Philippine History and Filipino Identity PDF

**Philippine History and Filipino Identity and Consciousness** **Barangay** - The [smallest administrative division] in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a [village], district or [ward] - Smallest governing body in the Philippines - known as balangay - Head: Da...

**Philippine History and Filipino Identity and Consciousness** **Barangay** - The [smallest administrative division] in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a [village], district or [ward] - Smallest governing body in the Philippines - known as balangay - Head: Datu **Spanish Colonial Experience (1521-1898)** **2 controls of the Spaniards** 1. **Physical control** - small communities were forced to form larger communities 2. **Psychological control** - made all Filipino to believe in the God of friars **Struggles Against Colonialism** Spanish repression triggered resistance from the people: - Nativism - Growth of the local clergy and their demand for equal status within the church - People's protest against Spanish oppression - Economic and intellectual transformation **Development of the Concept of the Filipino** 1\. The opening of the country to world trade also meant that Filipinos were also exposed to the liberal ideas in other parts of the world. 2\. The liberal ideas coming through education somehow led to the clamor for greater attention to the sources of discontent of certain subgroups within the population, and the rise of a \"Filipino\" consciousness. 3\. \"Filipinos\" were also known as creoles or insulares as distinguished from Spaniards born in Spain who were called peninsulares, while the natives were referred to as indios. **AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD (1898-1946)** - Americans relied on the educational process - The institution of a nationwide public school system - The use of English as a medium of instruction - [Distortion of the history] of the early American occupation, with the glorification of the American way of life, its heroes, and institutions. **Character of Contemporary Consciousness** CONSTANTINO CHARACTERIZES THE CONTEMPORARY CONSCIOUSNESS AS FOLLOWS: - The people trained to accept American values and concepts. - A vague loyalty to the motherland and concerned over the reactions of the colonial power. - A tendency to corruption in public and private activities due to the lack of public opportunities. - The institutionalization of a culture that is alien in language, direction, and content. - A consumerist attitude brought about by the colonial nature of the economy. **The Philippine Revolution of 1896** - Filipinos [campaigned for reforms] in the colony led by Filipino thinkers and writers like Dr. Jose Rizal. - The propaganda movement in Spain and Philippines failed. Katipunan was started by Bonifacio and other patriots to make the Philippines free through a revolution. **Nationalism** - **Devotion to one's country, or fighting for its independence** **Causes of Nationalism:** New ideas from abroad about the freedom and the rights of men. - Opportunities to the Illustrados to travel and gain education in different places in Europe. - Race Prejudice against Filipino Priests - The Spanish Revolution of 1868 - Martyrdom of GomBurZa **The Propaganda Movement (1872-1892)** - The emergence of more Filipino ilustrados gave birth to a unifies national movement. - This crusade for reforms was done by means of pen and tongue to pressure the Spanish Government. - The [propagandists from the best, brightest, and richest families in the Philippines published articles for their crusade for reforms in La Solidaridad.] **Bonifacio and the Katipunan** - After Rizal's death, Andres Bonifacio founded a secret revolutionary society (KKK) on July 7, 1892 for Filipinos to fight for freedom. - Kataas -- taasan Kagalang -- galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respectable Society of the Sons of the People) - **To unite the Filipinos into one solid nation** - **To fight for Philippine independence from Spain.** - The Rise of Aguinaldo - The break against the Bonifacio-led Katipunan became apparent when Aguinaldo advocated the establishment of a revolutionary government to be organized along republican lines. - March 22, 1897, during Tejeros Convention, a revolutionary government was formed to replace the Supreme Council of the Katipinan. - Aguinaldo was elected president and Bonifacio was elected director of the interior. - Bonifacio rejected the results of the election, and He was arrested by order of the new Government. - Bonifacio charged with sedition, court-martialed, found guilty and sentence to be shot. - He was shot on May 10, 1897. **Pact of the Biak-na-Bato** - When Cavite fell to the Spaniards, Aguinaldo transferred his government to Biak-na-Bato, Bulacan. [On November 1, 1897, about 50 revolutionary leaders adopted the Biak-na-Bato Constitution,] which declared the **separation of the Philippines from Spain, had a bill of rights, and established a government along republican lines.** - Spanish Governor-General Primo De Rivera -- decided to use reconciliation rather than force to stop the rebellion against Spain. - With the authority of Governor-General a Filipino lawyers named Pedro Paterno negotiated with Aguinaldo and talks about money and reforms. - **Filipino leaders asked for three million Mexican dollars** as indemnity for those in arms and for those who suffered in the war. - **Biak-na-Bato was ratified on Decemberr 16, 1897.** **The Filipino Dictatorship** - When [Aguinaldo came back from Hongkong, he had a constitution with him]. He was advised to **established a Dictatorship government until the country would be ready for a constitutional republic.** - [Apolinario Mabini] emerged as [Aguinaldo's chief adviser] and He was private adviser on June 12, 1989. He was also the prime minister of the first constitutional cabinet of the Philippine Republic from January 1899 to May 1899. **The Revolutionary Government** - On June 23, 1898 up to January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo was designated as "President of the Revolutionary Government" and he appointed a cabinet to share executive functions with him. **The Malolos Congress** - This was convened on September 15, 1898. Its main purpose was to promulgate a constitution. This Congress passed the constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, also known as the Malolos Constitution. - On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo proclaimed the Constitution to be in operation. - On the 23^rd^ of the same month, The Philippines was inaugurated. **War with the United States** - The Philippine government refused to capitulate to the US government's attempt to impose American sovereignty on the Country. - Governors of various provinces supports Aguinaldo to declare war against the Americans. - February 4, 1899, Hostilities broke out between American and Filipino troops. - March 31, 1899, Malolos the capital of the Republic has fallen to American hands. **The People Power Revolution** **Epifanio de los Santos Avenue** - commonly known by its acronym EDSA. **Background and History** - **[Ferdinand Marcos was [elected president in 1965](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election%2C_1965)],** *defeating* incumbent [Diosdado Macapagal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal) by a very slim margin. - however, was marred by **allegations of widespread graft and corruption**. The increasing disparity of wealth between the very wealthy and the very poor which made up the majority of the country\'s population led to the rise of crime and civil unrest around the country. **Declaration of Martial Law** - Marcos was barred from running for a third term as president in 1973, so on September 23, 1972, by virtue of a presidential proclamation (No. 1081), he **declared [martial law](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_law), citing rising civil disobedience as justification.** **New Constitution by Marcos** - Marcos would also abolish the Philippines\' [1935 constitution](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines) and **replace it with a parliamentary-style government (the [Batasang Pambansa](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa)**) along with a new constitution written by him. **Regime in the Philippines** - Throughout his presidency, [Ferdinand Marcos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos) had set up a regime in the Philippines that would give him ultimate power over the military and the national treasury, as well as set up a [[personality cult]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality). Following his declaration of martial law on September 21, 1972,^[\[9\]](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_Power_Revolution)^ Marcos immediately began [to [embezzle](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embezzlement)] [ money from the government and order the military to kill any political competition against him]. As a result, the [Philippine economy](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines) began to tumble greatly, and the nation lost its competitive edge in Southeast Asia. **The Jurisdiction of Marcos** - Marcos ordered many stores, hotels, schools, universities, and other public places to place his Presidential picture prominently or otherwise their facilities were shut down. **End of Martial Law** - President Marcos signed Proclamation No. 2045 on Jan. 17, 1981 declaring the end of Martial Law rule. - Pres. Marcos did this to show to the Filipinos and to the world that democracy had been restored in the Philippines after more than 8 years of military rule. **The New Government** - Marcos called for a presidential election on June 16,1981 to [prove to the world that the country was on its way to normalization after the so-called "lifting" of Martial Law.] - Marcos won the election. On April 17, 1981, the Philippines shifted to the parliamentary form of government. - **Pres. Marcos appointed Cesar A. Virata as Prime Minister.** **Assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.** - Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino,Jr. was a former senator before Pres. Marcos declared Martial Law. He boldly criticized and frequently accused the Marcos regime of dictatorship. - He was **imprisoned for 8 years during the Martial Law years**. Even in his imprisonment, he sought a seat in the Senate which he won. - After suffering from a heart attack, he and his family were allowed to go to the U.S. He underwent medical treatment in U.S. and **had a self-imposed exile for about 3 years. Later, he decided to go back to the Philippines.** - Thousands of Filipinos anxiously waited the homecoming of former senator Ninoy Aquino,Jr. [He came home to negotiate with Pres. Marcos] - However, from the plane, Senator Aquino was assassinated. The military identified the gunman as **Rolando Galman**. **The Aftermath of Ninoy's Assassination** - Right after Ninoy was laid to rest, demonstrations and rallies were held to protest the death of Ninoy. - [Yellow ribbons and clothes became the protester's symbol.] They **were calling the resignation of Marcos and the restoration of justice and freedom in the country.** - Corazon C. Aquino, widow of Ninoy, led the street parliamentarians in Makati City. **Economic Crisis** - Ninoy's death affected the economy of the country. Foreign investors gradually withdrew their business from the country. - Foreign banks refuse to grant loans to the Philippines because its unpaid debts had reached \$27B - Tourism were also down because foreigners fearing for their safety avoided the country. The exchange rate of the peso against the US dollar reached P14 to one dollar. This resulted in increase in the prices of commodities. **Investigation on Ninoy's Death** - [Pres. Marcos created a committee to conduct an investigation on the case.] Corazon Agrava was appointed as chairman. The Agrava Board submitted two reports to Pres. Marcos. - 1st Report**:** In Chairman Agrava's report stated that Aquino was shot by a soldier and not Rolando Galman. It further stated that the **military**, including General Luther Custodio, AVSECOM Commander and 6 others were involved. - 2nd Report**:** The majority report submitted by the 4 members of the Board stated that military officials and some soldiers were involved in the double murder of Aquino and Galman. 26 soldiers were implicated. **Snap Election** - [The elections were held on February 7, 1986.] The official election canvasser, the [Commission](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections) [on Elections](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_on_Elections) (COMELEC), [declared Marcos the winner.] The final tally of the COMELEC had Marcos winning with 10,807,197 votes against Aquino\'s 9,291,761 votes. **Issue after Election** - On the other hand, the final tally of the [National Movement for Free Elections](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Movement_for_Free_Elections) (NAMFREL), an accredited poll watcher, had Aquino winning with 7,835,070 votes against Marcos\' 7,053,068 points. - This [electoral exercise was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering of election results], culminating in the walkout of 29 COMELEC computer technicians to protest the deliberate manipulation of the official election results to favor Ferdinand Marcos. **Proclamation** - [On February 15, Marcos was proclaimed by COMELEC and Batasang Pambansa as the winner amidst the controversy.] All 50 opposition members of the Parliament walked out in protest. The Filipino people refused to accept the results, however, asserting that Aquino was the real victor. Both \"winners\" took their oath of office in two different places, with Aquino gaining greater mass support. Aquino also called for coordinated strikes and mass boycott of the media and businesses owned by Marcos\'s cronies. As a result, the crony banks, corporations, and media were hit hard, and their shares in the stock market plummeted to record levels. **1st Inauguration:** [Tuesday, February 25, at around 7 a.m., a minor clash occurred] between loyal government troops and the reformists. Snipers stationed atop the government-owned Channel 9 tower, near Channel 4, began shooting at the reformists. Many rebel soldiers surged to the station. [Corazon Aquino](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazon_Aquino) was inaugurated as President of the Philippines in a simple ceremony at Club Filipino^.^ in Greenhills, about a kilometer from Camp Crame. She was sworn in as President by Senior Associate Justice [Claudio Teehankee](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Teehankee), and Laurel as Vice- President by Justice Vicente Abad Santos. The Bible on which Aquino swore her oath was held by Aurora Aquino, the mother of [Ninoy Aquino](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benigno_Aquino%2C_Jr). Attending the ceremonies were Ramos, who was then promoted to General, Enrile, and many politicians. Outside Club Filipino, all the way to EDSA, hundreds of people cheered and celebrated. *[Bayan Ko](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayan_Ko)* (*My Country*, a popular folk song and the unofficial National Anthem of protest) was sung after Aquino\'s oath- taking. Many people wore yellow, the color of Aquino\'s campaign for presidency. **2nd Inauguration:** The 1987 Constitution\'s third article titled the \"bill of rights\" is guaranteed by the state, but in most instances is largely ignored by the government, and is viewed by foreign sources as \"coded to ensure [tyranny of the majority](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority)\". The revolution also provided the restoration of democratic institutions after thirteen years of authoritarian rule. These institutions have been used by political and social actors to challenge the entrenched [political clans](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_family) and develop Philippine democracy, however. [Marcos conducted the inauguration at [Malacañang](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang).] Loyalist civilians attended the ceremony, shouting \"*Marcos, Marcos, Marcos pa rin!* (Marcos, Marcos, still Marcos!)\". On the Palace balcony, Marcos took his oath as the President of the Philippines, broadcast by [IBC-13](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_Broadcasting_Corporation) and [GMA-7](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GMA_Network). None of the invited foreign dignitaries attended the ceremony for security reasons. The couple finally stepped out in the balcony of the palace in front of the 3000 KBL loyalists who were shouting to Marcos: \"*Capture the snakes!*^.^ First Lady Imelda Marcos sang one more rendition of *\"Dahil Sa Iyo\"* (Because of You), the couple\'s theme song, rather tearfully, chanting her trademark [Tagalog](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language) entreaties: - Marcos arrived on February 26. - When the news of Marcos\' departure reached the people, many rejoiced and danced in the streets. Over at [Mendiola](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendiola), **the demonstrators were finally able to enter [Malacañang Palace](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace), long denied to [Filipinos](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipino_people)** **in the past decade.** Looting by overly angry protesters occurred, but mostly people wandered inside, looking at the place where all the decisions that changed the course of [Philippine history](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_history) had been made. - 10-peso coin commemorating the People Power Revolution