Immigrants and Refugees PDF

Disadvantaged groups migrants and refugees According to UNESCO's definition Individuals forming disadvantaged groups their economic situation, their gender, ethnic or linguistic origins, religion or differ due to their political status. Disadvantage in this situation in society Language, race, r...

Disadvantaged groups migrants and refugees According to UNESCO's definition Individuals forming disadvantaged groups their economic situation, their gender, ethnic or linguistic origins, religion or differ due to their political status. Disadvantage in this situation in society Language, race, religion, economic situation, etc. may arise later, for reasons or Skin color is inherited as well as gender. One of the disadvantaged groups that emerged later is: Immigrant Refugee asylum seeker irregular immigrant  REFUGEE in international law (Geneva convention 1951) It refers to people who are outside the country of their citizenship and who cannot or do not want to return to their country of citizenship because they "rightfully fear that they will be persecuted because of their race, religion, nationality, belonging to a certain social group or political opinion". IMMIGRANT There is no definition of immigrant accepted by all states. According to the definition of the International Organization for Migration  IMMIGRANT It refers to the person(s) who move to another country or within the country in order to improve their material and social conditions and to improve their own or their family's living conditions without being subjected to any coercion. In the definition of immigrant, economic and social conditions come to the fore.  Difference between Refugee and Immigrant Refugees' leaving their country is not based on their own will, they are forced to leave their country. The issue of security comes to the fore. Immigrants leave their country or place of residence with the aim of improving their economic and social conditions with their own wishes, individual decisions, and better conditions are at the forefront.  irregular immigrant It refers to people who enter/exit the country they immigrated from without complying with the law and order of that country (for carelessness/arbitrary/unfair reasons), who do not have the legal right to stay in the country, and who violate the laws of the  REFUGEE Persons seeking international protection as refugees but whose status has not yet been formally recognized.  In the World Number of forcibly displaced people in the world by the end of 2019: 79.5 million Refugees: 26 million Number of internally displaced people: 45.7 million 4.2 million asylum seeker Turkey, the country that accepts the most refugees 4 million at the end of 2019 Throughout history, people have migrated from one place to another in order to achieve better living standards.  Migration is a process, not a momentary social phenomenon. immigration definitions Movement of individuals or social groups from one place to another to settle Geographic movements of people directed to any place with or without a specific target. göç tanımları Geographic, social and cultural displacement movements from one place to another for economic, political, ecological or individual reasons and aiming at short, medium or long-term return or permanent settlement.  is defined as  types of migration Out-migration: Migration from one country to another. Internal migration: migration that takes place within the borders of the country.  Internal migrations a) permanent and  b) is divided into two as temporary.  Internal Migrations Continuous: Migration where the migrating population stays permanently in the place they go. These migrations are generally from rural to urban. Seasonal Migrations are seasonal migrations to work in the construction, tourism and agriculture sectors, especially in summer.  Reasons for Migration 1-Economic Reasons In regions where economic development, natural resources, agricultural areas and job opportunities are low, people migrate to regions where these conditions are better. For example, Turkish workers in the 1960s including Germany work for many European states they went for  Reasons for Migration 2. From Political Developments Originating Causes a. Wars b. Exchange (post-treaty displacement) NS. Change of country borders 3. Causes of Natural Disasters  Reasons for Migration 4. Causes of Social Life: a. education, b. population growth, NS. health D. security concerns (vendetta, terrorism, ethnic) to. living difficulties Social problems resulting from migration  1. Population density increases in urban living areas  2. Unplanned urbanization increases.  3. Environmental pollution due to inadequate services  increases  4. Education due to the inadequacy of their services  inadequacy of institutions Social problems resulting from migration 5. Employment decreases in the migrated regions. 6. There will be a decrease in income distribution. 7. Causes the deterioration of the living conditions of the migrated state or societies 8. There will be incompatibility between societies due to mutual negativities in the cultural field  Problems faced by individuals and families The two first encounters and must be met. main problem 1. Meeting the housing need for shelter, 2. Finding work for food and other needs. When shelter needs are not met They are forced to live in unhealthy, unsuitable residences outside the city, with no infrastructure or bad, unhealthy, settlements in regions.  Problems faced by refugees and immigrants poverty low income and lack of job opportunities impoverish people. In this case, it causes the poor to migrate to the cities. In other words, poverty accelerates migration.  Employment problem 1. Uncertainties in the status of immigrants or refugees create problems in employment, which results in unemployment. 2. 2. Immigrants and refugees in Turkey and local 3. the jobs of the poor are the same, that is, the two poor segments 4. The result of a job being shared/not shared by 5. unemployment – ​poverty 6. For example, Syrian immigrants do not have work permits outside of agricultural areas, which leads them to work in informal and informal areas.  Considering that more than 5 percent of Turkey's population consists of disadvantaged (poor) segments, we can see how large the dimensions of the problem are.  Integration problem in immigrants and refugees Integration with the city/country for socio-economic and cultural reasons causes people to cluster, segregate, polarize and differentiate. Not knowing the language of the country in which they live causes communication and adaptation problems. Due to the disadvantage he has, he has a problem of adapting to both social life and working life. Integration problem in immigrants and refugees Social marginalization and isolation, daily stress, discrimination, threat of deportation, exploitation, and access to family members left behind prevent adaptation to social life, which creates the risk of exclusion from social life/society. They may be excluded from social life/society due to differences such as their gender, age, physical condition, class position, ethnic and religious origin.  Disabled Immigrant/refugee disabled, on the other hand, have problems in accessing suitable housing, education, health and job opportunities.  female immigrant  According to the immigration reports of the United Nations, 80% of the immigrants are women and children.  682,963 thousand of the Syrian female immigrants in Turkey are women of reproductive age.  women immigrate for working conditions and family reasons (sending money to the family)  Elderly care services, especially in countries with a large elderly population  more women's participation in business life, the need for help in domestic and child care services  causes women to be more numerous in transnational migrations.  Female migrant, refugee (Problems) More exposure to economic inequality and human rights violations Not being able to find a job, not being able to integrate into business life, Inability to access health and education services, difficulties in accessing the camps, language problems, Domestic violence, sexual harassment and exploitation, difficulties in divorce and patriarchal clampdown. Not being able to convey the problems they experience to the relevant institutions due to the language barrier  Health problems of migrant and refugee women 1. Nutritional disorders 2. Anemia, Malaria, Respiratory Infections, Sexually Transmitted Infections Including HIV/AIDS 3. Early marriages, pregnancy under the age of 18, unwanted pregnancy, high-risk pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, birth complications  4. Menstrual irregularities, entering menopause 1.4 years earlier.  Health problems of migrant and refugee women 5. Physical and sexual violence 6. Complications of chronic diseases, 7. Depression is other mental problems, especially anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder.  8. The increase in the difference between income levels causes psychological pressure.  9. Having to live in houses shared by 4-5 people or 2-3 families in a room causes depression.  Refugee and migrant children According to the immigration reports of the United Nations, 80% of the immigrants are women and children. Especially those at high risk; children who are separated from their families, travel unaccompanied or migrate  Problems they faced: a. exposure to sexual harassment, b. Labor exploitation, cheap labor (Child labor) NS. forced into crime, D. exposure to illegal adoption (child trafficking) to. begging on the street Children's Health Risks Associated with the Country of Residence Before Migration Risks related to food, shelter, health, education, security, lack of access to health care for a long time, being vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases, nutrient deficiencies, increased incidence of dental caries, chronic infections and non-communicable diseases.  Health Risks During Migration Babies born during the journey are at risk of serious diseases such as life-threatening hypothermia, septicemia, meningitis and pneumonia. Inability of newborn babies to receive breast milk, dehydration and poor hygiene-induced dermatological diseases in babies, who are the most vulnerable group to diseases due to inadequate and unhealthy nutrition. In addition, old and new traumatic injuries and accidents can have fatal consequences for babies and children. The mental and physical health problems they experience as a result of sexual violence and kidnapping.  Health Risks During Migration Gastrointestinal system diseases with diarrhea and vomiting due to inadequate hygiene conditions and consumption of dirty water, respiratory diseases due to exposure to air containing polluted and toxic substances, increased susceptibility to systemic infections, skin infections and other infectious diseases  Health Risks in the Destination Country Risks that may develop due to lack of toys or playgrounds, especially frequent housing and relocation, limited access to school, children falling behind in education, getting education together with their peers and hindering their integration Social Isolation, inability to predict their future  Health Risks in the Destination Country  they also have to deal with financial difficulties and possible xenophobia from local communities.  The closed structure of child peer groups is one of the reasons that increase the exposure of migrating children to negativities such as exclusion and humiliation.  Immigrant children with chronic health problems and disabilities, on the other hand, have a high risk of being excluded from education and not being able to adapt to their society as much as other children.  Language barrier, cultural differences, a new and foreign environment,  Inability to access health services due to ignorance of the functioning of the health system Refugee and migrant children  Infectious diseases  The incidence of infectious diseases is higher than in other human populations.  The camps where refugees and asylum seekers of all ages live together are environments where contagious and epidemic diseases can spread rapidly.  Due to the fact that refugees and asylum seekers in underdeveloped or less developed countries are more disadvantaged (insufficient medical supplies, limited health personnel and equipment) in the face of epidemics.  Noncommunicable Diseases  Nutritional disorders, dental problems, and psychiatric problems are higher in immigrant children compared to other groups of children.  Nutrition The first years in the destination country involve many nutritional risks for children. Aside from the change in nutritional habits and diet content, the decrease/cutting of breast milk due to stress and malnutrition also causes breastfeeding problems for lactating mothers. Vitamin D and other vitamin deficiencies are among the common problems due to malnutrition and insufficient use of the sun. Mental health Immigrant children are at risk for mental and psychosocial problems Post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety are common problems associated with exposure to extraordinary situations. THANK YOU