Specialised Cells & Magnification Calculations 9.3 PDF

Starter What am I? Answer on mini white boards.  Sometimes called the powerhouse of the cell – releases energy in respiration. Contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell. Responsible for protein synthesis. Found in all prokaryotes but only some eukaryotes. Organelle...

Starter What am I? Answer on mini white boards.  Sometimes called the powerhouse of the cell – releases energy in respiration. Contains DNA and controls the activities of the cell. Responsible for protein synthesis. Found in all prokaryotes but only some eukaryotes. Organelle found in plant cells, algae and some prokaryotes. Learning Objectives Specialised cells and magnification calculations Describe how specialised cells are adapted to their function  Red Redblood cells Blood Cells Structure: Biconcave shape gives greater surface area for the diffusion of oxygen into the cell. Contains haemoglobin which carries oxygen Has no nucleus to make room for more heamoglobin Small and flexible to fit through capillaries Function: Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs.  Red Phagocyte blood cells Structure Flexible shape to engulf microorganisms. Lobed nucleus Function: These cells are found in your blood. They are attracted to diseases and bacteria that enter your body They then ‘engulfs’ any bacteria/pathogens so the microbe can’t infect you and make you ill  B - Lymphocyte Egg (Ovum) Cell Structure: A type of white blood cell with receptors on its surface. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that produce specific antibodies to destroy pathogens. They recognise the pathogens because of their antigens (foreign proteins). Function: When a lymphocyte with the appropriate antibody meets the antigen, the lymphocyte reproduces quickly to make many copies of the antibody that neutralises the pathogen.  Nerve cells Neurone Structure: These are extremely elongated (long) cells They have many branches at both ends to connect to other nerve cells The long axon (main branch) is covered in fat (myelin sheath) to prevent the electrical impulses affecting the surrounding parts of your body Function: To carry nerve impulses around your body  Sperm cells Sperm Cell Structure: Have a long tail so they can swim to find an egg There are enzymes in the head of the sperm (in the acrosome) to help the sperm get into the ovum (digests outer coating of the ovum). Contain large number of mitochondria in the mid section to release energy for locomotion. Made in the testes of males Function: To carry the father’s genetic information (DNA) to the egg and allow fertilisation.  Root Roothair cells Hair Cell Structure: Large surface area to absorb lots of water. Thin cell wall to allow water to pass through easily. Doesn’t contain any chloroplasts unlike all other plant cells (not an adaptation to function) May contain large numbers of mitochondria for active transport of mineral ions. Function: Absorbs minerals and water from soil  Palisade Cell Palisade Cell Structure: Tall and has a large surface area to catch as much sunlight as possible Packed with chloroplasts to absorb sunlight. Found beneath epidermis so shorter distance for light to travel. Regular shape to allow many cells to be packed in to a small area. Function: to carry out photosynthesis  Ciliated Cell Structure: They line all the air passages down to the lungs and the oviducts. Nucleus They have tiny hairs called cilia. Function: Designed to stop lung damage and to waft the ovum down the oviducts towards the uterus. In the lungs hairs waft mucus with trapped dust and bacteria back up the throat to be swallowed. If you smoke then the hairs die and the mucus cilia builds up leading to the well known smoker’s cough  Ova Egg (Ovum) Cell Structure: Cytoplasm Contains large amount of cytoplasm with organelles. This acts as an energy source for a developing embryo. Function: Carries the mother’s DNA for fertilisation. Protective coat Nucleus  Rods and cones Egg (Ovum) Cell  Guard cells Egg (Ovum) Cell  Calculating Magnification MAGNIFICATION the number of times larger an image is compared with the real size of the object. I A M TABOO!  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: Ciliated epithelial cell Hairs Lungs Microbes Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: Palisade cell Root Chloroplast Plant Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: Nerve cell Brain Spine Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: Xylem Plant Green Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: White blood cell Kill Bacteria Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function  How much have you learnt? Not allowed to say: Root hair cell Plant Green Palisade Learning Objectives: Identify features of specialised cells and their function