Biodiversity PDF

BIODIVERSITY  What is Biodiversity ▪ The term biodiversity is made up of two words - bio and diversity. ▪ Variability among living organisms from all sources (including terrestrial, marine and other ecosystems) ▪ Convention on Biological Dive...

BIODIVERSITY  What is Biodiversity ▪ The term biodiversity is made up of two words - bio and diversity. ▪ Variability among living organisms from all sources (including terrestrial, marine and other ecosystems) ▪ Convention on Biological Diversity (1992) in Rio Earth Summit-variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are a part ▪ India ranks 10th among the plant rich countries of the world, 11th in terms of number of endemic species of higher vertebrates and 6th among the centers of diversity and origin of agricultural crops. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Levels of Biodiversity ▪ Genetic diversity ▪ When the genes within the same species show different versions due to new combinations, it is called genetic variability. ▪ Variations among the genes of the same species are known as genetic diversity. ▪ It is this type of diversity that gives rise to the different varieties of rice, mangoes, dogs etc. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Levels of Biodiversity ▪ Species Diversity ▪ Diversity which arises due to variations among species present in specific areas is called as ‘species diversity’. ▪ The variability found within the population of a species or between different species of a community ▪ Horses and donkeys are distinct species, as are lions and tigers. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Levels of Biodiversity ▪ Ecosystem Diversity ▪ Ecosystem diversity is the diversity of habitats which include the different life forms within. ▪ The term also refers to the variety of ecosystems found within a biogeographical political boundary. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Values of biodiversity ▪ Consumptive use Value ▪ Biodiversity product can be harvested and consumed directly. ▪ Food: About 80,000 edible plant species have been reported from wild. ▪ Drugs and medicines: About 75% of the world population depends upon different plants or plant extracts for medicines. Penicillin - antibiotic is derived from Penicillium (fungus). Tetracyclin from a bacterium. Quinine - antimalaria drug is obtained from the bark of Cinchona tree, Vinblastin and vincristine, two anticancer drugs obtained from Periwinkle (Catharanthus) plant ▪ Fuel: Coal, petroleum and natural gas are products of biodiversity This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Values of biodiversity ▪ Productive Value ▪ Different products are obtained from different organisms, like silk from silk-worm, wool from sheep, fir of many animals, lac from lac insects etc. ▪ Ecological Services ▪ It refers to the services provided by ecosystems like prevention of soil erosion, prevention of floods, maintenance of soil fertility, cycling of nutrients, fixation of nitrogen, cycling of water, their role as carbon sinks, pollutant absorption and reduction of the threat of global warming etc. ▪ Biodiversity have enormous potential and a decline in biodiversity will lead to huge economic, ecological and socio-cultural losses. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Values of biodiversity ▪ Ethical and Aesthetic Value ▪ Many of the plants are considered holy and sacred in our country like Tulsi, Peepal etc. ▪ The ethical value means that we may or may not use a species but knowing the very fact that this species exists in nature gives us pleasure. ▪ People from far and wide spend a lot of time and money to visit wilderness areas where they can enjoy the aesthetic value of biodiversity and this type of tourism is now known as eco-tourism. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Hot spots of Biodiversity ▪ A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans ▪ These have been identified based on three criteria: ▪ The number of species present. ▪ Endemism (The number of those species found exclusively in an ecosystem). ▪ The degree of threat they face. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Hot spots of Biodiversity ▪ Hot Spots of India ▪ The Western Ghats ▪ The Eastern Himalayas ▪ Indo-Burma ▪ Sundaland (Nicobar island) This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Endangered species ▪ Plant or animal species which are at the verge of their extinction are called endangered species. ▪ Red panda, Gir lion, Gharial, Great Indian bustard etc. are some endangered animal species of India. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Vulnerable species ▪ A vulnerable species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as likely to become endangered unless the circumstances that are threatening its survival and reproduction improve. ▪ vulnerable species in India: Sarus crane, Nilgiri Langur, Barasingha etc. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Rare species ▪ A rare species is a group of organisms that are very uncommon, scarce, or infrequently encountered. ▪ The International Union for Conservation of Nature uses the term "rare" as a designation for species found in isolated geographical locations. They are not endangered, but classified as "at risk". This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Red Data Book ▪ Red data book is the document established by International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) for documenting the rare and endangered species of plants, animals, fungi and also a few local species that exist within a state or country. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Threat to Biodiversity One of the estimates by the noted ecologist, E.O. Wilson puts the figure of extinction at 10,000 species per year or 27 per day! This starting figure raises an alarm regarding the serious threat to biodiversity. Over the last 150 years the rate of extinction has escalated more dramatically. If the present trend continues we would lose 1/3rd to 2/3rd of our current biodiversity by the middle of twenty first century This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Endangered black buck ▪ The black buck is also known as kala hiran in India. ▪ Earlier, it was found all over India except in the north- eastern regions of the country. ▪ Due to large scale-poaching and destruction of habitat, its existence now restricted in some parts of Punjab, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal and Haryana. ▪ The black buck does not require dense forests, even it is usually found in open plains in herds. So, open plains need to be conserved in order to enable the black buck to move freely.. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Endemic Species ▪ The plant or animal species confined to a particular region and having originated there or a species which occur continuously in that area are known as endemic species. Restriction of species in small region is known as endemism. ▪ Out of about 47,000 species of plants in our country 7000 are endemic. ▪ True Cardamoum (Eletaria repens), Peepal (Ficus religiosa), Palash tree (Butea monosperma), Bargat (Ficus bengalensis), etc. are some of the endemic plants of India. ▪ One-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis), Tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius), Snow leopard (Panthera uncia), Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris), Gir lion (Panthera leo persica) etc. are some of the endemic animals of India. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  EDGE species ▪ Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered (EDGE) species represent a disproportionate amount of unique evolutionary history. They have few close relatives, are often the only surviving member of their genus, and sometimes the last surviving genus of their evolutionary family. ▪ Some EDGE species, such as Asian elephants, Chinese Pangolin, Malayan Tapir and red pandas, are well known. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Threats to biodiversity This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Conservation of Biodiversity ▪ Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting animal species and their habitats. ▪ There are two approaches of biodiversity conservation: ▪ In situ Conservation: Protection of species in their natural habitat. ▪ Ex situ Conservation: Protection in a place away from their natural habitat. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation ▪ National Parks ▪ A national park conserves the environment and natural objects and wildlife therein. ▪ National parks are areas dedicated to conserve wild animals and natural scenery of the environment. ▪ All private rights are non existent and all forestry operations and other activities such as grazing of domestic animals is prohibited. ▪ No human inhabitation is allowed in the park apart from on duty public servants and people allowed by chief wildlife warden. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation ▪ Wildlife sanctuaries ▪ A wildlife sanctuary is an area specially designated where it is illegal to interfere in anyway with the natural life there. ▪ Hunting, shooting and fishing would be prohibited. ▪ Wildlife sanctuary is a place where killing or capturing of any animal is prohibited except under orders of the authorities concerned. ▪ They provide protection and optimum living conditions to wild animals. ▪ A wildlife sanctuary is dedicated the wildlife but it considers the conservation of species only in addition , its boundary is not limited by state legislation. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation ▪ Biosphere reserves ▪ Biosphere reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal ecosystems promoting solutions to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity with its sustainable use. ▪ They are internationally recognized, nominated by national governments and remain under sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation ▪ Advantages ▪ Ecological integrity is maintained and managed ▪ Better opportunity for conservation as well as evolution ▪ Cheaper way of conservation. ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Less protection against pollution ▪ Poachers and Eco tourists may cause damage This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation ▪ Zones of a biosphere reserve ▪ Core zone ▪ In core or natural zone human activity is not allowed. This area is legally protected and undisturbed ecosystem. ▪ Buffer zone ▪ The immediate surrounding area of core zone is buffer zone. Here limited human activities live like research, education and research strategy is permitted. ▪ Transition zone ▪ transition zone is the outermost or peripheral area of biosphere reserve. With the cooperation of reserve management and local people several human activities like settlements, cropping, recreation, and forestry are carried out without disturbing the environment. ▪ Restoration zone ▪ Through the restoration activities selected degraded area called restoration region is restored to natural form. This is a part of Buffer zone. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  In-situ Conservation Objectives Features Zone National Parks Conservation of species of a No person resides in the park Core habitat with minimal or very other than public servants on duty low intensity of human and persons permitted by the activities chief wildlife warden Wildlife Conservation of species and No person resides in the park Core, Buffer and Sanctuary habitats by manipulative other than public servants on duty Restoration management and persons permitted by the chief wildlife warden Biosphere Conservation of natural Both natural and human- Core, Buffer, Reserves resources and the influenced ecosystems; substantial Restoration and improvement of the human settlement Transition relationship between humans and the environment This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ex-situ Conservation Aquaria: ▪ The aquaria are mainly used for the threatened and endangered fresh water species. Zoo: ▪ In the past, zoos were mainly display facilities for the purpose of public enjoyment and education. As large numbers of the species traditionally on display have become rarer in the wild, many zoos have taken on the additional role of building up numbers through captive breeding programmes. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ex-situ Conservation Botanical Gardens: ▪ Botanical gardens are used for the conservation of rare and endangered plant species for study and research of specific plant characters and for disseminating scientific information and experiences to promote sustainable development. Gene Bank: Seed Bank ▪ Pollen Bank ▪ Ova Bank This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ex-situ Conservation ▪ Tissue Culture Technique: ▪ Tissue culture refers to a special technique used for propagation in plants a very small piece of shoot apex ,leaf section or even an individual cell is cut and placed in a sterile culture in a test tube, petri dish. ▪ DNA technology: ▪ DNA of plant or animal cell or a part of it to be conserved. DNA technology can provide an innovative and effective approach for biodiversity conservation This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Ex-situ Conservation ▪ Advantages ▪ Organisms are completely protected from predation and poaching ▪ The species survive longer and may breed more offspring than usual ▪ The quality of offspring may be improved by genetic techniques ▪ Breeding of hybrid species is possible. ▪ Disadvantages ▪ Animals may not survive reintroduction into the wild ▪ Overprotection may result in loss of natural occurrence. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Man-wildlife conflict ▪ Sometimes we come across conflicting situations when wildlife starts causing immense damage and danger to man and under such conditions it becomes very difficult for the forest department to pacify the affected villagers and gain local support for wild-life conservation. ▪ Elephant is one of the holy animal in India, especially in Kerala but due to elephant attack some 500 people are killed by each year. ▪ The Corbett National Park of Uttarakhand is famous for notable man- eaters leopard, responsible for at least 400 attacks on humans. ▪ The largest Swamp and mangroves forest of India is also home to over 500 Bengal tigers, who killed from 50-250 people per year in India and Bangladesh. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Causes of Man-animal conflicts ▪ shrinkage of habitat ▪ Man-eating tendency ▪ Food scarcity ▪ Electric wiring ▪ Lack of corridors ▪ Inadequate compensation to the farmers. This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Major biogeographic habitats of India Biogeographic zone Biotic province 1 Trans-Himalayan Upper region 2 Himalayan North-west Himalayas, West Himalayas, Central Himalayas, East Himalayas 3 Desert Kutch, Thar, Ladakh 4 Semi-Arid Central India, Gujrat-Rajwara 5 Western Ghats Malabar coast, Western Ghat mountains 6 Deccan Peninsula Deccan plateau, Chhota Nagpur, Central highlands 7 Gangetic plain Upper Gangetic plain, Lower Gangetic plain 8 North-east India Brahmaputra Valley, North-eastern hills 9 Islands Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands 10 Coasts West coasts, East coasts This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Phyto-geographical regions of India ▪ On the type of flora, India has been divided into following phytogeographical regions: ▪ The Western Himalayas ▪ The Eastern Himalayas ▪ Western Deserts ▪ Gangetic Plains ▪ Central India ▪ Western Coast ▪ Deccan Plateau ▪ North-East India ▪ Andaman and Nicobar Islands This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Zoo-geographical regions of India ▪ On the type of fauna, India has been divided into following zoogeographical regions: ▪ Himalayan Region ▪ Malabar Region ▪ Nilgiri Region ▪ Northern Plains ▪ Desert Lands ▪ Deccan Plateau Region This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  India: A Mega-diversity nation ▪ India is one of the 12 megadiversity countries in the world. ▪ The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India (2000) records 47,000 species of plants ▪ 81,000 species of animals which is about 7% and 6.5% respectively of global flora and fauna ▪ Few of the fields of diversity of India are: ▪ Geographical diversity ▪ Climatic diversity ▪ Biodiversity ▪ Habitat diversity ▪ Cultural diversity This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.  Thank You This PPT should be used as reference only. Reading books (mentioned in syllabus) is mandatory for the preparation of the examinations.