Skeletal System Combining Forms PDF

Skeletal System at a Glance Organs of Skeletal System Bones of the skeleton Joints Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 074...

Skeletal System at a Glance Organs of Skeletal System Bones of the skeleton Joints Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms ankyl/o stiff joint arthr/o joint articul/o joint burs/o sac carp/o wrist cervic/o neck Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms chondr/o cartilage clavicul/o clavicle coccyg/o coccyx cortic/o outer portion cost/o rib crani/o skull Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms femor/o femur fibul/o fibula humer/o humerus ili/o ilium ischi/o ischium kyph/o hump Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms lamin/o lamina, part of vertebra lord/obent backwards lumb/o loin mandibul/o mandible maxill/o maxilla medull/o inner portion Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms metacarp/o metacarpals metatars/o metatarsals myel/o bone marrow orth/o straight oste/o bone patell/o patella Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms ped/ofoot pelv/o pelvis phalang/o phalanges pod/ofoot pub/opubis radi/oradius Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms sacr/o sacrum scapul/o scapula scoli/o crooked, bent spondyl/o vertebrae stern/o sternum synovi/o synovial membrane Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Combining Forms synov/o synovial membrane tars/oankle thorac/o chest tibi/o tibia uln/o ulna vertebr/o vertebra Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Suffixes –blast immature, embryonic –clasia to break surgically –desis stabilize, fuse –listhesis slipping –porosis porous Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Bones are body organs with blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels Bones are connected to each other to form skeleton Framework for the body 206 bones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Red bone marrow within bones produces blood cells Bones also: Protect vital organs Store minerals Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Joint Place where two bones meet Held together by ligaments Gives flexibility to skeleton Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bones Also called osseous tissue One of hardest materials in body Formed from gradual process before birth called ossification Fetal skeleton is formed from a cartilage model Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bones Flexible tissue is gradually replaced by osteoblasts (immature bone cells) In adult bones osteoblasts mature into osteocytes Formation of strong bones dependant on adequate supply of minerals Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Four Shapes of Bones Long Short Flat Irregular bones bones bones bones Longer than Roughly as Plate- Shape very wide long as wide shaped irregular Example: Example: Example: Example: femur carpals sternum vertebrae humerus tarsals scapula pelvis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.1 – Classification of bones by shape. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Long Bones Majority of bones in body Divided into: Diaphysis Epiphysis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Diaphysis Central shaft Medullary cavity Open canal within diaphysis Contains yellow bone marrow Mostly fat Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Epiphysis Wide ends of long bone Distal epiphysis Proximal epiphysis Articular cartilage Covers epiphysis Prevents bone rubbing on bone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Periosteum Covers surface of bone not covered by articular cartilage Thin connective tissue membrane Contains numerous nerve and lymphatic vessels Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Compact Bone Also called cortical bone Very dense and hard Outer layer of bone Found in both epiphysis and diaphysis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Cancellous Bone Also called spongy bone Found inside bone Has spaces containing red bone marrow Manufactures blood cells Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.2 – Components of a long bone. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bone Structure Exercise Click here to review long bone structure with a labeling activity. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Bony Processes Projection from the surface of a bone Rough processes provide place for muscle attachment Smooth rounded processes articulate with another bone in a joint Named for shape and location Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Common Bony Processes Large smooth ball-shaped end of a long Head bone Condyle Smooth rounded portion at end of bone Epicondyle Projection above or on a condyle Trochanter Large rough process Tubercle Small rough process Tuberosity Large rough process Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.3 – Bony processes found on the femur. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bony Depressions Sinus Hollow cavity within bone Foramen Smooth opening for nerves and blood vessels Fossa Shallow cavity or depression within a bone Fissure Deep groove or slit-like opening Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Skeleton Skeleton has two divisions Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Axial Skeleton Includes bones in: Head Neck Spine Chest Trunk Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.4 – Bones of the axial skeleton. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Skull Is divided into two parts Cranium Facial bones Protects brain, eyes, ears, nasal cavity, and oral cavity Attachment for muscles of chewing and turning the head Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Cranium Frontal – 1 Forehead Parietal – 2 Upper sides and roof of skull Temporal – 2 Sides & base of skull Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Cranium Ethmoid – 1 Part of eye orbit, nose, & floor of skull Sphenoid – 1 Part of floor of skull Occipital – 1 Back & base of skull Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.5 – Bones of the skull. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Facial Bones Mandible – 1 Lower jawbone Maxilla – 1 Upper jawbone Zygomatic – 2 Cheek bones Vomer – 1 Part of nasal septum Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Facial Bones Palatine – 1 Hard palate and floor of nose Nasal – 2 Part of nasal septum and bridge of nose Lacrimal – 2 Inner corner of eye Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.5 – Bones of the skull. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Hyoid Bone Single U-shaped bone In neck between mandible and larynx Attachment point for swallowing and speech muscles Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Trunk Vertebral column Sternum Rib cage Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Vertebral Column Divided into five sections Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacrum Coccyx Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Vertebral Column Cervical Sacrum 7 vertebrae of neck 5 fused vertebrae at Thoracic base of spine 12 vertebrae of chest Coccyx Lumbar 3–5 small vertebrae attached to sacrum 5 vertebrae of low back Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.6 – Divisions of the vertebral column. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Rib Cage 12 pairs of ribs Attached to vertebral column at back Provides support for organs, such as heart and lungs Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. The Rib Cage True ribs 10 pairs attached to sternum in front Floating ribs Inferior 2 pairs No attachment in front Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.7 – The structure of the rib cage. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Appendicular Skeleton Includes bones of: Pectoral girdle Upper extremity Pelvic girdle Lower extremity Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.8 – Bones of the appendicular skeleton. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pectoral Girdle Attaches upper extremity to axial skeleton Articulates with: Sternum anteriorly Vertebral column posteriorly Consists of: Clavicle – collar bone Scapula – shoulder blade Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Upper Extremity Arm Consists of: Humerus – upper arm Ulna – part of forearm Radius – part of forearm Carpals – wrist bones Metacarpals – hand bones Phalanges – finger bones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.9 – Anatomical and common names for the pectoral girdle and upper extremity. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Pelvic Girdle Also called os coxae, innominate bone, or hipbone Attaches lower extremity to axial skeleton Articulates with sacrum posteriorly Consists of: Ilium Ischium Pubis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Lower Extremity Leg Consists of: Femur – thigh bone Patella – knee cap Tibia – shin bone Fibula – lower leg bone Tarsals – ankle bones Metatarsals – foot bones Phalanges – toe bones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.10 – Anatomical and common names for the pelvic girdle and lower extremity. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal Bones Exercise Click here to review the bones of the skeleton with a labeling activity. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Joints Formed where two bones meet Also called an articulation Three types based on movement allowed between the 2 bones: Synovial Cartilaginous Fibrous Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Synovial Joints Freely moving joints Most common type of joint Example is ball-and-socket joint Bones held together by ligaments Strong bands of connective tissue Some contain a bursa Sac-like structure lined with synovial membrane Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Synovial Joints Enclosed in an elastic joint capsule Contains synovial fluid Lubricant secreted by synovial membrane Ends of bones are covered with articular cartilage Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.12 – Structure of a synovial joint. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Cartilaginous Joints Allow slight movement Hold bones firmly in place by solid piece of cartilage Example Pubic symphysis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Fibrous Joints Allow almost no movement Joined by thick fibrous tissue Example Sutures of the skull Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.11 – Examples of three types of joints found in the body. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with arthr/o –algia arthralgia joint pain –centesis arthrocentesis puncture to withdraw fluid from joint –clasia arthroclasia surgically break a joint –desis arthrodesis fusion of a joint –gram arthrogram record of a joint –itis arthritis joint inflammation –otomy arthrotomy incision into a joint –scope arthroscope instrument to view joint Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with burs/o & chondr/o –ectomy bursectomy surgical removal of bursa –itis bursitis inflammation of bursa –ectomy chondrectomy surgical removal of cartilage –malacia chondromalacia softening of cartilage –oma chondroma cartilage tumor –plasty chondroplasty surgical repair of cartilage Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with cortic/o and crani/o –al cortical pertaining to the outer portion intra– –al intracranial pertaining to inside the skull –otomy craniotomy incision into the skull Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with medull/o & myel/o –ary medullary pertaining to the inner portion –oma myeloma red bone marrow tumor Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with oste/o –algia ostealgia bone pain chondr/o osteochondroma bone and cartilage tumor –oma –clasia osteoclasia surgically break a bone myel/o –itis osteomyelitis bone and bone marrow inflammation –otomy osteotomy incision into bone –pathy osteopathy bone disease –tome osteotome instrument to cut bone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with synov/o & vertebr/o –itis synovitis inflammation of synovial membrane –ectomy synovectomy surgical removal of synovial membrane inter– –al intervertebral pertaining to between vertebrae Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adjective Forms of Bone Names iliac ilium ischial ischium carpal carpus metacarpal metacarpus cervical neck metatarsal metatarsus costal rib radial radius cranial cranium sacral sacrum femoral femur sternal sternum humeral humerus tarsal tarsus Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Adjective Forms of Bone Names tibial tibia ulnar ulna clavicular clavicle maxillary maxilla fibular fibula coccygeal coccyx lumbar low back phalangeal phalanges mandibular mandible pelvic pelvis patellar patella pubic pubis scapular scapula thoracic thorax Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Vocabulary mass of bone tissue that forms at fracture callus site during healing solid material to immobilize a fracture; may cast be made of plaster of Paris or fiberglass practice of treating patients using chiropractic manipulations of vertebral column; practitioner is a chiropractor noise produced by bones or cartilage crepitation rubbing together exostosis bone spur Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Chiropractic Medicine Video Click here to view a video on chiropractic medicine. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Skeletal System Vocabulary kyphosis abnormal increase in curve of thoracic spine; humpback lordosis abnormal increase in forward curvature of lumbar spine; swayback branch of medicine specializing in diagnosis orthopedic and treatment of musculoskeletal system; s physician is an orthopedist brace or splint used to prevent or correct orthotic deformities; specialist in making is an orthotist Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.13 – Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Vocabulary profession specializing in diagnosis and podiatry treatment of disorders of feet and lower leg; practitioner is a podiatrist prosthesis artificial device to substitute for a missing or damaged body part profession specializing in making prosthetics prostheses; specialist in making is a prosthetist Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Fractures closed fracture fracture with no open skin wound; also called simple fracture Colles’ fracture common wrist fracture comminuted fracture where bone is shattered, fracture splintered, or crushed compound fracture with an open skin wound; also fracture called open fracture compression fracture with loss of height in vertebral fracture body; often from osteoporosis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.14 – A) Open (or compound) and B) closed (or simple) fractures. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.15 – Colles’ fracture. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Fractures fracture (FX, Fx) broken bone incomplete break; one side of bone greenstick fracture is broken, the other is bent; common in children impacted fracture bone fragments are pushed into each other oblique fracture fracture at an angle to bone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.16 – X-ray showing oblique fracture of the humerus. (Charles Stewart and Associates) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Fractures pathologic fracture fracture caused by diseased or weakened bone spiral fracture fracture line spiral around shaft of bone; often slower to heal stress fracture slight fracture caused by repetitive low-impact forces like running transverse fracture fracture is straight across bone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.17 – X-ray showing transverse fracture of radius. (James Stevenson/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bone Pathologies cancerous tumor of shaft of long bones; Ewing’s spreads through periosteum; amputation sarcoma is necessary to prevent metastasis osteogenic most common type of bone cancer; sarcoma begins in osteocytes softening of bones caused by calcium osteomalacia deficiency; caused in children with insufficient sunlight and vitamin D Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Bone Pathologies decrease in bone mass; results in osteoporosis thinning and weakening of bones; porous bone easily fractures metabolic disease of bone; unknown Paget’s cause; results in bone destruction and disease deformity caused by calcium and vitamin D rickets deficiency; results in bone deformities like bowed legs Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Osteoporosis Video Click here to view a video on osteoporosis. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Spinal Column Pathologies inflammatory condition resembles ankylosing rheumatoid arthritis; gradual spondylitis stiffening and fusion of vertebrae herniated nucleus protrusion of an intervertebral disk; pulposus (HNP) also called ruptured disk scoliosis lateral curve of spine spina bifida congenital anomaly; vertebra fails to fully form around spinal cord Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.18 – Color enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) image demonstrating a herniated nucleus pulposus putting pressure on the spinal cord (see arrows). Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.13 – Abnormal spinal curvatures: kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Spinal Column Pathology spinal stenosis narrowing of spinal canal; causes pressure on spinal cord and nerves spondylolisthesis forward sliding of lumbar vertebra over vertebra below it Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Joint Pathology bunion inflammation of bursa at base of great toe dislocation bones in joint are displaced from normal alignment osteoarthritis results in degeneration of bone and joints; (OA) bone rubs against bone autoimmune inflammation of joints with rheumatoid swelling, stiffness, pain; results in joint arthritis (RA) deformities Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Figure 4.19 – Patient with typical rheumatoid arthritis contractures. (Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Arthritis Video Click here to view a video on arthritis. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Skeletal System Pathology sprain damage to ligaments around joint due to overstretching; no dislocation or fracture incomplete dislocation; joint alignment is subluxation disrupted, but ends of bones remain in contact systemic lupus autoimmune disease of connective erythematosus tissue affecting many systems including (SLE) joints; looks like rheumatoid arthritis talipes congenital deformity of ankle misalignment; clubfoot Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging arthrography visualizing joint by X-ray after injecting contrast medium into joint nuclear medicine procedure; radioactive dye is used to visualize bone scan bones; useful for identifying stress fractures and metastases dual-energy absorptiometry measures bone density using low dose (DXA) X-ray; detects osteoporosis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Diagnostic Imaging Study of spinal column after injecting myelography opaque contrast medium; useful for identifying herniated nucleus pulposus uses X-rays to study internal structure of radiography body; especially useful for visualizing bones and joints Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Endoscopic Procedures Examining interior of joint with an arthroscope, a fiberoptic camera; view of arthroscopy joint interior appears on monitor during procedure Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Arthroscopy Video Click here to view a video on arthroscopy. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures amputation removal of a limb for reasons like tumors, gangrene, or crushing injury arthroscopic performing surgery while using an surgery arthroscope to view inside joint bone graft bone from another source used to replace boney defect in another location Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures bunionectomy removal of bursa at base of great toe laminectomy removal of posterior arch of vertebra to remove compression of a spinal nerve tube is inserted into intervertebral disk percutaneous to suck out ruptured disk; may also be diskectomy done with a laser Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures spinal fusion surgical immobilization of adjacent vertebrae total hip implanting a prosthetic hip joint arthroplasty (THA) total knee implanting a prosthetic knee joint arthroplasty (TKA) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Fracture Care stabilizes fracture while it heals; external fixation fixation includes casts and splints; internal fixation includes pins, plates, and screws realigning bone fragments of fracture; closed reduction reduction is manipulation without surgery; open reduction requires surgery traction applying a pulling force on fracture or dislocation to restore alignment Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.20 – Prosthetic hip joint. (Lawrence Livermore National Library/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.) Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Pharmacology reduce the bone reabsorption of bone; reabsorption treats osteoporosis Fosamax, Boniva inhibitors and Paget’s disease calcium supplements that supplements maintain bone density; Oystercal, & Vitamin D treats osteomalacia, Cal-Citrate supplements osteoporosis, & rickets Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Pharmacology have strong anti- inflammatory prednisone, corticosteroids properties; treat Medrol, rheumatoid arthritis Decadron nonsteroidal anti- provide mild pain relief Advil, Motrin, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory Aleve, Aspirin drugs (NSAIDs) benefits; treat arthritis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Abbreviations AE above elbow AK above knee BDT bone density testing BE below elbow BK below knee BMD bone mineral density C1, C2, etc. first cervical vertebra, etc. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Abbreviations Ca calcium DJD degenerative joint disease DXA dual-energy absorptiometry FX, Fx fracture HNP herniated nucleus pulposus JRA juvenile rheumatoid arthritis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Abbreviations L1, L2, etc. first lumbar vertebra, etc. LE lower extremity LLE left lower extremity LUE left upper extremity NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug OA osteoarthritis ORIF open reduction – internal fixation Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Abbreviations Orth, ortho orthopedics RA rheumatoid arthritis RLE right lower extremity RUE right upper extremity SLE systemic lupus erythematosus T1, T2, etc. first thoracic vertebra, etc. THA total hip arthroplasty Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal System Abbreviations THR total hip replacement TKA total knee arthroplasty TKR total knee replacement UE upper extremity Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System at a Glance Function of Muscular System Individual cells are able to contract or shorten in length Shortening produces movement Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System at a Glance Organs of Muscular System Muscles Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Combining Forms fasci/o fibrous band fibr/o fibers kinesi/o movement muscul/o muscle my/o muscle Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Combining Forms myocardi/o heart muscle myos/o muscle plant/o sole of foot ten/o tendon tend/o tendon tendin/o tendon Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Suffixes –asthenia weakness –kinesia movement –tonia tone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Prefixes ab– away from ad– towards circum– around Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Anatomy and Physiology Bundles of parallel muscle tissue fibers Fibers contract Shorten in length Produce movement Move bones closer together Push food through digestive system Pump blood through blood vessels Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscles Animation Click here to view an animation on muscles. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Types of Muscles Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Voluntary muscles Consciously choose to contract the muscle Skeletal muscles Involuntary muscles Under control of subconscious brain Smooth muscles and cardiac muscle Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.21 – The three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscles Attached to bones Produce voluntary movement of skeleton Also referred to as striated muscle Looks striped under microscope Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscles Muscle is wrapped in layers of connective tissue Called fascia Tapers at the end to form tendon Inserts into periosteum to attach muscle to bone Are stimulated by motor neurons Point of contact with muscle fiber is called myoneural junction Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.22 – Characteristics of the three types of muscles. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Smooth Muscles Associated with internal organs Also called visceral muscle Stomach Respiratory airways Blood vessels Called smooth because has no microscopic stripes Produces involuntary movement of these organs Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.22 – Characteristics of the three types of muscles. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Cardiac Muscle Also called myocardium Makes up walls of heart Involuntary contraction of heart to pump blood Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.22 – Characteristics of the three types of muscles. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscle Names straight abdominal Location rectus abdominis muscle Origin named for its two and sternocleidomastoid origins: sternum and insertion clavicle Size gluteus maximus large buttock muscle Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscle Names muscle that bends the Action flexor carpi wrist Fiber external oblique abdominal with fibers direction running on an angle Number of attachment biceps muscle with two heads points Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscle Actions Skeletal muscles attach to two different bones and overlap a joint When muscle contracts both bones move, but not equally Origin: less moveable of 2 bones Insertion: more moveable of 2 bones Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Skeletal Muscle Actions Action Type of movement produced by the muscle Antagonistic pairs Pair of muscles arranged around a joint Produce opposite actions Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Joint Movement Animation Click here to view an animation on the movement of joints. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Movement Terminology abduction movement away from midline of body adduction movement toward midline of body flexion act of bending or being bent extension brings limb into a straight condition dorsiflexion backward bending of foot plantar flexion bending sole of foot; pointing toes Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.23 – Abduction and adduction. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Humerus Adduction/Abduction Animation Click here to view an animation on humerus adduction and abduction. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved.  Figure 4.24 – Flexion and extension. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Elbow Flexion/Extension Animation Click here to view an animation on elbow flexion and extension. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved.  Figure 4.25 – Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Ankle Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion Animation Click here to view an animation on ankle dorsiflexion and plantar flexion. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Movement Terminology eversion turning outward inversion turning inward pronation turning palm downward supination turning palm upward elevation to raise depression to drop down Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.  Figure 4.26 – Eversion and inversion. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Ankle Inversion and Eversion Animation Click here to view an animation of ankle inversion and eversion. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved.  Figure 4.27 – Pronation and supination. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Elbow Pronation and Supination Animation Click here to view an animation of forearm pronation and supination. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Different Circular Movements Circumduction Movement in circular direction from a central point Opposition Moving thumb away from palm to contact tip of other fingers Rotation Moving around a central axis Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Humerus Circumduction Animation Click here to view an animation of humerus circumduction. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Hand Opposition Animation Click here to view an animation of thumb and finger opposition. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Humerus Rotation Animation Click here to view an animation of humerus rotation. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Word Building with fasci/o and kinesi/o –al fascial pertaining to fascia –itis fasciitis inflammation of fascia –otomy fasciotomy incision into fascia –logy kinesiology study of movement Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with muscul/o & myos/o –ar muscular pertaining to muscles poly– –itis polymyositis inflammation of many muscles Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with my/o –algia myalgia muscle pain –asthenia myasthenia muscle weakness electr/o electromyogram record of muscle electricity –gram cardi/o –al myocardial pertaining to heart muscle –pathy myopathy muscle disease –plasty myoplasty surgical repair of muscle –rrhaphy myorrhaphy suture a muscle –rrhexis myorrhexis muscle rupture Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with ten/o, tend/o, and tendin/o –dynia tenodynia tendon pain –plasty tenoplasty surgical repair of tendon –rrhaphy tenorrhaphy suture a tendon –plasty tendoplasty surgical repair of tendon –otomy tendotomy incision into a tendon –itis tendinitis tendon inflammation –ous tendinous pertaining to a tendon Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with –kinesia brady– bradykinesia slow movement dys– dyskinesia difficult movement hyper– hyperkinesia excessive movement hypo– hypokinesia insufficient movement Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Word Building with –tonia a– atonia lack of tone dys– dystonia abnormal tone hyper– hypertonia excessive tone hypo– hypotonia insufficient tone my/o myotonia muscle tone Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Vocabulary adhesion scar tissue in fascia; makes muscle movement difficult atrophy poor muscle development; result of muscle disease or lack of use; muscle wasting contractur abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, e tendons, or fascia hypertroph increase in muscle bulk from using it y Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscle Atrophy Video Click here to view a video on muscle atrophy. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Muscular System Vocabulary attacks of severe pain and lameness intermittent caused by muscle ischemia; usually in calf claudication muscles spasm sudden, involuntary, strong muscle contraction torticollis severe neck spasms pulling head to one side; wryneck or crick in the neck Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscle Pathology fibromyalgia widespread aching and pain in muscles and soft tissue inflammation of elbow muscles; lateral epicondylitis caused by strong gripping; tennis elbow muscular dystrophy inherited disease with progressive (MD) muscle atrophy one type of inherited muscular pseudohypertrophic dystrophy; also called Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy muscular dystrophy Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular Dystrophy Video Click here to view a video on muscular dystrophy. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or Ligaments carpal tunnel repetitive motion disorder; compression of syndrome finger tendons and median nerve as they (CTS) pass through carpal tunnel of the wrist ganglion cyst cyst on tendon sheath; usually on hand, wrist, or ankle chronic disorders involving tendon, repetitive muscles, joints, and nerve damage; tissue motion is subjected to pressure, vibration, or disorder repetitive movements Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Carpal Tunnel Video Click here to view a video on carpal tunnel. Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Back to Directory All rights reserved. Pathology of Tendons, Muscles, and/or Ligaments joint capsule of shoulder joint is reinforced rotator cuff by tendons; high degree of flexibility puts injury rotator cuff at risk for strain and tearing strain damage to muscle, tendons, or ligaments due to overuse or overstretching Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Clinical Laboratory Tests muscle enzyme found in skeletal and creatine cardiac muscle; elevated blood levels phosphokinase indicate muscle damage; seen in (CPK) muscular dystrophy and heart attack Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Diagnostic Procedures muscle contraction in response to deep tendon stretch; used to determine if muscles reflexes (DTR) are responding properly study of strength and quality of electromyography muscle contraction in response to (EMG) electrical stimulation muscle biopsy removal of muscle tissue for examination Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Surgical Procedures cutting of ligament in wrist to relieve carpal tunnel pressure caused by carpal tunnel release syndrome surgical stabilization of a joint by tenodesis anchoring down tendons of muscles that move the joint Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Pharmacology skeletal muscle relax skeletal muscle Flexeril, Soma relaxants spasms Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved. Muscular System Abbreviations CTS carpal tunnel syndrome CPK creatine phosphokinase DTR deep tendon reflexes EMG electromyogram IM intramuscular MD muscular dystrophy Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht All rights reserved.