Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy PDF

# CHAPTER 2 ## Chapter 2: Renewable and non-renewable energy ### Lesson 1: Non-renewable energy sources #### Introduction - What could happen to our planet if we continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels, and how can we balance energy consumption with environmental protection? #### The energy - Energ...

# CHAPTER 2 ## Chapter 2: Renewable and non-renewable energy ### Lesson 1: Non-renewable energy sources #### Introduction - What could happen to our planet if we continue to rely heavily on fossil fuels, and how can we balance energy consumption with environmental protection? #### The energy - Energy is essential in our lives and a fundamental concept in science. - Energy exists in different forms, each with its own uses and importance. #### The form of energy #### Types of energy - Light Energy - Thermal Energy - Radiant Energy - Chemical Energy - Nuclear energy - Electrical energy - Gravitational energy - Mechanical energy What makes energy special is that it can change from one form to another. For example: - **Electric heater:** electrical energy to heat energy - **Light bulb:** electrical energy to light energy # Chapter 2 ## Non-renewable energy sources - They are extracted from the ground and take millions of years to form. - Their use consumes large quantities that are not being replaced quickly enough to meet human needs. - These resources are not rapidly renewable. - When these resources run out, it becomes difficult to reproduce them in the short term. #### The most important types of non-renewable energy sources: - Oil (Petroleum) - Coal - Natural gas #### Oil (Petroleum) - A mixture of hydrocarbons formed by pressure and heat on organic materials buried underground. #### Where is oil extracted from? - A mixture of hydrocarbons formed by pressure and heat on organic materials buried underground. #### What is oil used in? - Fuel (such as gasoline and diesel) used to operate cars, planes and factories. - Manufacture of plastics and other chemicals. #### Problems caused by oil: - Burning oil leads to the emission of (CO2), which contributes to the phenomenon of global warming. - Oil leakage in seas and oceans poses a threat to marine life. # Chapter 2 #### Coal - It consists of decaying plant remains millions of years ago. #### Where is coal extracted from? - Extracted from mines #### What is coal used in? - It is mainly used to generate electricity - It is used to operate factories #### Problems caused by coal: - Burning coal releases toxic gases such as (S,CO2), which contribute to climate change and air pollution. - Coal mining causes destruction of landscapes. #### Natural gas - It is a mixture of hydrocarbon gases that flammable, natural gas is considered cleaner than oil and coal. #### Where is natural gas extracted from? - From the depths of the earth by drilling. #### What is natural gas used in? - Electricity generation - Cooking - Heating #### Problems caused by natural gas: - Its combustion leads to the release of carbon dioxide. - During the extraction process, gas may leak leading to environmental pollution and increase risk of explosion # Chapter 2 #### Air pollutants from fossil fuel combustion: 1. **Carbon Dioxide (CO2):** - Hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (the main component of fuel) - Example of Combustion: Combustion of methane (CH4): CH4 +2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O 2. **Carbon monoxide (CO)** - Wood or kerosene + oxygen → carbon monoxide (incomplete combustion) - CO is a poisonous gas that is odorless and colorless - 2C + O2 → 2CO 3. **Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO₂)** - Nitrogen oxides + oxygen → (NO and NO₂) at high temperature - 1. Formation of (NO):N₂ + O2 → 2NO - 2. Formation of (NO2): 2NO + O2 → 2NO2 - **These gases cause:** - Irritating the eyes and respiratory system. - In the long term, chronic diseases such as asthma and heart disease. - Residents of urban areas are at more risk from inhaling nitrogen oxide gases. - Contributes to the formation of acid rain 4. **Sulfur oxides (SO2 and SO3)** - Fuel containing + oxygen → (SO2) at high temperature - Chemical equation: - S + O2 → SO2 - 2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3 - The formation of the acid rain - SO3 + H2O → H₂SO₄ (main component in acidic rain) - It corrodes building materials such as limestone and marble used in architectural designs, which are composed of calcium carbonate. - H₂SO₄ +CaCO3 →CaSO4 +H₂O +CO2 - Acidic rain reacts with calcium carbonate forming calcium sulfate that dissolve in water - This reaction leads to corrosion of cultural and historical artifacts ## Role of Chemicals and Pollutant: - Industrial activities (e.g., chemical production, fertilizers, and pesticides) release toxic substances into the environment. #### Examples of pollutants - The combustion of fuels produce: - Nitrogen Oxides (NO₂) - Sulfur Dioxide (SO₂) - Which cause acid rain, leading to soil and water pollution. ## Energy Production from Fossil Fuels: - Provides electricity to homes and institutions for essential appliances. - Boosts economic growth and creates jobs in the energy sector. - Enhances living standards and supports economic and national security. # Chapter 2 - Operated based on the first law of thermodynamics to convert energy forms. - Where the chemical energy stored in fossil fuels is converted into electrical energy. #### In which... - **Consume large amounts of fossil fuels:** - **Massive carbon dioxide emissions** driving global warming. - **Environmental pollutants** that harm health and climate. #### Fossil fuels (coal, oil, or natural gas) are burned - Chemical energy convert to Thermal Energy. - A significant amount of heat is lost during the process. - Polluting gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂) are released. - Turbines convert the steam's kinetic energy into electrical energy via generators. - Steam flows through pipes to spin turbines. ### Lesson 1: Non-renewable energy sources is over.