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## La différence entre le droit objectif et le droit subjectif - **Droit objectif:** l'ensemble des règles juridiques et obligations qui régissent la vie d'individu dans une société. - **Droit subjectif:** c'est l'ensemble des avantages qui sont donnés aux citoyens. ### Examples of subjective rig...

## La différence entre le droit objectif et le droit subjectif - **Droit objectif:** l'ensemble des règles juridiques et obligations qui régissent la vie d'individu dans une société. - **Droit subjectif:** c'est l'ensemble des avantages qui sont donnés aux citoyens. ### Examples of subjective rights: - Droit de propriétaire - Droit de créance - Droit de la vie ### Objectives of the rule of law: (الهدف) - **Obligation** to accomplish certain acts: ex: respect the code de la route - **Interdiction** to accomplish an inhumane act: stealing - **To combat** criminal activities that affect public order. ### Branches of Law: 1. **Droit privé:** rules that govern relations between individuals (الأشخاص) - this relates to physical or moral persons. 2. **Droit public:** refers to public power - this encompasses the rules that govern the organization of the state and its territorial communities, focusing on public administration and its functions. 3. **Droit mixte:** this includes international private law, consisting of the rules governing relations between private individuals in different countries. ### Droit Privé: - **Droit civil:** the set of rules that govern most relationships between individuals, such as marriage, divorce, and contractual obligations. - **Droit commercial:** the set of rules that govern commercial activity and relationships between merchants. - **Droit de travail:** the set of rules that govern the relationship between employers and employees. - **Droit penal:** the set of general rules that apply to all criminal offenses, leading to criminal proceedings. ### Droit Public: - **Droit constitutionnel:** the set of rules that govern the political organization of the state, defining citizen participation in power. - **Droit administratif:** the set of rules that govern the organization and functioning of public administration as well as the relationship between administrations and citizens. - **Droit international public:** the set of rules that govern international society. ### Droit Mixte: - **Droit International Privé:** the set of rules that govern relations between private individuals residing in different countries. ### The Role of the Rule of Law: - To resolve legal conflicts and address the status of foreigners. ### Definition of the Rule of Law: - It's an obligation that applies to everyone and must be respected or face a penalty. ### Functions of Public Administration: - **Public service:** Adaptable, general, equal, and free. - **Administrative police:** (public order) - its goal is to ensure security, tranquility, and public health. ### Characteristics of the Rule of Law: - **General and impersonal:** applicable to all persons residing in a national territory without distinction. - **Mandatory:** it applies to everyone and failure to respect them leads to penalties by public authorities. - **Abstract:** It concerns situations and not individuals. ### Sources of the Rule of Law: - **Constitution:** Contains rules that define the distribution of power between institutions and fundamental rights of citizens. - **Ordinary Law:** Proposed by members of parliament and approved by the executive power on behalf of the King. - **Regulations:** Exclusive to the government and categorized as: - Government decrees - Ministerial decrees - **International Treaties:** Signed by Morocco on specific topics related to the organization of certain points. - **Customary law:** Practice and habitual use are non-written and established by custom and tradition. - **Islamic Law:** It is based on the Quran and Sunnah. - **Jurisprudence:** It is an interpretation of law by tribunals that doesn't pre-exist. Legal interpretation is usually done by the courts. - **Doctrine:** opinions provided by scholars, experts, and specialists on specific topics. ### The Three Powers of Governance: - **Legislative power:** (Parliament) - **Executive power:** (government) - **Judicial power:** (courts) ### Principles of Moroccan Judicial Institutions: - **Free justice:** the state covers the cost of judicial operations. - **Equality before the law:** everyone is equal before the law regardless of origin or religion. - **Judicial independence:** judges are independent from other authorities - this is guaranteed by the Constitution. - **Impartiality of judges:** judges need to be objective and unbiased. ### Types of Sanction: - **Penal sanction**: punishments for those who violate the law. - **Civil sanction:** redress for damage caused to individuals. - **Administrative Sanctions:** taken by public administration due to violations of administrative law. **Penal Sanctions** - **Contravention:** Less serious offense punishable by a fine. - **Delict:** More serious offense punishable by imprisonment for a certain amount of time and a fine. - **Crime:** Serious crime, such as the death penalty, life imprisonment, or a prison sentence of between 5 and 30 years. **Civil Sanctions** - These sanctions involve compensating victims for damage caused to them. This can include financial compensation or the annulment of a contract. **Administrative Sanctions** - These sanctions are related to violations of administrative law, such as fines for driving offenses. ### Principles of Law: - **Non-retroactivity:** The law does not apply retroactively. - **Immediate Effect:** The law has immediate effect. - **Territoriality:** The law applies to Moroccan territory. - **Personality:** The law applies to foreigners residing in Morocco. ### Notions: - **Promulgation:** The act by which the head of state enacts a law into force. - **Abrogation:** The revocation of a law by a new law. **Forms of Abrogation:** - **Total abrogation** - **Partial abrogation** - **Explicit abrogation** - **Implicit abrogation**