Information Systems PDF

Canadian International College School Of Business Technology Information Systems DR. Mohamed Elhayes 1 Concepts of Computer Overall Objectives: Able to understand the meaning of the term "computer" Able to explain the gener...

Canadian International College School Of Business Technology Information Systems DR. Mohamed Elhayes 1 Concepts of Computer Overall Objectives: Able to understand the meaning of the term "computer" Able to explain the general development of computers from their early launch to the present Looking at how the computers are being used at many areas Considering the various ways that computers are being used Able to identify the computer's components 2 Intended Learning Outcomes After completing this topic, students will be able to: RECOGNIZE IDENTIFY DESCRIBE EXPLAIN DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OUTPUT, INPUT DEVICES THE COMPONENTS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF COMPUTER HARDWARE AND STORAGE UNITS MOTHERBOARD. OPERATING SYSTEM, AND SOFTWARE. APPLICATION SOFTWARE AND OTHER UTILITY PROGRAMS 3 History of Computers Computer evolution can be divided into generations based on important technology developments that improved computing applications and capabilities. Here's a brief overview: 4  History of Computers  First Generation (1940s - 1950s): Vacuum Tubes Technology: Relied on vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums. Characteristics: Large, expensive, and consumed a lot of power. Programming was done using machine language. Examples: ENIAC, UNIVAC. The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) and the UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) are two landmark computers in the history of computing 5  Vacuum Tubes A vacuum tube, electron tube, valve (British usage), or tube (North America), This device controls electric current flow in a high vacuum between electrodes with an electric potential difference applied. 6  History of Computers  Second Generation (1950s - 1960s): Transistors Technology: Replaced vacuum tubes with transistors, leading to smaller, more efficient, and reliable computers. Characteristics: Still large by today's standards but significantly reduced size and power consumption. Programming shifted towards assembly language and higher-level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL. The PDP series, short for Programmed Examples: IBM, PDP-1. Data Processor, was a line of minicomputers developed and marketed by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) from the late 1950s 7 into the 1990s. Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical signals and power. It is one of the basic building blocks of modern electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually, with at least three terminals for connection to an electronic circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals 8  History of Computers  Third Generation (1960s - 1970s): Integrated Circuits Technology: Integrated circuits (ICs) replaced transistors, allowing thousands of components to be packed on a single chip. Characteristics: Further reduction in size and cost, improved reliability, and the introduction of operating systems. Computers became more accessible to businesses. Examples: IBM System/360, PDP-8. 9 Integrated Circuits 10  History of Computers  Fourth Generation (1970s - Present): Microprocessors Technology: The invention of the microprocessor—a complete computing processor on a single chip—ushered in the era of personal computing. Characteristics: Increase in computing power, reduction in cost, and the advent of personal computers. The development of graphical user interfaces (GUIs), along with advancements in storage and networking technologies, transformed computers into Everywhere we use today. Examples: Apple II, IBM PC, modern desktops and laptops. 11  Microprocessor A microprocessor is a computer processor for which the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit (IC), or a small number of ICs. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). The IC is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic operations 12  History of Computers  Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing Technology: Currently evolving, characterized by the integration of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and potentially, quantum computing. Characteristics: Focus on creating systems that can learn and make decisions, potentially revolutionizing computing with quantum computers that can solve problems beyond the reach of classical computers. Examples: AI systems like IBM Watson, quantum computers in development by companies like Google and IBM. 13 Artificial Intelligence and Quantum Computing Quantum computing can benefit from the advancements made in artificial intelligence (AI) holistically across the tech stack — AI may even unlock completely new ways of using quantum computers. Simultaneously, AI can benefit from quantum computing leveraging the expected future compute and memory power. 14  Threat to privacy Reduce personal interactions Computer - Social Displace workers and change workplace Create two-tiered society Impact Computer failures cause great damage Create a “new life form” Artificial Intelligence Machines smarter than their creators 15