Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction PDF

# Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction - The materials used here do not include those discussed by the reporters, as they are not required for the periodical test or the notebook ## Other Geological Hazards ### Ground Subsidence - loss of surface elevation due to the removal of subsurface suppor...

# Disaster Readiness & Risk Reduction - The materials used here do not include those discussed by the reporters, as they are not required for the periodical test or the notebook ## Other Geological Hazards ### Ground Subsidence - loss of surface elevation due to the removal of subsurface support (United States Geological Survey) - is equal to the rate of decrease in groundwater level (Tomoyuki Okada, 2017) ### Types of Sinkholes - **Dissolution Sinkholes:** process of dissolving rocks via water or acid, forms in limestone or dolomite - **Cover-subsidence Sinkholes:** contains significant amounts of clay, forms in places wherein sediments contain sand and are permeable - **Cover-collapse Sinkholes:** occurs in places with significant amounts of clay, develops abruptly compared to cover-subsidence sinkholes - **Human-induced Sinkholes:** sinkholes associated with human activities such as groundwater extraction, construction, and land development projects ### Causes of Ground Subsidence - Dissolution and diversion of natural water drainage patterns - Compaction of soil making the soil impenetrable for water - Thawing permafrost from ice caps and mountain peaks ### Tips on Reducing Occurrences of Sinkholes - Finding alternative sources to groundwater - Avoiding building infrastructure near land fissures - Routing drainages away from fissures - Practicing water conservation ## Landslide - change in a stability of slope to the point that soil collapses - **Topples:** sudden falling/collapse of a large part of a very steep slope that breaks loose and goes forward - **Rock Fall:** chunks of detached rock fall freely from some distance and rolls down a steep slope - **Slides:** large amounts of bedrock break free and slide down a surface which may be curved or planar - **Lateral Spread:** triggered by earthquakes and affects gentle slopes by splitting the soil into broken pieces ## Bolides - generic term for any celestial object entering Earth's surface - **Meteoroid:** bolides floating in space - **Meteorite:** bolides that burn while entering Earth - **Meteor:** bolides that don't burn while entering Earth - **Asteroid:** small, rocky objects orbiting the Sun - **Comet:** icy materials orbiting around the Sun ## Hydrometeorological Hazards ### Typhoon - organized, rotating system of clouds and thunderstorms forming over tropical ocean waters - referred as a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean and the east Pacific Ocean, and a tropical cyclone in the Indian Ocean and the south Pacific Ocean ### Parts of a Typhoon - **Eye:** calmest part of a storm with the lowest air pressure as winds rotate from it - **Eyewall/Wall Cloud:** surrounds the eye with the strongest winds of a typhoon; strong typhoons go through an eyewall replacement cycle wherein an eyewall gets replaced by a new one - **Rainbands:** long bands of clouds associate with dense bursts of winds and rain ### Philippine Tropical Intensity Scale - developed by the Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Association (PAGASA) - Severe Tropical Storm and Super Typhoon were added by PAGASA in 2015 | Category | Sustained Winds (kilometer per hour) | | ------------------ | -------------------------------------- | | Super Typhoon | > 184 | | Typhoon | 118 - 184 | | Severe Tropical Storm | 89 - 117 | | Tropical Storm | 62 - 88 | | Tropical Depression | < 62 | ### Public Storm Warning Signal (PSWS) - issued by governments to inform the public of potential impacts of disasters | PSWS | Lead Time from Signal | Sustained Winds | Expected Damages | | :---: | :---------------------: | :---------------: | :------------------------------ | | 1 | 36 hours | 30-60 km/h | none to very little | | 2 | 24 hours | 61-120 km/h | light to moderate | | 3 | 18 hours | 121-170 km/h | moderate to heavy | | 4 | 12 hours | 171-220 km/h | heavy to very heavy | | 5 | 12 hours | More than 220 km/h | very heavy to widespread | ### Precautionary Measures for a Typhoon - stay updated on the location and expected impacts of the typhoon through whatever device is at your disposal - stay indoors and ensure that windows and doors are locked - bring in any belongings that may be blown/washed away by the typhoon - if in a coastal area, seek higher ground especially if a storm surge is anticipated - do not go out until doing so has been declared safe ## Thunderstorm - weather condition characterized by heavy rain and lightning - forms in places with high moisture and rapidly rising warm air as cloud collisions knock out electrons, making air electrically conductive and start lightning ### Types of Thunderstorms - **Single-cell Thunderstorm:** short-lived and a single updraft-downdraft couplet. - **Multi-cell Thunderstorm:** system of individual cells where each cell lasts around half an hour to an hour, and can last for hours overall - **Supercell Thunderstorm:** highly organized thunderstorm with a large rotating updraft of up to 20 km in diameter and 15 km in height, and can last hours long - **Squall Line Thunderstorm:** groups of thunderstorms arranged in a straight line, which is shorter lived than multi-cell and supercell thunderstorms ### Signs of a Thunderstorm - gentle, warm air being replaced by strong, chilly bursts of wind - lightning strikes accompanied by deafening thunder - abrupt, intense rain - given by PAGASA through a thunderstorm watch 12 hours before a likely formation and a thunderstorm advisory 2 hours before a likely formation ### Precautionary Measures Before and During a Thunderstorm - stay indoors and make sure windows, doors, or other openings are locked - seek shelter; a car is ideal for this purpose because it lets the current bounce around its walls, not because the rubber tires keep the charges away - unplug electrical appliances and avoid using corded phones or any gadgets physically connected to the wires outside; cellular phones are safe however - avoid any contact with water including bathing and washing hands - if on water, get to land immediately - if in an open field, keep distance from trees/high points because they have a higher possibility of being struck by lightning ## Flooding - occurs when heavy rainfall is present for a period of time ### Factors of Flooding - rainfall intensity and duration - topography - soil conditions (may result in surface runoff wherein water moves down, which can be reduced by planting vegetation) - ground cover ### Flood Hazard Maps - used to anticipate the degree of flooding in an area and the extent of damage - PAGASA makes use of aerial photographs and satellite images to produce a preliminary flood hazard map, which is then integrated to the Geographic Information System (GIS) software ## Storm Surge - abnormal rise in seawater level driven by the force of storm wind - undergoes wave shoaling similar to tsunamis ### Factors of a Storm Surge - strength and speed of the storm - shape and characteristics of the coast - angle of approach of the storm to the coast - width and slope of the continental shelf ### Storm Surge Warning System | Warning Level | Height | Effects | | :------------ | :------------------------ | :------------------------------ | | Red: Take Action | 3 meters and above | Storm surge is CATASTROPHIC | | Orange: Alarm | 1.1 to 3 meters | Storm surge is EXPECTED | | Yellow: Alert | 0.5 to 1 meter | Storm Surge is POSSIBLE | | Green: No Alert | - | No action required | ## El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) - refers to change in oceanic and atmospheric temperatures in the Equatorial Pacific that happens between 2 to 7 years - **El Niño:** Spanish term translating to "The Little Boy" or "Christ Child" - starts between December and February indicated by a delayed onset or early termination of the rainy season, and weak monsoon and tropical cyclone activity bringing severe dry spells and droughts - water supply is a major issue in El Niño, and these can be handled with: - stay hydrated - prepare a specific amount of running water used for brushing or bathing - collect rainwater whenever possible but make sure the containers are properly covered to keep mosquitoes from breeding there - reuse water from laundry/cooking to clean bathrooms, wash cars, or watering plants ## La Niña - Spanish term translating to "The Little Girl", but also called El Viejo (The Old Man) or anti-El Niño - air pressure is higher than normal in the central and eastern Pacific Ocean, decreasing cloud production and rainfall - air pressure is lower than normal in the western Pacific Ocean, increasing rainfall bringing greater agricultural production and devastating floods - Monitored through the Ocean Niño Index made by NOAA, which is defined as the average deviations in sea surface temperatures and classified as below: - **El Niño:** Temperature > 0.5°C - **Normal:** 0.5°C > Temperature > -0.5°C - **La Niña:** Temperature < 0.5°C ## Fire Hazards ### Fire - is only formed when heat, fuel, and oxygen is present and interacts with each other for long enough to create a reaction ### Causes of Fire 1. Faulty electrical wiring or connection: exposed or overloaded wires may start fire 2. LPG-related: Liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPGs) are highly flammable, and defective tanks containing LPGs may explode and cause fire 3. Neglected cooking stove: cooking oil can splatter and start a fire 4. Cigarette butt: can smoke even after use 5. Torch: commonly used for kaingin (slashing and burning for fertilizer) and arson 6. Candle/gas lamps: left unattended, it can cause fires 7. Matchstick/lighter: made out of combustible materials and easily catches fire 8. Static electricity or direct flame contact: creates sparks that can ignite combustible materials, which happens commonly in gasoline stations 9. Neglected electrical appliances or devices: can catch fire even when used 10. Electrical machineries: catches fire if mishandled, misused, or malfunctions 11. Chemicals: starts a fire if not stored and handled properly 12. Incendiary device or ignited flammable liquid: devices designed to cause fire 13. Spontaneous combustion: sudden ignition of organic material due to increased internal heat inside the material 14. Pyrotechnics: caused by improper handling and storage of fireworks 15. Bomb explosion: happens in warfares and terrorist attacks 16. Lightning: happens when lightning hits a flammable object on the surface 17. Others: includes but not limited to vehicular fire, children playing with fire, holiday decorations, and household products ### Classes of Fire - **Class A:** involves ordinary combustible materials that leaves ash such as paper, wood, plastic, rubber, cloth, and trash - **Class B:** involves combustible chemicals of liquid and gas such as petroleum oil, gasoline, paint, propane, and butane - **Class C:** involves energized electrical compounds such as electrical appliances, motor equipment, and machines - **Class D:** involves combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, magnesium, and titanium - **Class K:** involves combustible household liquids such as cooking oil, animal fat, and grease ### Fire Extinguishers | Type | A | B | C | D | F | Description | | :--------------------- | :- | :- | :- | :- | :- | :--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Dry Chemical | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | most common type of fire extinguisher that creates a barrier between oxygen and the fuel source | | Aqueous Film Forming Foam | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | useful in extinguishing fires with combustible solid and liquids; works by making a coating that removes the heat & coats the fuel to prevent oxygen contact | | Hydrochlorofluorocarbon 1 2 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | halogenated or clean agent that interrupts the chemical equation of the fire and removes heat in the fire triangle | | Carbon Dioxide | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | reduces the oxygen concentration in the area and removes it from its cold discharge | | Water | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | only effective in solid combustible materials | | Dry Powder | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | effective against class D fires by removing the heat in the fire triangle | | Wet Chemical | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | specifically designed for class K fires by preventing oxygen from touching fuel | ### PASS System for a Fire Extinguisher - **Pull** the pin from the fire extinguisher - **Aim** at the base of the fire - **Squeeze** the handle to release the extinguishing agent - **Sweep** at the fire, moving the extinguisher side to side at the base of the fire ### Phases of Fire 1. **Ignition:** happens when all elements of the fire triangle come together; split into piloted ignition (with an external heat source) and auto ignition (spontaneous) 2. **Growth:** also known as the free-burning phase, more fuel is being consumed overtime until it reaches the flashover point in which everything ignites at once 3. **Fully Developed:** all available fuels have been ignited and slowly being used 4. **Decay:** a fire dies because of decreasing fuel, but backdraft (fire explosion) may occur when a sudden inflow of air occur ### Basic Fire Response Procedures **If inside a burning area:** - locate the exit - evacuate immediately once the fire alarm is heard - pull the fire alarms if fire is seen - inform other people in the affected area while vacating the premises - try and extinguish the fire if it is still small and controllable - touch doors first to see if they are not warm before opening them to ensure other side is also not burning - close all openings that can be closed while exiting - use the stairs, not the elevators - stay low as he/she exits to prevent inhalation of smoke - get someone's attention if it is too difficult to get out of a burning area **If outside the burning area:** - stay away from the burning area - do not go attempt to go inside the burning area - contact the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and other emergency hotlines that respond to fire incidents - relay information to those in the surrounding area - organize and participate in bucket relates to help firefighters in extinguishing the fire - listen and follow the orders being relayed by emergency response teams **If caught in fire:** - stop, drop, and roll to extinguish the fire - immediately attend to the burnt wounds to reduce chance of infection ## Fire Emergency Evacuation Plan (FEEP) - Important tool in preventing and mitigating losses during a fire hazard, which may differ from one location to another ### Parts of a FEEP: - **Mode of Evacuation:** depends on the building type - **Simultaneous Evacuation:** everyone exits at the same time - **Phased Evacuation:** those at greater risk exits first - **Defend-in-place:** those not immediately at risk are moved to a safer zone inside the premises - **Identification of Escape Routes:** more than one is required in case an exit may be blocked due to a fire incident - **Assignment of Duties and Responsibilities:** key personnels must be assigned to different responsibilities to reduce the damage or prevent fire - **Calling the Fire Department:** the fire department and other key agencies must be contacted as soon as possible - **Assembly Point:** people must not disperse after evacuating and gather a point to ensure everyone had evacuated from the building - **Fire Drill:** drills must be regularly conducted to evacuate easily ## Disaster Risk Reduction - process of decreasing and preventing the risk of disasters, based on: **Risk = Hazard (H) x Vulnerability (V) / Capacity** - based on the concept that while hazards are unavoidable, their negative impacts are not, which have the following factors: - **Political:** based on the government's will to develop better disaster risk assessment plans and resources allocated to them - **Economic:** based on the economic status of a community - **Physical:** based on the availability of proper housing and building materials that can sustain any form of catastrophe - **Social:** based on the educational awareness of a community and disaster risk training and awareness ### Process of Disaster Risk Reduction and Management - based on the assessment of the following: 1. hazard and risks that pose threats to a given area 2. degree of harm that could occur to a community and its environment 3. the capacity of a vulnerable community to cope and recover - disaster risk reduction is done before and disaster management is done after ### Disaster Risk Reduction (Pre-event) Process - **Prevention:** intention of a community to avoid potential harm of a disaster - **Mitigation:** actions and processes done to reduce the severity of the impacts of hazards or disaster, which can be lessened - **Adaptation:** adjustment of a community to the expected events of a disaster - **Preparedness:** readiness of a community based on gathered information ### Disaster Risk Reduction (Post-event) Process - **Response:** emergency phase of disaster management done during or after a disaster occurs to save lives - **Recovery:** includes the restoration and improvement of the local environment - **Rehabilitation:** rapid restoration of basic services and functions - **Reconstruction:** medium to long term repairs done to sustainably restore critical infrastructure and services ## Sustainable Development - addresses present risks that can be removed and avoids creating new risks - key ingredient in disaster risk reduction (UNESCAP) ## Community-Based Risk Reduction Management (CBRDM) - process a community undergoes to derive a set of locally-appropriate and adapted strategies for disaster preparedness and management, split into: 1. **Emergency Plan:** has who will be prioritized during a response based on an individual's capacity and vulnerability 2. **Monitoring and Evacuation:** steps tracking mitigation procedures and post-disaster actions 3. **Early Warning Systems:** vital for information dissemination that split into: a. knowledge of the community about the risks they have b. monitoring and forecasting of hazards c. dissemination and communications d. knowledge and capability of community members to respond when the warning system is delivered 4. **Survival Kits and Materials:** supplies prepared before a disaster ### Parts of an Emergency Kit - **Water:** an average individual needs 1 liter of drinking water and 3 liters for sanitation and must last for at least 3 days - **Food:** must be non-perishable and be sufficient for consumption for 3 days - **Tools:** includes maps of evacuation sites and routes, whistle, flashlight, list of emergency hotlines, knife, match/lighter, candles, radio, and sleeping bag - **First Aid Kit:** includes medical equipment, prescriptions, and other medications - **Personal Hygiene Kit:** includes extra clothes, undergarments, toiletries, and other personal hygiene needs - **Important Documents/Money:** government and personal documents must be secured safely and spare money must be stored as ATMs might not work ## Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010 (RA 10121) - mandates a National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) involving all stakeholders from the local level to the national level - included in basic education curricula based on § 14 ## Implementing Body of Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management - the NDRRMP is formulated by the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) based on a comprehensive, all-hazards multi-sectoral, and risk-reduction framework - headed by the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), a branch of the Department of National Defense and has the following leaders: - Secretary of National Defense - Chairperson - Secretary of Department of Science and Technology - Vice Chairperson for disaster Prevention and Mitigation - Secretary of Department of Interior and Local Government - Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness - Secretary of Department of Social Welfare and Development - Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response - Secretary of National Economic Development Authority - Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery ### Response Order in a Disaster - **Barangay LDRRMC:** one barangay is affected - **City/Municipal LDRRMC:** more than one barangay is affected - **Provincial LDRRMC:** more than one city/municipality is affected - **Regional RDRRMC:** more than one province is affected - **National RDRRMC:** more than one region is affected - wherein: **LDRRMC**: local disaster risk reduction and management council; **RDRRMC**: regional disaster risk reduction and management council ### State of Calamity - declared right after a disaster, which has the following effects: - price control and prevention of hoarding of basic needs and commodities - redirection of funds for rehabilitation measures - granting of no-interest loans by government institutions ### Prohibited Acts Under RA 10121 (a) Dereliction of duties which leads to destruction, loss of lives, critical damage of facilities and misuse of funds (b) Preventing the entry and distribution of relief goods in disaster-stricken areas, including appropriate technology, tools, equipment, accessories, disaster teams/experts (c) Buying, for consumption or resale, from disaster relief agencies any relief goods, equipment or other and commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster affected communities (d) Buying, for consumption or resale, from the recipient disaster affected persons any relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities received by them (e) Selling of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities which are intended for distribution to disaster victims (f) Forcibly seizing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities intended for or consigned to a specific group of victims or relief agency; (g) Diverting or misdelivery of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities to persons other than the rightful recipient or consignee; (h) Accepting, possessing, using or disposing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities not intended for nor consigned to him/her; (i) Misrepresenting the source of relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities by: (i) Either covering, replacing or defacing the labels of the containers to make it appear that the goods, equipment or other aid commodities came from another agency or persons (ii) Repacking goods, equipment or other aid commodities into containers with different markings to make it appear that the goods came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons (iii) Making false verbal claim that the goods, equipment or other and commodity its untampered original containers actually came from another agency or persons or was released upon the instance of a particular agency or persons (j) Substituting or replacing relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities with the same items or inferior/cheaper quality (k) Illegal solicitations by persons or organizations representing others as defined in the standards and guidelines set by the NDRRMC (l) Deliberate use of false at inflated data in support of the request for funding, relief goods, equipment or other aid commodities for emergency assistance or livelihood projects (m) Tampering with or stealing hazard monitoring and disaster preparedness equipment and paraphernalia ## Agencies Responsible for Disaster Risk Reduction | Sector | Agency | Role | | :------------- | :------------------------------------------- | :------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | | Prevention and Mitigation | Office of Civil Defense | coordinates disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) and climate change adaptation (CCA) to all levels of society | | | Department of Environment and Natural Resources | provides a DRRM and CCA-sensitive environmental management | | | Department of Public Works and Highways | increases the resiliency of infrastructure | | | Department of Finance | provides efficient financing and insurance | | | Department of Science and Technology | establishes and improves monitoring, forecasting, and early warning systems | | Preparedness | Philippine Information Agency | increases the level of awareness and understanding of community on hazards | | | Department of Interior and Local Government | creates a comprehensive national and local preparedness and response policy, plans, and systems to equip communities with necessary skills and capability to cope with a disaster's impact | | | Office of Civil Defense | - | | | Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Councils | does a well-established disaster response operation and provides a sufficient and on-time assessment of needs and damages at all levels | | | Department of Social Welfare and Development | - | | | Office of Civil Defense | - | | Response | Local Government Units | evacuates affected communities safely and timely | | | Department of National Defense | - | | | Department of Interior and Local Government | provides an integrated and coordinated Search, Rescue, and Retrieval (SRR) capacity | | | Department of Health | - | | | Department of Social Welfare and Development | provides a temporary shelter for evacuation and coordinates an integrated system for early recovery | | | Department of Health | provides basic social services and services for psychological needs to affected populations inside or outside evacuation, whether directly or indirectly | | | Department of Social Welfare and Development | - | | | Office of Civil Defense | assessments of losses and needs | | | National Housing Authority | repairs and rebuilds houses in safer sites | | Rehabilitation and Recovery | Department of Public Works and Highways | repairs and constructs resilient infrastructure | | | Department of Health | - | | | Department of Social Welfare and Development | restores a safe and functioning citizenry to normal functioning | ## Organizations in Disaster Preparedness, Disaster Management, and Recovery - **Asian Development Bank:** focuses in development projects in Asia - **Center for Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance (CFE-DMHA):** under the US Department of Defense, creates reference guides - **Save the Children Fund:** has programs supporting children in developing places - **Philippine Red Cross:** provides aid in disaster management ## Organizations in Resilience and Sustainable Development - **Citizens Disaster Response Center:** provides response and relief services and trainings and assistance in developing community-based DRRM - **World Health Organization:** works with the Philippine government to improve the health situation and lessening vulnerability - **German Agency for International Cooperation:** a German government initiative provides support for sustainable development projects - **Caritas Philippines:** have programs for marginalized sectors of society and provides assistance in response and relief operations - **Habitats for Humanity Philippines:** builds shelter for vulnerable sectors of society ## Significance of Organizations - government effort alone are not sufficient in realizing the goals of NDRRMP, and all stakeholders must be included in the effort - individual efforts will be strengthened hand-in-hand - different organizations may have different goals, but they work in sustainable development and DRRM as a consequence - volunteering won't necessarily have individual benefit, rather, the long term impact of contributing will help future generations - individuals can join or organize themselves to be more proactive in DRRM leading to resilience and sustainable development ## Policies Under RA 10121 - **DRRM Volunteer:** mobilizing volunteers are encouraged by the local DRRM council, and the private sector and local government units are responsible for their training, welfare, and protection based on the NDRRMC guidelines - **Education and Training:** § 14 requires DRRM in curriculums for secondary and tertiary education - **State of Calamity, Humanitarian Assistance, and Remedial Measures:** a state of calamity may be issued to maintain order and save lives - **Prohibited Acts and Penalties:** breaking this act include penalties up to P500,000 and/or imprisonment of up to 12 years, confiscation of objects violating the law, job and credential loss, and deportation if a foreign citizen ## Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 - endorsed by the UN General Assembly after the Third World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Miyagi, Japan on March 14-18, 2025 - a 15-year voluntary, non-binding agreement on preventing new disaster risks, reducing existing disaster risks, and strengthen resilience ### Seven Global Targets of the Sendai Framework 1. reduced mortality rate 2. decreased number of affected people 3. reduced disaster-related economic loss 4. reduced infrastructure damages and disruption of basic services 5. increased number of countries with effective national and local disaster risk reduction strategies by the year 2020 6. enhanced international cooperation to developing countries 7. increased availability of information and access to multi-hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessment ### Four Priorities in the Sendai Framework 1. **Understanding Disaster Risk:** information about disasters regarding its effects to vulnerable sectors, capacity of communities, exposure of people and properties, hazard characteristics, and environment is gathered and accessible to everyone 2. **Strengthening disaster risk governance to manage disaster risk:** effective governance is made through planning, implementation, coordination, and collaboration with all stakeholders 3. **Investing for resilience:** can take in the form of structural or nonstructural works and come from private or public financing 4. **Build Back Better:** aims to empower all sectors especially marginalized ones ### Resilience Building - ability of a structure to hold together after being exposed to a hazard - focuses on the following areas: - **Resources & Capacities:** involves sustainable land use & urban planning - **Learning:** knowledge and understanding of disaster risks and solutions - **Actions:** includes social protection and DRR measures - has the following complementary targets (UNDP): - policy development - capacity enhancement - improved coordination - has the following focus areas and challenges: - Hazards, Vulnerability, and Risk Awareness and Assessments - Early Warning System and Establishment of Secure Evacuation Areas - Risk Transfer Mechanism - Capacity Building