Test Study Guide PDF

Test Study Guide On this test, you will answer TWO short answer questions consisting of multiple parts. You have a choice of four. Each question will be equally weighted, and each part of each question will be equally weighted. Key Terms and Definitions...

Test Study Guide On this test, you will answer TWO short answer questions consisting of multiple parts. You have a choice of four. Each question will be equally weighted, and each part of each question will be equally weighted. Key Terms and Definitions 1. Muckrakers: Journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices. Notable Figures: Upton Sinclair (The Jungle), Ida Tarbell (Standard Oil). Impact: Raised awareness, led to reforms (e.g., food safety laws). 2. Jane Addams & Hull House: Hull House: Founded in 1889, provided education, childcare, and cultural activities to immigrants. Legacy: Pioneered social work, advocated for urban poverty reform. 3. Social Gospel: Religious movement focused on improving society through Christian ethics, labor rights, and education. 4. Muller v. Oregon (1908): Upheld limits on women’s working hours, citing health concerns but reinforced gender stereotypes. 5. Prohibition: Banned alcohol (1920–1933). Led to organized crime and was repealed by the 21st Amendment. 6. Mann Act (1910): Targeted human trafficking but was often enforced with racial and class bias. 7. John Dewey: Advocated for progressive education and critical thinking. 8. Lochner v. New York (1905): Struck down limits on bakers’ working hours, emphasizing "liberty of contract." 9. Antitrust Efforts: Test Study Guide 1  Theodore Roosevelt: Strengthened antitrust laws, advocated for a National Industrial Commission. Woodrow Wilson: Opposed monopolies, focused on fair competition. 10. Conservation Movement: Advocated for natural resource management (e.g., Hetch Hetchy debate). Potential Short-Answer Questions and Answers (smaller picture) 1. Evaluate the role of muckrakers in the Progressive Era. Part A: Define muckrakers and their goals. Answer: Muckrakers were journalists who exposed corruption, social injustices, and abuses in government and industry. Their goal was to inform the public and push for reforms. Part B: Provide examples of notable muckrakers and their work. Answer: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle exposed unsanitary meatpacking practices; Ida Tarbell’s investigations revealed Standard Oil’s monopolistic abuses. Part C: Explain the impact of muckrakers on public policy. Answer: Their work led to reforms such as the Pure Food and Drug Act and antitrust legislation. 2. Discuss the relationship between the Social Gospel and Progressive reforms. Part A: Define the Social Gospel. Answer: A religious movement that emphasized improving society through Christian ethics, focusing on poverty, labor rights, and public health. Part B: How did it influence Progressive reforms? Answer: It inspired movements like temperance and labor rights, leading to policies that addressed social inequalities. Part C: Name a key reform or movement associated with the Social Gospel. Answer: The push for child labor laws and improved working conditions was influenced by Social Gospel principles. Test Study Guide 2  3. Analyze the significance of the Supreme Court cases Muller v. Oregon and Lochner v. New York. Part A: Summarize the decisions of each case. Answer: Muller v. Oregon upheld limits on women’s working hours for health reasons; Lochner v. New York struck down limits on bakers’ working hours, prioritizing "liberty of contract." Part B: How did these cases reflect Progressive priorities? Answer: Muller supported protecting workers' health, aligning with Progressive ideals. Lochner highlighted tensions between labor rights and business interests. Part C: Discuss the broader implications of these rulings. Answer: Muller reinforced gender stereotypes; Lochner set back labor reform efforts by emphasizing individual contracts over state intervention. 4. Compare the antitrust approaches of Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson. Part A: Summarize each leader’s stance on monopolies. Answer: Roosevelt advocated for regulating trusts through strengthened antitrust laws and a National Industrial Commission. Wilson focused on eliminating monopolies entirely, condemning unfair practices. Part B: How did their approaches reflect Progressive values? Answer: Both sought to promote fair competition and curb corporate abuses, prioritizing public welfare. Part C: What were the outcomes of their efforts? Answer: Roosevelt’s efforts led to increased government oversight. Wilson’s policies resulted in legislation like the Clayton Antitrust Act. BIgger picture Questions 1. How did Progressive Era reforms address the social and economic challenges of industrialization? Test Study Guide 3  Answer Framework: Muckrakers exposed problems: Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle led to food safety laws like the Meat Inspection Act. Ida Tarbell revealed abuses of monopolies, leading to antitrust legislation. Social Gospel and settlement houses like Hull House tackled urban poverty by providing education, childcare, and job training. Labor laws addressed poor working conditions: Muller v. Oregon protected women workers; child labor restrictions emerged. Prohibition attempted to address social problems caused by alcohol but had mixed results. 2. In what ways did the Progressive Era reflect tensions between individual liberty and government intervention? Answer Framework: Court cases like Lochner v. New York protected individual freedom of contract, striking down worker protections. In contrast, Muller v. Oregon upheld labor laws for women, prioritizing government intervention. Roosevelt’s antitrust laws like the Sherman Act curbed corporate power but raised questions about the government’s role in the economy. Morality-based reforms like Prohibition and the Mann Act limited personal freedoms to enforce societal values. 3. How did Progressive Era reforms reflect the influence of moral and ethical movements? Answer Framework: The Social Gospel emphasized Christian values of charity and justice, inspiring reforms like settlement houses and the temperance movement. Women reformers like Jane Addams and organizations like the Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) led moral crusades like Prohibition. Test Study Guide 4  Laws like the Mann Act (to stop trafficking) were rooted in moral concerns, though they sometimes overreached in enforcement. 4. To what extent did Progressive Era reforms succeed in promoting social justice and equality? Answer Framework: Successes: Settlement houses helped immigrants and the poor. Labor reforms improved conditions, and education reformers like John Dewey promoted access to schooling. Limitations: Cases like Muller v. Oregon reinforced gender stereotypes, and racial inequalities persisted, with little focus on civil rights. Antitrust laws targeted economic inequality but didn’t resolve all social disparities. 5. Compare and contrast the approaches of different Progressive leaders and movements in addressing urban and industrial problems. Answer Framework: Theodore Roosevelt: Used antitrust laws and conservation efforts to regulate industry and preserve natural resources. His "Square Deal" balanced business and labor interests. Woodrow Wilson: Focused on banking reforms (Federal Reserve Act) and lowering tariffs but didn’t prioritize social justice. Reformers like Jane Addams worked on the ground with urban poor, while muckrakers like Sinclair and Tarbell raised public awareness of industrial abuses. 6. How did the legal decisions of the Progressive Era reflect societal views on labor and gender roles? Answer Framework: Test Study Guide 5  Muller v. Oregon upheld women’s labor protections, reflecting views that women needed special care due to their roles as mothers. Lochner v. New York struck down labor protections, prioritizing economic freedom over worker welfare. Laws and court decisions were shaped by Progressive efforts to regulate industry while reflecting broader societal views on gender and class. These answers touch on key points while giving you room to elaborate on the test. Let me know if you want a deeper dive into any specific question! Test Study Guide 6