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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
- Serving as stem cells
- Breaking down bone tissue
- Facilitating bone growth (correct)
- Maintaining bone matrix
Which of the following structures contains elastic cartilage?
Which of the following structures contains elastic cartilage?
- Vertebrae
- Sternum
- Ear (correct)
- Knee joint
What combination of components makes up the inorganic part of bone?
What combination of components makes up the inorganic part of bone?
- Osteocytes and osteoclasts
- Collagen fibers and proteins
- Bone cells and collagen fibers
- Calcium phosphate salts (correct)
Which bone cell is responsible for maintaining the bone matrix?
Which bone cell is responsible for maintaining the bone matrix?
What is the function of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
What is the function of osteoclasts in the skeletal system?
What occurs during an isometric contraction?
What occurs during an isometric contraction?
What type of muscle contraction involves muscle length changing?
What type of muscle contraction involves muscle length changing?
Which of the following is an example of an isotonic exercise?
Which of the following is an example of an isotonic exercise?
What initiates muscle contraction through the sliding filament model?
What initiates muscle contraction through the sliding filament model?
During the power stroke in muscle contraction, what happens?
During the power stroke in muscle contraction, what happens?
What is required for the sliding filament cycle to continue?
What is required for the sliding filament cycle to continue?
Which of the following activities primarily demonstrates an isometric contraction?
Which of the following activities primarily demonstrates an isometric contraction?
What role does ATP play in muscle contraction?
What role does ATP play in muscle contraction?
Which of the following is NOT one of the bones making up the coxal bone?
Which of the following is NOT one of the bones making up the coxal bone?
What are the three fused bones that comprise the coxal bone?
What are the three fused bones that comprise the coxal bone?
Which bones are located in the wrist area?
Which bones are located in the wrist area?
Which of the following correctly identifies a major region of the human skeletal system?
Which of the following correctly identifies a major region of the human skeletal system?
What is the function of the acetabulum in the pelvic structure?
What is the function of the acetabulum in the pelvic structure?
Which bone is classified as a facial bone?
Which bone is classified as a facial bone?
Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?
Which of the following is NOT a cranial bone?
Which suture separates the parietal bones from the frontal bone?
Which suture separates the parietal bones from the frontal bone?
What is the primary function of the vertebral body?
What is the primary function of the vertebral body?
Which of the following pairs correctly match the types of vertebrae with their typical number in humans?
Which of the following pairs correctly match the types of vertebrae with their typical number in humans?
Which bone serves as the lower jaw in the human skull?
Which bone serves as the lower jaw in the human skull?
What is the name of the suture that joins the two parietal bones?
What is the name of the suture that joins the two parietal bones?
Which process of a vertebra projects posteriorly?
Which process of a vertebra projects posteriorly?
What type of joint is characterized as immobile?
What type of joint is characterized as immobile?
Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which joint type allows for the greatest range of motion?
Which of the following joints is slightly moveable?
Which of the following joints is slightly moveable?
What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
Which structure encloses the synovial joint and contains synovial fluid?
Which structure encloses the synovial joint and contains synovial fluid?
In what type of joint are the bone ends joined by cartilage?
In what type of joint are the bone ends joined by cartilage?
What type of joint is the knee considered to be?
What type of joint is the knee considered to be?
Which joint type is exemplified by skull sutures?
Which joint type is exemplified by skull sutures?
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Study Notes
Muscle Contractions
-
Isometric Contractions: Muscles maintain the same length while generating tension. Examples include:
- Balancing on tiptoes
- Holding a bench-press bar in the same position
- Doing a plank exercise
- Pushing against a concrete wall
-
Isotonic Contractions: Muscles change length while generating tension. Examples include:
- Running up a hill
- Doing bicep curls
- Swimming freestyle
- Pedalling a bicycle on a flat surface
-
During isometric contractions, muscle length remains unchanged, while in isotonic contractions, muscles may lengthen or shorten.
Sliding Filament Theory
- Nerve Impulse: Signals from motor neurons release calcium ions (Ca²⁺) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into muscle cells.
- Calcium Binding: Calcium binds to troponin on actin filaments, moving tropomyosin and exposing binding sites.
- Cross-Bridge Formation: Myosin heads attach to exposed sites on actin, forming cross-bridges.
- Power Stroke: Myosin heads pivot, pulling actin filaments towards the sarcomere center, leading to muscle shortening.
- ATP Binding: ATP binds to myosin, causing detachment from actin and re-cocking for another cycle.
- This process repeats as long as calcium ions and ATP are available.
Bone Structure
- Organic Components: Bone cells, proteins, collagen fibers.
- Inorganic Components: Calcium phosphate salts.
Bone Cells Functions
- Osteogenic cells: Stem cells involved in creating new bone.
- Osteoblasts: Responsible for bone growth and forming the bone matrix.
- Osteocytes: Maintain bone tissue and health.
- Osteoclasts: Break down bone tissue.
Skull Anatomy
- Facial Bones: Nasal bone, maxillary bone, mandible, zygomatic bone.
- Cranial Bones: Frontal bone, parietal bone, occipital bone, temporal bone.
Skull Sutures Identification
- Sagittal Suture: Between the two parietal bones.
- Coronal Suture: Between frontal and parietal bones.
- Lambdoid Suture: Between occipital and parietal bones.
- Squamous Suture: Between temporal and parietal bones.
Vertebrae Components
- Vertebra Structure:
- Body
- Spinous Process
- Transverse Process
- Vertebral Foramen
Coxal Bone
- Formed from three fused bones: ilium, ischium, pubis.
Types of Joints
- Fibrous Joints: Immobile, like skull sutures.
- Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable, such as the pubic symphysis and joints between ribs and sternum.
- Synovial Joints: Freely movable with joint cavities, like the knee joint, enclosed by a fluid-filled capsule.
Synovial Joint Components
- Articular Capsule: Encloses the joint.
- Articular Cartilage: Covers bone ends for smooth movement.
- Synovial Membrane: Lines joint cavities, producing synovial fluid for lubrication.
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