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**RPH REVIEWER** \- Commission on Independence \- Filipino Grievances \- Martial Law \- Aquino's Speech \- Site of the First Mass \- Cavite Mutiny of 1872 \- Retraction Controversy of Rial \- The first cry of the 1896 Philippine Revolutionary balitawak or pugad lawin **Four Declarations of...

**RPH REVIEWER** \- Commission on Independence \- Filipino Grievances \- Martial Law \- Aquino's Speech \- Site of the First Mass \- Cavite Mutiny of 1872 \- Retraction Controversy of Rial \- The first cry of the 1896 Philippine Revolutionary balitawak or pugad lawin **Four Declarations of Ethical Principles** KKK - Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  Founded on July 7, 1892 - Andres Bonifacio, Valentin Diaz, Teodoro Plata, Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano The founding of the Katipunan came as the prospect of reforms aspired for by the Propaganda Movement in Spain was already waning   La Solidaridad was not able to generate as much sentiment from the Spanish politicians and bureaucrats to craft a law in the Spanish Cortes to make us a province of Spain and institute reforms in the Philippines  La Solidaridad stopped printing by 1895 and with the death of Marcelo del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena in 1896 Members of the Katipunan had to be taught the values it upheld Triangular system of recruitment 3 ranks Katipon (wears a black hood) - Anak ng Bayan  Kawal (wears a green hood) - Gomburza  Bayani (wears a red mask, could be elected into the Council ) - Rizal  October 1892 - Bonifacio changed it to open recruitment to bring in as many members as they could get  Structured almost like a government with three governing assemblies 1\. Supreme Council (Katatastaasang Sanggunian) - elected president, fiscal, secretary, treasurer, and comptroller 2\. Provincial Council (Sangguniang Bayan) 3\. Municipal Council (Sangguniang Balangay)   Judicial Council (Sangguniang Hukuman) - tried members in violation of its rules Members had to be initiated and indoctrinated into its teachings  Decalogue - Bonifacio's version of teachings, probably used from 1892-1894 Jacinto entered the organization in 1894 and wrote his Kartilya ng Katipunan Reproduced in a booklet, Kartilya, is not given for free but is given to new members upon payment of a membership fee of 4 pesos **Andres Bonifacio y de Castro** \- Andres Bonifacio y de Castro  \- November 30, 1863 - May 10, 1897 \- Revolutionary leader \- The Father of the Philippine Revolution \- President of the Tagalog Republic \- Born in Tondo, Manila - November 30, 1863 \- One of the founders and the Supremo of KKK, a movement that sought the independence \- Filipino revolutionary leader and the president of the Tagalog Republic \- Parents: Catalina de Castro and Santiago Bonifacio  \- Studied under Maestro Guillermo Osmeña but only reached primary school when his mother and later his father died \- Made tungkod and abanico which he sold in Tutuban \- Was employed as clerk-messenger in Fleming and Co. \- Transferred employment to Fresnell and Co. as a bodigero while still making fans and canes in his free time  \- He was a self-made man, who earned quite an amount of money to buy him coat and tie which only the middle class could afford  \- Self-learned he who mastered good penmanship and read books such as The Wandering Jew, Noli Me Tangere, and El Filibusterismo (both in Spanish)  \- Married twice Monica - died of leprosy  Gregoria de Jesus (Oriang) **Emilio Jacinto y Dizon** \- One of the youngest members to have entered the organization in 1894 at the age of 19  \- Born in Tondo, Manila - December 15, 1875 \- Parents: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon  \- Earned Bachelor of Arts in San Juan de Letran  \- Enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas to study law while doing revolutionary work  \- Elected fiscal in early 1895; Secretary of War in August 1896 \- One of the highest-ranking officers in the Philippines Revolution  \- Brains of the Katipunan \- Editor of Kalayaan, the newspaper of the Katipunan, and became a general in charge of the war campaign in Laguna  \- Fought the Spanish in Magdalena, Laguna where he was seriously injured \- Although he survived this wound, he died on April 16, 1898 (23 y/o) because of malaria. **Apolinario Mabini y Maranan** \- July 23, 1864 - May 13, 1903  \- Filipino revolutionary leader, educator, lawyer, and statesman \- Served as a legal and constitutional adviser to the Revolutionary Government \- Prime Minister of the Philippines upon the establishment of the First Philippine Republic \- Utak ng Himagsikan - Brain of the Revolution **Gregoria Alvarez de Jesus (Oriang**) \- May 9, 1875 - March 15, 1943 \- Founder and vice-president of the women's chapter of Katipunan  \- Custodian of the documents and seal of the Katipunan \- Wife of Andres Bonifacio \- Married Julio Nakpil, one of the generals of the revolution **The Act of Proclamation of Independence of Filipino People** DECEMBER 1897 \- First phase of the Philippine Revolution ended in stalemate between the Spaniards and the Filipino rebels. \- Truce was declared between the two forces with the Filipino leaders, led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. oTruce -- agreement between the Spaniards and Filipinos (Filipinos voluntarily asked the Spaniards to be exiled in Hong Kong. oSpaniards paid an indemnity of P400,000 for the damages caused as a result of the conflict. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR IN 1898 \- Arrival of the Americans as the new colonizers of the Philippines. BEFORE THE BATTLE OF MANILA IN 1898 \- Aguinaldo had already been meeting with the Americans in Singapore. \- Aguinaldo talked with consul E. Spencer Pratt regarding the US-Filipino collaboration against the Spaniards before he went back to Hong Kong to meet up with Commodore George Dewey (commander of the Asiatic Fleet). \- Dewey had already left for the Philippines to attach the Spanish fleet following America's declaration of war against Spain in April. \- Aguinaldo met Rounseville Wildman (American consul general) and paid P117,000 to purchase rifles and ammunition. A first shipment worth P50,000 was made and the other half was never delivered HISTORICAL CONTEXT DECEMBER 1897 \- The first phase of the Philippine Revolution ended in stalemate between the Spaniards and the Filipino rebels. \- Truce was declared between the two forces with the Filipino leaders, led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. \- Truce - agreement between the Spaniards and Filipinos (Filipinos voluntarily asked the Spaniards to be exiled in Hong Kong. \- Spaniards paid an indemnity of P400,000 for the damages caused as a result of the conflict. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR IN 1898 \- Arrival of the Americans as the new colonizers of the Philippines. BEFORE THE BATTLE OF MANILA IN 1898 \- Aguinaldo had already been meeting with the Americans in Singapore. \- Aguinaldo talked with Consul E. Spencer Pratt regarding the US-Filipino collaboration against the Spaniards before he went back to Hong Kong to meet up with Commodore George Dewey (commander of the Asiatic Fleet). \- Dewey had already left for the Philippines to attack the Spanish fleet following America\'s declaration of war against Spain in April. \- Aguinaldo met Rounseville Wildman (American consul general) and paid P117,000 to purchase rifles and ammunition. A first shipment worth P50,000 was made and the other half was never delivered. MAY 19, 1898 \- Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines on board the U.S. cruiser McCulloch. \- Aguinaldo conferred with Dewey on Philippine conditions and was supplied with arms captured from the Spaniards. - - From Aguinaldo\'s headquarters in Cavite, he announced the resumption of the revolution against the Spaniards = Beginning the second phase of the revolution. END OF MAY \- Aguinaldo was in command of an army of 12,000 troops. MAY 28, 1898 \- Filipino forces won their first victory in Alapan, Imus. \- The newly made Filipino flag was hoisted in Alapan then later unfurled at the Teatro Caviteño Nuevo (Cavite City). - Filipino flag was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo and [sewed by Marcela Agoncillo (wife of friend of Rizal), Lorenza Agoncillo (daughter of Marcela) and Delfina Herbosa de Natividad (niece of Rizal)]. \- Filipino flag was approved by the government February 12, 1998. \- Symbolism of Philippine Flag: White equilateral triangle = liberty, equality, and fraternity Horizontal blue stripe = peach, truth, justice, and sacrifice Horizontal red stripe = valor, courage, and patriotism Sun = freedom, unity, democracy, and sovereignty Rays = Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Morong, Laguna, Batangas, and Cavite Stars = Luzon, Visayas (Panay Island), and Mindanao MAY 24, 1898 \- Aguinaldo announced the creation of the dictatorial government (because he can\'t control the country since he was suspected on the death of Andres Bonifacio). JUNE 12, 1898 \- Aguinaldo declared Philippine independence from Spanish rule at a ceremony in his house in Kawit, Cavite. \- Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration that was signed by 177 persons (176 Filipinos and 1 American military officer, L.M Johnson). \- Philippine National Anthem, then known as \"Marcha Nacional Filipina,\" composed by Julian Felipe, was played by the Banda de San Francisco de Malabon and the Philippine flag was again unfurled. ABOUT THE AUTHOR (EMILIO AGUINALDO) \- Although the [actual author of the proclamation was Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista], the initiator of Philippine independence that led to the making of the proclamation was Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. \- Born: March 22, 1869 in Kawit, Cavite (Cavite el Viejo) \- Second to the youngest of eight children of Carlos Aguinaldo and Trinidad Famy. \- Aguinaldo Family: Wealthy and Influential Family Carlos Aguinaldo (Father) was gobernadorcillo for several times and was died on 1883. \- Emilio Aguinaldo was a capitan municipal of Kawit in 1894. \- He joined the Katipunan choosing the name Magdalo, a name that was also given to another branch of Katipunan (the other was the Magdiwang) which he set up in his province. \- When the revolution began in 1896, the Katipunan in Cavite succeeded in driving away the Spaniards from the province. But territorial and logistical problems between the two groups soon forced Aguinaldo to ask for help from Supremo Andres Bonifacio in settling the conflict. Bonifacio\'s intervention, however, only worsened the situation and the only solution the two factions saw was to create a revolutionary government. PAMAHALAANG PANGHIHIMAGSIK MARCH 22, 1897: \- Elections were held in Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon (General Trias). \- President: Emilio Aguinaldo Vice President: Mariano Trias Captain-General: Artemio Ricarte Director of War: Emiliano Riego de Dios Director of the Interior: Andres Bonifacio \- Because of the protest regarding Bonifacio\'s educational qualification for such aa position, Bonifacio angrily declared the result of the election null and void and walked out. \- When Bonifacio tried to put up his own government with an armed group, he was arrested and tried for sedition. - \-- - Found guilty, Andres Bonifacio and Procopio Bonifacio (his brother) were executed on May 10, 1897. \- Andres Bonifacio was arrested then charged with treason (pagtataksil) against the new government. \- The internal dissent caused by Bonifacio\'s death weakened the Katipunan further. \- Spaniards soon realized that going after the rebels in their mountain hideout was futile. A stalemate ensued broken only by a truce proposal to which the rebels agreed. In exchange for an indemnity, amnesty, and colonial reform, Aguinaldo and his officers went into exile in Hong Kong in December 1897. \- Spanish-American War in 1898 changed Philippine history. After the Americans won the Battle of Manila Bay in 1898, Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines with their help and announced the resumption of the revolution against Spain. After winning several victories against the Spaniards, he declared Philippine independence on Jun 12, 1898. \- Filipinos soon realized that the Americans were to become their new colonizers. After the Spanish defeat in 1898, the United States began to send fresh troops to the Philippines. In 1899, Aguinaldo convened a Congress in Malolos, Bulacan in which the delegates [wrote a Constitution and established the Philippine Republic with Aguinaldo as President in January 1899]. \- Malolos Congress was written by Felipe Calderon y Roca and Felipe Buencamino. FEBRUARY 1899: \- Continuing friction with the Americans erupted into a conflict. 1901: \- The Philippine-American War ended with the capture of Aguinaldo. \- Soon after, Aguinaldo pledged allegiance to the United States and returned to private life on his family farm. He briefly hugged the limelight when he ran for the presidency of the Philippine Commonwealth but lost to Manuel L. Quezon. \- Aguinaldo was charged with collaboration by the Americans for helping the Japanese during World War II but was later freed in a general amnesty. \- As a private citizen, he devoted his time to the cause of veteran revolucionarios until his death at the age of 94 on February 6, 1964. \- Cause of death: Chronic Thrombosis **Filipino Grievances Against Governor-General Wood** Governor-General Leonard Wood - born on October 9, 1860 - graduate of Harvard Medical School and was later conscripted to the U.S. Army as a medical doctor - awarded the Medal of Honor for his service on the expedition against Apache Indians in 1886  Spanish American War of 1898 - became a Brigadier-General and a became military governor in Cuba from 1899 to 1902  1903 - military governor in Mindanao  1906-1908 - commanded the Philippine Division of the U.S. Army 1910-1914 - went back to the US and became Chief of Staff  1920 - Republican candidate for the presidency but lost in the nomination to Warren Harding  1921 - Harding won the election and sent him and former governor-general Cameron Forbes on a mission in the Philippines  Harding appointed him later as governor-general  **Filipino Grievances Against Governor Wood** - Since the arrival of the Americans in 1898, Filipinos persistently demanded their independence - Americans appointed Filipino politicians to key government positions hoping that by doing so the Filipinos would slowly forget their desire for independence - The appointment of Francis Burton Harrison as governor-general and the passage of the Jones Law in 1916 (Philippine Autonomy Law) - President Woodrow Wilson expressed that [America would give the Filipinos independence] once a stable government was established - No specific date was given but for Quezon and other officials the written promise was already a significant achievement - Retirement Act of 1915 - financial packages were offered to Americans who would voluntarily give up their work in the Philippines - Filipinization of the bureaucracy - Except for the governor-general, the vice governor, and a few more sensitive positions, all other positions were offered to Filipinos - [Local politicians held cabinet positions] and [top-notch Filipino lawyers were appointed to the Supreme Court] - Jones law also created a bicameral Congress that gave opportunities to politicians based in the provinces to participate in policy-making - Quezon was Senate President while the House of Representatives had Sergio Osmena as Speaker - Filipinos were already compliant with the requirements of the Jones Law and therefore must be given independence - Defeat of the Democrats in the 1920 presidential election devastated the aspiration of the Filipinos for independence - Republican President Warren Harding took office, he sent Leonard Wood and William Cameron Forbes (Wood-Forbes mission) to the Philippines - Conducted an exhaustive investigation and exposed the corruption and patronage system that became prevalent in government-owned and controlled corporations during the Harrison era - Anomalous transactions in the administration of public lands and the banking malpractices that resulted in the bankruptcy of the Philippine National Bank (PNB) - Quezon and other members of the Nacionalista Party were offended by the report - October 1921 - Leonard Wood was sworn into office as Governor-General - [Wood stayed and remained governor-general until he died in 1927] - Monitored closely the activities of local officials and checked their misconduct - Vetoed numerous bills that the Philippine legislature passed and appointed American military men as officials under the executive branch (known as the Khaki cabinet) - Fortified the powers and jurisdiction of the governor-general that was reduced during the Harrison period - The situation got worse as years passed it reached its height with the Cabinet Crisis of 1923 - The anti-Wood sentiment of Filipino officials exploded on July 21, 1923 with the decision of Governor General to reinstate Ray Conley - Ray Conley - chief of the vice squad of the Manila police force who was accused of receiving money from gambling lords - The case was initiated by Mr. Almario, secretary to the Mayor, who presented an alleged faked telephone conversation between Conley and some gamblers - Manila Mayor Ramon Fernandez presented the case to Gov. Wood, he advised the mayor to file the case in court - Court acquitted Conley - [Mayor Fernandez and Justice Secretary Jose P. Laurel] requested Wood to allow them to conduct an [investigation on Conley] - Wood created a board composed of other government officials who found Conley not guilty and recommended his reinstatement - Conley resigned and Wood accepted it - Conley was innocent of bribery but was discovered keeping a mistress and making false statements - Fernandez and Laurel emphasized to the people that Conley was acquitted not for his innocence but because he was an American - Laurel resigned as Justice secretary - Senate President Quezon and Speaker Manuel Roxas also resigned as members of the Council of State in support of Laurel - Gov. Wood tried to win back the Filipino officials who gave up their positions - Various accusations were raised against Wood - Quezon and his allies also communicated with President Harding informing him of the reasons why they resigned en masse - The document presented summarizes the [grievances and disgust of Filipino government officials who were affected by Wood's reforms and administrative ways] **The Philippine Under Martial Law** - Martial law between 1970 and 1972 1941-1945 -- dark years of Japanese occupation 1945 -- period of liberation (Japaneses surrendered) Huks ( Hukbong Bayang Lumalaban sa Hapon) - Fought against Japanese in Central Luon - Fighting for ownership of land in defense of the peasants Guns and goon -- capital of politicians After WW2 - Philippines ushered into third republic - Filipino politicians insinuating the Americans to leave the country and grant the Independence in 1920s and 1930s - Filipino singing "American don't leave us" in the midst of devastation and lack of provisions after the war Manuel Roxas - Became president in 1946 - 2 years of president and died in heart attack in 1948 Elpidio Quirino - Took over and won presidency in 1949 Ramon Magsaysay - Became president in 1953 - Died in a plane crash in 1956 Carlos Garcia - Won the presidency in 1957 Diosdado Macapagal - Won the presidency in 1961 Ferdinand Marcos - Won the presidency in 1965 - Ferdinand Marcos Congressman to Senator - 1960, crossed paths with Macapagal as both stalwarts of the liberal Party wanted to run for presidency - Macapagal convinced Marcos to withdraw, that he will not run for his second term in 1965 - 1965, Macapagal abandoned the agreement and run for re-election - Marcos secured his Political Capital as President of the Senate wooed by the Nacionalista Party as Standard bearer - Marcos strategised his plan for presidency on a series of public relation stunts - 1964, Marcos presidential campaign about his biographical book titled For Every Tear a Victory: The Story of Ferdinand E. Marcos written by [Hartzell Spence] - The book showed about war campaign of the Maharlika Division during WW2 - Iginuhit ng tadhana, showed the young lieutenant in action in the battlefield. Starred by Matinee Idols, Luis Maceda and Gloria Romero and produced by 777 production, film outfit of Ernesto Maceda, marcos political operator - Marcos's biography was countered by Macapagal with his book " Macapagal the Incorruptible" authored by [Quentin Reynolds died in Italian villa in March 1961] while writing the book it was finished [by Geoffrey Bocca and publish in 1965] - In 1962, Macapagl lost because he was involved in several controversies ( Stonehill Scandal) - Harry stonehill businessman engaged in import and export of tabacco who Provided Macapagal permit to trade but were under  his paycheck. He exchange his profit in dollar through black market and deposited in Switzerland. - When the scandal was about to explode during senate investigation through a blue book that contained the named of his benefactories, Macapagal deported Stonehill on the pretext that he was a danger to Philippine society. - Macapagal lost his popularity with perennial rice problem - 1965, Marcos swept Macapagal off Malacañang - Marcos \- first term between 1965 and 1969. \- successful in addressing rice shortage. \- building infrastructures projects. \- won him a second term in 1969 (no president before him had dore) -1935 Constitution (strong presidency who had to be balanced by an equally powerful legislature) \- opting for parliamentary government -Sen. Arturo Tolentino became Marcos\'s party mate and ally \- 1970 charter change that got off the ground. - 1970 constitutional convention, [Marcos and his allies won debates into the abolishing presidential system and adopting a parliamentary one.] He could run a seat in parliamentary in llocos and can still end up being Prime Minister. - Interests groups pressing that Marcos should be driven out of power - Edgar Jopson (journalists) asked an audience with Pres. Marcos and dared him to sign the proper promising that he will not run for another term. - August 21, 1971 at Plaza Miranda in Quiapo, Manila during the miting de avance of liberal party, a grenade was lobbed during the rally. Тwo persons was killed. - The communists as a disenchanted sector of the society had re-organized under the leadership of Jose Ma. Sison and co-founded its military army, the New Reople\'s Army under Bernabe Buscayno. - First quarter of 1972, several riotous student demand Marcos for resignation. (First Quarter Storm) - September 21, 1972, Marcos issued Procalamation 1081, under martial law and suspending writ of habeas corpus - Sen. Benigno \"Ninoy\" Aquino was the one who criticized Marcos on the senate and exposed his anomalies - 1973, new charter was finally ratified - Marcos succeeded on his grim plan to perpetuate himself in power and stifle democratic processes - Marcos introduced the New sodiety jingle \"Bagong lipunan\". It\'s slogan \"Sa ikauunlad ng Bayan Disiplina ang kailangan\", and its ideology\" The Revolution from the center\". - People obey Marcos because of outright fear. Ferdinand Marcos - born in Sarrat, llocos Norte on september 11, 1917 - took up law at up where he graduated cum laude - member of UP Reserved officer training Corps (UP Vanguard) - topped the bar exam in 1939 - during WW2, he served as lieutenant in Bataan Campaign - convicted murder of Congressman Julio Nalundasan (political rival of his father) - Chief Justice Jose Laurel Sr. saw him a [bright political furture] - run for Congress and won 3 times - run senate in 1989 - became senate president in 1963 - 1965 ran for president - 1969 won re-election - 1972, declared Martial Law. - 1986, deposed in People. Pouwer Revolution. Pete Lacaba - journalist, poet and screen writer - activist who opposed the Manipulation of Marcos to stay in Power after 1973 - active participant of First Quarter Storm - fought against Martial law, but later arrested and imprisoned - release in 1975, request of his friend Nick Joaquin who received National Artist award. - past 1986 People Power Revolution to tell his horrid tale of Marcos\'s dictatorshi **" Corazon Aquino, President Corazon's Speech Before the U.S. Congress Sept. 18, 1986"** \- Downfall of President Marcos began with the Assasination of Senator Benigno \"Ninoy\" Aquino Jr. (rival), August 21, 1983 returned from exile in the US. \- Ninoy\'s widow, Corazon Aquino, would run as president with opposition leader, Salvador Laurel \- Marcos allies at Batasang Pambansa declared him the winner \- In protest Aquino boycott of products of businesses that supported Marcos and other anti-Marcos -Feb 22, Marcos defense minister Juan Ponce Enrile and AFP Vice-Chief of Staff Gen. Fidel Ramos announced their defection from Marcos. -Four day People Power Revolution [where civilians faced tanks and soldiers to protect the soldiers and officers who defied the Marcos Regime. ] -Marcos flown to Hawaii and Aquino sworn as President of the Philippines. -Sept 1986, Aquino went to U.S. were she spoke to the Congress to ask financial aid to the Philippines and conferred with Pres. Ronald Reagan \- Nine-day visit was deemed success by Filipino and American newsmen Maria Corazon \"Cory\" Cojuangco Aquino -born on January 25, 1933 -graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in New York City in 1934 \- Married to Benigro \"Ninoy \" Aquino and have 5 children \- Her husband was arrested and imprisoned for 8 years (1972 - 1980) by Pres. Marcos after martial Law declared \- Accompanied Ninoy to  U.S. to treatment and live in 3 years \- 1983, Ninoy assasinated upon his return and Cory Aquino thrust into limelight \- Culminated her Presidential Candidacy for a united opposition in snap elections of 1986 \- lose the election because of massive cheating. -- 4-day People Power Revolution in Feb. 1986 ended the Marcos dictatorship and propelled Cory as the first Filipino woman president \- writing the speech was given to cory\'s Executive Secretary Teodoro \"Teddy Boy\" Locsin, Jr., he was unable to finish the draft and Cory finished if in time. **Site of First Mass** \- May 8, 2018 - Duterte signed EO 551 that began the preparations for the 500th anniversary of the Christianization of the Philippines  \- Quincentennial celebration - 2019 to 2022 \- Celebration of the First Mass in the Philippines on 31 March 1521  \- Long-standing issue of the exact location of the Easter Sunday Mass officiated by Fr. Pedro Valderama, chaplain of the expedition \- February 22-25, 1980 - Live-In Workshop  \- 1995 - Gancayco Committee headed by former Supreme Court Justice Emilio Gancayco  \- 2008 - Legarda Committee headed by historian and writer Dr. Benito J. Legarda **Proclamation of the Dioceseof Butuan** \- Declares Butuan as the site of the first mass \- 1986 - Archeological excavation within Butuan \- Mazaua was lost to history because of the subsidence of a series of blocks of earth \- Geological perspective \- 2002 - Geomorphological development of the Butuan Delta \- During the regression of the Butuan Bay towards the North, the Masao-Butuan Plain pro-graded in a north-northwest direction \- NHCP Chair Rene Escalante reopened the case and allowed everyone to present their previous and latest findings  \- A panel of respectable scholars was constituted that will evaluate the position paper/s of the Butuan and Limasawa proponents headed by Resil Mojares \- None of the panel members came from Butuan, Leyte, or Samar  **History Background of the Controversy** [- Controversy about the site of the First Easter Sunday Mass began in the last years of the 19th century and the early decades of the 20th century ] \- Foreign and local shifted from the traditionally recognized site of Butuan in Agusan del Norte to Limasawa Island in Leyte \- Activities done by the NHCP and the Mojares Panel: - The Butuan Focus Group Discussion (FGD)  - The Cebu Meeting  - The Hontiveros Article  - The Tacloban Meeting  - The Manila Meeting  **Mojares Panel Conclusion** \- The panel therefore recommends that Limasawa Island, Leyte, be sustained as the site of the First Easter Sunday Mass of 1521.  **Brgy. Triana -- the Right Site of the First Mass** \- Rolando Borrinaga \- Barangay Triana: The Right Site of the First Mass in Limasawa in 1521 \- Not in Barangay Magallanes \- Limasawa was Phonetically Called Masawa until 1602  **Cavite Mutiny** **Filipino Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872** By Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera (Filipino Scholar, scientist and historical researcher) - Bloody incident of Cavite in 1872 - Mutiny by native filipino soldiers and laborers of Cavite arsenal against the harsh policy of despotic Governor and Captain-General Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-1873), abolished the previleges from paying the annual tribute and rendering the polo (forced labor) - January 20, 1872, some of [them impelled by volcanic wrath, rose in arms on the night and killed the officer of Cavite and other officers] - Arrival of General Izquierdo was a signal for a [complete change in the aspect affairs] - No change in the establishment of government - Govern the people with a crufix in one hand and a sword in the other - His first official act was to prohibit the founding of school arts and trades - Establishment of the new school was merely a pretext for political club - Who has offered their support to ex-governor La Torre were classed as personas sospechosas (suspect) - Night of January 20, 1872, uprising among the soldiers in San Felipe Fort, in Cavite, and the commanding officer and Spanish officers in charged in the fort were assassinated - 40 marines attached to the arsenal and 22 artillery under Sergeant La Madrid - Gen. Izquierdo in Manila received the uprising and, he sent to reinforced the native troops, took possession on the fort and put the rebels to the sword - [Sergeant La Madrid has been blinded and badly burned by the explosion of sack of powder and unable to escape and cut down] - Known Filipinos were denounced to the military authorities, punished without distinction by the military authorities - Priests Burgos a half-blood Spaniard, Zamora a half blood Chinaman, and Gomez a pure-blood Tagalog, vigorously opposed the friars. Condemned to death by military court-martial - Many were sentenced to life imprisonment on the Marianas Islands - Religious orders played in that sad drama - One of the results was to strengthen the power of the friars in the Philippine Islands - Aspiration of the people was to secure the material and educational advancement of the country. - False assumption that the Filipino people were desirous of independence Official report of Governor Izquierdo on Cavite Mutiny of 1872 - Gov. Gen Izquierdo reported to Spanish Minister of War ( in Manila, January 23, 1872) blaming the Cavite Mutiny - El Eco Filipino -- Madrid Based reformist newspaper - Calls the Mutiny an "insurrection, uprising, and revolution" - January 1, 1872, encouraged the rebellion by protesting what they called injustice of having obliged the workers in Cavite - Rebellion could not fail because God was with them (indios) and those who would not revolt they would kill immediately - 15 native batallions would be created , which the soldiers who revolted would have jobs as officers and chiefs - Lawyers and abogadillos would direct the affairs of government, of the administration and justice - [Head in Tagalog would be called hari,] would place at the head of the government priest. The head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto Zamora, Parish Priests of S. Pedro of Manila - Start of the revolution, they planned to set fire to the district of Tondo, with the help of infantry would seize the Fort Santiago of the Capital then fire cannons to inform the rebels of Cavite of their success - Occupied the fort and the navy helped by 500 natives led by pardoned leader Camerino - He and his men were located at the town of Bacoor and separated from the fort of San Felipe by a sea water and reach the fort where they would find arms and ammunition - Native Civilians failed because of the vigilance of the navy that had placed there a gunboat and armed vessels - Uprising have started in Manila at midnight but rebels of Cavite went ahead of time. The Court-Martial on Gom-Bur-Za (Manila February 15, 1872) - Manila -- " The Pearl of the Orient" - Don Tomas Garcia Cernuda y Ramos -- lieutenant of the infantry Regiment Rey, No. 1 - Don Manuel Boscasa y Perez -- second in command of infantry regiment Rey, No. 2 is fiscal Spanish Version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872 - Written by Jose Montero y Vidal titled Historia General de Filipinas - April 4, 1871, Izquierdo control the government - The plan was for the soldiers to assassinate their officers, servants, masters and escort of the Captain-General - The preconcerted signal among the conspirators of Cavite and Manila was the firing of rockets from the walls of the city - January 20, 1872, breakout of the uprising - In district of Sampaloc, the fiesta of the patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto, was being celebrated and those in the Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt - [200 soldiers under Sergeant La Madrid rose up in arms], assassinated the commander of the fort and wounded his wife - D. Fernando Rojas, military governor dispatched two Spaniards [to inform the authorities of the uprising but put them instantly death by Guias established by La Torre] - D. Domingo Mijares left Cavite and arrive at Manila to informed the marine and relayed it to Gov. Izquierdo - [Ginoves demanded rendition and waited the whole day of 21^st^ for the rebels to surrender] - 22^nd^ official proclamation the suppression of the revolt - As a result of the declaration several Filipino were arrested - Sentenced of death on 41 rebels - January 27, [Captain-General fixed his "cumplase" (special power granted to the Governor-general which allowed him to cancel the implementation of a law made by the King of Spain) on the sentence] - 6^th^ of the following month, [11 more were sentenced to death but commuted this sentence to life imprisonment] - [8^th^ sentenced of death was pronounced on Camerino] and [10 years of imprisonment of 11 individuals of the "Guias de la Torre" for assassination.] - Feb. 15, sentenced to die by strangulation the Filipino Priests Gom-Bur-Za and Francisco Saldua, at the field of Bagumbayan. (Gomes, Zamora, Burgos and Saldua) - April 3, 1872, the Audiencia suspended from the practice of law - April 4, 1872, dissolved the native regiment of artillery and force to composed exclusively Peninsulares, arrived in Manila in July, 1872 - Arrival of the troops, Sto. Domingo church celebrated a special mass with high officials upon invitation of Governor and Captain-General of the Philippines **The first cry of the 1896 Philippine Revolutionary Balitawak or PugadLawin** *Pio Valenzuela's Controversial "Cry of Pugad Lawin" (August 23, 1896)* *Cry of Pugad lawin* - [No other eyewitnesses than Dr. Pio Valenzuela] - [Second and later version of first rally of Katipunan] - [First version is "Cry of Balintawak", first staging point of Philippine Revolution] Pio Valenzuela - Abandoned the revolutionary cause after the outbreak and fled to Biñan, Laguna for safety - Taking advantage of Governor General Ramon Blanco's proclamation of amnesty to the revolutionist - September 3, 1896, returned to Manila and surrendered to Blanco - Imprisoned in Fort Santiago - Told Francisco Olive (Spanish investigator), the "cry" was staged at "Balintawak on Wednesday, August 26, 1896 - Wrote his Memoirs of the Revolution ("cry" was held at Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896) August 19, 1896 - [First place of refuge of Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and Aguedo del Rosario in Balintawak] August 20, 1896 - [Arrive of Pio Valenzuela] August 22, 1896 - 500 members met on the house and yard of Apolonio Samson at Kangkong \*views only exchange and no resolution was debated or adopted August 23, 1896 - Pugad Lawin, in the house, store-house and yard of Juan Ramos (Son of Melchora Aquino), over 1000 members of Katipunan met and carried out debate and discussion August 29, 1896 - Discussion [whether or not revolution against Spanish government should be started] Teodoro Plata (Bonifacio's brother-in-law) - [Protested and fought against war] \*after the meeting, those present tore their cedula and shouted "Long live the Philippines!" *The "Cry of Bahay Toro" (by Santiago Alvarez)* Santiago Alvarez - Prominent Katipunan warlord of Cavite - [Not an eyewitness ] - Not accepted as equal in weight given by actual participants of the event Monday, August 24, 1896 - 1000 katipuneros - Supremo hold a meeting inside a big barn, began at 10 o'clock in the morning - 12 o'clock noon the meeting was adjourned amidst loud cries of 'long live the Sons of the Country" (Mabuhay ang mga anak ng Bayan)! *Gregoria de Jesus' Version of the First "Cry" (August 20, 1896)* Gregoria de Jesus - Participants of the Philippine revolution 1896 - Wife of Supremo Andres Bonifacio - "lakimbini of the Katipunan" - Custodian of the secret documents, seal, and weapons - August 1896, after the revolution she went to live with her parents in Caloocan (Bonifacio and his men gathered in the hills of Balintawak for war liberation - Fled to Manila and joined her husband in the mountains and shared hardships and sacrifices of a patriots life - The fisrt "Cry" occurred near Caloocan on August 25, 1896 \* Katipunan existence was discovered and some members arrested, they immediately returned to Caloocan. \* August 25, 1896 uprising began, with the first cry for freedom \- she was warned that Spanish were coming to arrest her \- she fled town at 11 o'clock at night, secretly going through the ricefields to La Loma returning to Manila \- Every house she tried to get rest, she was [driven away by people] were frightened for their lives, she found out that the occupants of the house were seized and severly punished and even exiled. \* uncle of Gregoria whom she visited on that night to kiss his hand was died in exiled *The Guardia Civil's Report on the "Cry of Balintawak" (August 25, 1896)* - Captain Olegario Diaz (Spanish commander of Guardia Civil Veterana of Manila) who investigated the discovery of the Katipunan - First "Cry" occurred at Balintawak on August 25, 1896 \* Bonifacio and his followers fled to Caloocan August 23, 1896 - Bonifacio moved to barrio of Balintanac (Balintawak) followed by 200 menfrom Caloocan August 24, 1896 - they were attacked by Guardia Civil in the outskirt of Balintawak and retreated to their hiding places August 25, 1896 - Supreme council called a big meeting in Barrio Balintawak and more than 5000 attended August 30 1896 - orders was sent out to Manila, Cavite, Nueva Ecija and other provinces for the Katipuneros to strike at dawn *the "Cry of Balintawak" (August 26, 1896) by Guillermo Masangkay* August 26, 1896 - first rally of the Philippine revolution of 1896 at barrio Balintawak, a few kilometers north of Manila - eyewitness (Bonifacio's childhood friend) September 3, 1911 - a monument depicting the event was erected near the site, financed by funds donated by the people and was inaugurated August 26, 1896 - a meeting held in Balintawak, at the house of Apolonio Samson, then the Cabeza of the Barrio of Caloocan - 9 o'clock in the morning the meeting was opened by Andres Bonifacio president and Emilio Jacinto acting as secretary, to discuss when the uprising was to take place - Teodoro Plata, Briccio Pantas, and Pio Valenzuela were all opposed to start a revolution - Plata stated that it will not be very well to started without arms and food for the soldiers - Valenzuela used Rizal's argument about the rich not siding with the Katipunan - Bonifacio sense he would lose in the discussion and talked to the people outside - Bonifacio asked the people to give a pledge that they were to revolt - People pulled out their cedula and tore it into pieces - As cedula was destroyed they could no longer go back to their homes - People's pledge was obtained by Bonifacio and returned to the hall to informed the leaders - 5 o'clock in the afternoon, the gathering in Balintawak was celebrating to start the uprising, the guards are in trees to watch possible intruders Bonifacio - Bodeguero (warehouseman) earning 25 a month - Wore open coat, with black necktie, and black hat and always carried an umbrella - August 26, 1896, he took off his coat and wearing only shirt, with collar and tie - His hobby was weaving bamboo hats - He wove dozen and sold them in Manila