal conduct committed by state officials and governments
• Ranges from political corruption to war crimes

Stigma

• Labeling theory holds the tarnishing or spoiling of a person's identity to the successful use of a negative label

Symbolic Interactionism

• A sociology branch it emphasizes shared meanings and interpretations of social reality
• It guides people's interactions with others

Transgression

• Willful and pleasurable violation of a rule, law, or social code of conduct
• Entertainment is experienced at the symbolic/emotional level by those who watch crime dramas/violent video games

Transnational Feminist Criminology

• Criminology theory combines critique of patriarchal practices in nations outside North America with a human-rights focus
• Human right focus includes issues like rape, sexual abuse, and trafficking

Zero-Tolerance Perspective

• Policing and crime control based on idea that tolerance of small infractions encourages offenders to commit greater violations
• Even seemingly minor acts of lawbreaking need prosecuting

Agency

• Capacity of individuals to make decisions freely, representing their own best interests
• Decisions are influenced by social restraints and imposed limitations

Carnival of Crime

• Theory examines how some criminal acts and wrongdoing are experiences
• Perpetrators see acts as radical rule-breaking, exciting expressions of disrespect that fulfill unmet desires
• Acts break through restraints of social conformity

Commodity

• Consumer product manufactured and offered for sale

Commonsense Criminology

• Layperson's simplistic understanding of crime stems from popular crime-themed entertainment consumption
• Examples includes the "criminal mind", serial killers, the downtrodden, etc

Copycat Crime

• A crime that is inspired, planned, or executed by copying a criminal act represented in the media

Crime Control Model

• Philosophy of criminal justice emphasizing a tough-on-crime approach as the basis of public safety

Cultivation Theory

• Theory of media analysis, heavy television viewing cultivates attitudes that make viewers supportive of mainstream political values

Cultural Criminology

• Study of how crime narratives become products for public consumption that influence concepts of crime/criminal justice
• Study of how crime plays a significant role in contemporary media culture

Culture Industry

• Industry of corporately owned media (TV, news, fashion, entertainment) produces vast proportion of popular culture content

Discourse

• Official knowledge, concepts, themes produced by a particular institution, forming the basis of its ideological power

Due Process Model

• Philosophy of criminal justice emphasizing the rights of the accused to a fair trial, legal representation
• Upholds innocence unless proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt

Ideological Hegemony

• Social control theory where taken-for-granted ideas about power and hierarchy are embedded in media messages
• The goal is to get people to consent to and defend the established political order

Ideology

• Deceptive type of knowledge generates consent to social order, makes socially constructed hierarchies seem natural/inevitable

Infotainment

• A news broadcasting genre that is usually deliberately sensationalized for dramatic effect
• Mixes information and entertainment and often covers crime and celebrity gossip

Islamophobia

• Discrimination or prejudice directed against Arabic people and Muslims that is based on fear and misunderstanding

Mainstreaming

• Process whereby viewer exposure to mass media themes cultivates commonly shared, mainstream values

Mediagon

• A concept describes media's tendency to depict violence as dominant, which creates consumption of agony, victory, defeat

Mega-Cases

• The term refers to crimes that elicit powerful responses from the public.
• This is as a result of some combination of rarity, severity, complexity, and brutality.

Moral Panic

• Intense public reaction to criminal/deviant behavior that is perceived as a moral threat to society
• Calls for extreme response or drastic social control measure

Newsworthy

• An occurrence deemed significant or interesting enough to be worthy of coverage in the news reports

Postmodernism

• Contemporary pop culture, art, and design departed from the modern era and media representations create a world of illusions

Problem Frame

• In media theory, the focus for discussing an event which determines how it's discussed and responded to.

Propaganda

• Mass communicated message common in wartime, designed to promote a particular view or opinion for political purposes

Reification

• Loss of self whereby the individual is shaped into a consumer object to perpetuate the established political and economic order

Scary World Syndrome

• Heavy viewers of crime programs believe they live in a scary world full of threats and dangers
• They are more supportive of harsh and punitive criminal justice policies

Semiotics

• Study of symbols and signs and how they communicate meaning

Transgression

• Violation that deviates acceptable behavior with a deliberate degree of recklessness

Age of Enlightenment

• Characterized by advancements in science and philosophy that gave rise to the progressive changes of the modern era

Anthropology

• Academic discipline that studies human social behavior and diversity of human culture past and present

Capital Punishment

• Extreme form of punishment where the state has right to take the life of a person accused of a crime

Civil Disobedience

• Conscientious social resistance involving deliberate violation of the law as expression of protest against injustice

Code of Hammurabi

• Ancient (1754 BCE) Mesopotamian legal code created by Babylonian king Hammurabi
• Set out laws and punishments from fraud and theft, to slavery, contracts, and divorce
• Widely regarded as one of the oldest attempts to establish a legal order

Correlation

• A measurable relationship exists between two or more variable phenomena but one does not necessarily cause the other

Corruption

• Unfair abuse of power/authority for professional or private gain

Crime

• Technically an act/behavior prohibited by law, used broadly to acts of injustice, grievous wrongdoing, or harmful behavior

Crime Control

• Techniques to reduce crime, like policing, offender incapacitation, and crime prevention strategies

Criminal event

• As defined by Cohen and Felson (1979), its three main elements are motivated offender, target or victim, and absence of crime controls

Criminal Justice Policy

• Changing practices and laws that guide the operation of the criminal justice system
• Policies concern the treatment of offenders from arrest to incarceration and probation

Criminal Justice System

• Institution tasked with crime control/offender treatment
• Includes the policy, lawyers, prison system, and correction and rehabilitation of offenders

Criminalization

• Process by which behavior is designated as a criminal offense

Criminology

• Academic discipline studies crime, causes of criminal behavior, crime control, along with deviance and policing

Dangerous Classes

• Historical term refers to people who are dangerous, represent a threat, and are controlled/punished with criminal law

Deviance

• Sociological concept refers to deviation from acceptable norms

Dispossession

• Socially oppressive deprivation of the elements required for dignified survival

Economics

• Academic discipline studies exchange of goods/services in a social context

Evolutionary Biology

• Biology subfield studies the role of evolutionary process in living organisms

Hegemony

• Political control based on submission/consent to established beliefs that support current social arrangement

Human Rights

• Basic freedoms uphold dignity guaranteed by law

Humanism

• Ethical concern for human well being

Institutional Racism

• Racial discrimination that disadvantages groups of people

Interpol

• Organization of policing that consists of members from numerous countries that need effort across jurisdictions

Justice

• Outcome as a dispute that is fair in response to wrong doing

Law

• System of rules that govern the members given in a nation

Moral Regulation

• Involves showing/social exclusion to regulate conduct

Mystification

• Process which a meaning cultural is directed to influence its interpretation

Patriarchal Order

• Social organ which Privileging male power that emerged in 5,00 years ago

Peacemaking Criminology

• Criminology aims to rehabilitate offenders and mitigate disadvantages

Power

• Scientific concept to the ability to control behavior.

Presumption of Innoncence

• Affirms the Principle that consider they can proven to be guilty

Psychology

• Studies individual and social behavior

Rational philosophy

• Philosophy that helps us arrive at the logic

Rights of the accused

• Affirms person needs to be uphold to have a fair outcome

Secular State

• Operates independently from any religious authority

Social Construction of Reality

• Human realities is based on Shared meanings about whats real

Social Control

• Human regulation thru shared norms and values and law/violent force

Social Justice

• For others to have oportunities socially no matter their Characteristics

Sociobiology

• Studies the biological and emphasizes evolution

Sociology

• Studies Social institutions in modern society

State

• Forms government and resources

Systemic Discrimination

• Unfair institutional practicies that are part of a system

War on Drugs

• Policing that as been criticited

Wrongful Convictions

• People convicted whom didnt commit the crimes

2008 Financial Crisis

• Economic upheaval led by failing markets

Anomie

• Loss of self from no solidarity

Antisocial personal

• Patterend by recklessness

Atavism

• Primitive state

Biological Determinism

• That determines human behavior

Chicago School

• Examinates how some Urban have greater crime rates

Civil Society

• Reciprocal efforts that come from groups

Collective punishment

• Targets a group of people based on the race with detention

Concept

• Defines something and names it

Corperate Crime

• Criminal activity by a Corperation

Crimes against humanity

• Power to destroy human community

Criminal Profile

• Helps identify a potential criminal

Criminololgy theory

• Understanding of how researchers understand types of crime

Critical Race Theory

• Analyzeies social hierarchy that categorizes Identity

Cultural Criminology

• Significant role in contemporary media culture

Cybercrime

• Wrongdoings computers

Explore sociological theories of crime and deviance. Questions cover strain theory, subcultural perspectives, social bonds, and historical legal codes like the Code of Hammurabi. Understand concepts like stake in conformity and techniques of neutralization.