Reading and Writing Skills Workbook 2024/2025 PDF
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Uploaded by OrderlyOrientalism2848
Faculty of Education, Tanta University
2025
ياسمين حازم محمد ابو حمر،
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Summary
This workbook or textbook appears to teach reading comprehension skills especially skimming and scanning, along with writing skills, with examples. It focuses on various reading techniques and identifying main ideas in texts.
Full Transcript
ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 1 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025...
ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 1 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 2 Contents ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Part (I): Reading Chapter 1: Skimming & Scanning 5 Chapter 2: Fact or Opinion 31 Chapter 3: Synonyms & Antonyms 41 Chapter 4: Using Context 61 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Chapter 5: The Text Logic 91 Part (II): Writing Chapter 4: Writing Good Sentences 119 Chapter 5: Paragraph Writing 177 3 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 4 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 5 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 6 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to move quickly through text for different purposes. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Skimming and scanning are two useful reading techniques. They can help the reader to find information really quickly in a text. Skimming and scanning can help you get more information as you read more closely later. Skimming and scanning are two very different strategies for speed reading. They are each used for different purposes, and they are not meant to be used all the time. People who know how to skim and scan are flexible readers. They read according to their purpose and get 7 the information they need quickly without wasting time. They do not read everything which is what increases their reading speed. Their skill lies in knowing what ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ specific information to read and which method to use. The Structure of a Paragraph 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 8 There are numerous advantages to owning a hybrid car. First, they ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ get up to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient, gas-powered vehicle. Also, they produce very few emissions during low-speed city driving. Because they 2024/2025 do not 2024/2025 2024/2025 require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. Given the low costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many people will buy hybrids in the future. Paragraph analysis: Topic There are numerous advantages to owning sentence a hybrid car. 9 Support 1 First, they get up to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel-efficient, gas- powered vehicle. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Support 2 Also, they produce very few emissions during low-speed city driving. Support 3 Because they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Conclusion Given the low costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many people will buy hybrids in the future. 1- Skimming What is skimming? Skimming simply means looking only for the gist (general or main ideas). With skimming, your overall understanding is 10 reduced because you don’t read everything. You read only what is important to your purpose. Skimming takes place while reading and allows you to look for details in addition to ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ the main ideas. Many people think that skimming is a haphazard process placing the eyes wherever they fall. However, to skim effectively, there has to be a structure, but you don’t read everything. What you read is more important than what you 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 leave out. How to skim: To skim effectively, there must be a structure to get the information you need without reading every word. Follow these steps: 1. Read the first few paragraphs in detail to get an idea of what will be discussed. Once you understand what the reading will be about, read only the first sentence in each paragraph 11 2. Decide if the rest of the paragraph is worth the read, then skim through looking for important information like dates, names, events, etc. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 3. The final paragraphs contain a conclusion or summary. You should stop skimming and read in detail. There are numerous advantages to2024/2025 2024/2025 owning a hybrid car. First, 2024/2025 they get up to 35 percent more miles to the gallon than a fuel- efficient, gas-powered vehicle. Also, they produce very few emissions during low-speed city driving. Because they do not require gas, hybrid cars reduce dependency on fossil fuels, which helps lower prices at the pump. Given the low costs and environmental benefits of owning a hybrid car, it is likely that many people will buy hybrids in the future. 12 Main idea: advantages of a hybrid car. Key words: 35 percent more miles / few emissions / reduce fossil fuels / lower prices ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Skim the following paragraphs, identifying the main idea and the key words: 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 1- Monique Rizer graduated from Gonzaga University with a journalism degree in 2001 and received an M.S. in information management from Syracuse University. As the mother of a young son while in college, Rizer was presented with an unusual challenge, one that she says inspired her to “share a unique experience about college life and offer suggestions on how to support other non-traditional students.” She also kept an anonymous blog while her husband was deployed to Iraq, sharing her stories and experiences with other military spouses. She offers this encouragement for other student writers: “Read. Read. Read. Along with just writing frequently to build that muscle, reading is probably just as important.” 13 Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 2- Many people look at me blankly when I say I am a vegan. They ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ think maybe it is some unusual ethnic background. But a vegan is a normal person, a vegetarian who eats only plant products. Vegans do not eat meat, fish, eggs, or milk products. That means I do not eat cheese, yogurt, or ice cream, among many other milk products. I do not eat anything that comes from a living creature. But that does not make me weird, or even a difficult dinner guest. I eat all kinds of vegetables, fruits, and beans. 2024/2025 I am one of a growing 2024/2025 2024/2025 number of people who believe that it is healthier and more humane to eat only plant products. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 3- The classroom is noisy, with loud voices bouncing off the walls. No one pays attention to the teacher who moves around the room, saying little. Students' desks are arranged in circles of four, but many students are not in their seats. They argue.“No, that's not right. Listen to me!" says one student as she leans toward another. It is an urban high school classroom, and it indeed seems chaotic. But this is Mr. Brown’s algebra class, and Mr. Brown’s students are working on solving a problem. An engaged classroom looks 14 and sounds alive, like Mr. Brown’s class. A classroom of success is active, not passive. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 4- The most destructive force in our social relations is aggression. In psychology, aggression has a more precise meaning than it does in everyday usage. The assertive, persistent salesperson is not aggressive, nor is the dentist who makes you wince in pain. 2024/2025 2024/2025 But the person who passes 2024/2025 along a vicious rumor about you, the person who verbally assaults you, and the attacker who mugs you are aggressive. In psychology, aggression is any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy. Murders and assaults that occurred as hostile outbursts are aggression. So were the 110 million war-related deaths that took place during the last century. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 5- Global warming is the increase of the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. However, the impact of global warming is far greater than just increasing temperatures. It affects rainfall patterns, melts ice caps and poses Danger to 15 the lives of all living beings. Some of these changes are already occurring. Global warming can be caused by many factors. Carbon emissions by factories; cars, deforestation etc. are increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ atmosphere. Scientists predict that as the world consumes more fossil fuel (petrol, diesel), greenhouse gas concentrations will continue to rise, and Earth's average surface temperature will keep on increasing. Cutting down pollution from care missions and power plants will decrease the rate of global warming to a great extent. Varied technologies for the use of alternative energy have already been developed. More technology 2024/2025 2024/2025 is being developed 2024/2025 regularly. We need to make use of alternative energy resources like wind power and solar power etc. and put a check on global warming, for our better future. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 6- The 25th December is celebrated as Christmas Day all over the world. It is the birthday of Jesus Christ. People attend church services at midnight on the 24th the following week is Christmas week. Games and competitions are held in churches everywhere. Santa Claus is very popular with children. Gifts and presents are distributed. Mouthwatering sweets and cakes are made. In Christian homes you will see the crib and the Christmas tree. Outside their houses people 16 hang stars. Christmas brings the message of peace and goodwill throughout the earth. It is a happy time when people are willing to forgive and forget. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 7- Last week our class went for a visit to the zoo. We went by bus. The zoo is by a lake. We entered the zoo and went past the various cages. We saw lions, tigers, cheetahs and bears. We saw birds of various colours and sizes. The huge cobras terrified us. The monkeys caused much merriment. The 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 water animals such as the crocodile, the ippopotamus, and the rhinoceros were decidedly ugly. We saw cats of various sizes and colours. None of us had seen such cats before. We spent the entire day in the zoo. We had our lunch in a canteen inside. By 5 p.m. we left and got into the bus. We returned home tired, but happy. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 8- In India, after summer, the rainy season comes. The period is from June to September when most parts of India get rain. This season is awaited by one and all, especially by farmers. In some parts of India, there are heavy rains that cause floods. The earth turns from brown to green. The fields 17 overflow with crops. The river swells and sometimes flood occurs. In cities, water overflows the streets. Without the rains India would be a desert. Thank God for the rains. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 9- Health is the most important thing in our life. It is more valuable than wealth. If a person is not healthy, all wealth is useless for him/ her. There is no pleasure for an unhealthy person. They always remain sad. They cannot enjoy their life. To lead a healthy life, we should follow some routine, such 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 as early rising, morning walk, some exercise…etc. This should be done regularly. We should always take balanced diet and plenty of water. Milk, green vegetables and fruits should be taken more and more. It is good for health. After lunch one should take an hour's rest. By doing all these things a person can keep fit and healthy. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. Key words: …………………………..….………………………………………. …………………………..……………………………………….. 10- Cricket is my most favourite game. I like cricket very much. Cricket is played in a field. Two teams play in a cricket match. Each team has eleven players. There is a captain, a vice captain and a wicket keeper among the players. This game is played with bat and ball. Stumps, gloves and a 18 helmet are the other things used in this game. I like this game very much. Main idea: …………………………..……………………………………….. …………………………..….………………………………………. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Key words: …………………………..……………………………………….. 2- Scanning What is scanning? 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a particular fact. You can use the scanning technique to look up a phone number, read through the small ads in a newspaper, or for browsing television schedules, timetables, lists, catalogues or webpages for information. For these tasks, you don’t need to read or understand every word. Scanning is also useful when you don’t have time to read every word. This could be when you’re studying or looking 19 for specific information from a book or article and need to find it quickly. How to scan: ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ If you are scanning for facts to answer a specific question, one step is already done for you: the question itself supplies the keywords. Follow these steps: 1. Read each question completely before starting to scan. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Choose your keywords from the question itself. 2. Look for answers to only one question at a time. Scan separately for each question. 3. When you locate a keyword, read the surrounding text carefully to see if it is relevant. 4. Re-read the question to determine if the answer you found answers this question. Scanning is a technique that requires concentration and can be surprisingly tiring. You may have to practice at not allowing your 20 attention to wander. Choose a time and place that you know works for you and dive in. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Scanning a recipe Mild chicken tikka masala By Matthew Martin 10 minutes preparation time 30 minutes cooking time 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Serves 4-6 people Ingredients To garnish 500g boneless chicken Flat leaf parsley 2 tbsp vegetable oil A lemon (cut into wedges) Half an onion or 2 shallots 2 cloves garlic 1 large jar tikka masala sauce 100ml plain yoghurt 21 Method 1. Fry the onion and garlic gently in the oil. Add the chicken pieces and fry until golden brown and cooked all the way through. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2. Add the sauce and simmer for 5 minutes. 3. Add the yoghurt and stir through the sauce. 4. Serve the chicken with rice. Scan through the recipe to find the answers to these questions. 1) Whose 2024/2025recipe is this? 2024/2025 Matthew Martin2024/2025 2) How many cloves of garlic are used? 2 3) What comes in a jar? Tikka Masala sauce 4) How long should you simmer the sauce? 5 minutes 5) What should you serve the chicken with? Rice 22 1- Have a quick look through the advert below, then answer the ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ questions on the next page. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Questions 1 What can you save from shopping at this place? 2 How many good reasons are there for shopping there? 3 What is the telephone number? 4 What can you earn with Argos? 5 What are the names of the catering firm? ***************************************************************************** 23 2- The first skateboard was created by a California surfer back in the 1950s. He attached roller skate wheels to a piece of wood that resembled a small surfboard so that he could surf ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ on land as well as on the ocean. Since then, skateboarding has become a sport, an art form, and a speedy mode of transportation. Today, many young people compete in 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 skateboarding competitions, where they show off their skills and special tricks. Some cities, however, post “No Skateboarding” signs in certain areas where there is high pedestrian traffic so that no one gets injured. The fastest stand-up speed recorded on a skateboard was clocked at 55 miles per hour. In many places, that’s the freeway speed limit for cars! In some places, skateboarders are issued citations for skating too fast on public sidewalks and streets. 24 1. When was the first skateboard created? ………………………………………………………………………….. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2. Who created the first skateboard? ………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Who competes in skateboarding competitions? ………………………………………………………………………….. 4. Where 2024/2025might “No Skateboarding” signs be posted? 2024/2025 2024/2025 ………………………………………………………………………….. 5. What is the fastest clocked stand-up skateboarding speed? ………………………………………………………………………….. **************************************************************************** 25 3- ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Which book is…….? 1- By someone who has written a lot of books? 2- About somebody who is very poor? 3- About someone who would like to work in a hospital? 4- By someone who worked in a school? 5- Is about a difficult journey? 6- Is about a man and his son? 7- By a student? 26 4- Today there are policemen everywhere, but in 1700 London had no policemen at all. A few old men used to protect the city streets at night, and they were not paid very much. About 300 years ago, ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ London was starting to get bigger. The city was very dirty, and many people were poor. There were so many thieves who stole money in the streets that people stayed in their homes as much as possible. In 1750, Henry Fielding started to pay a group of people to stop thieves. They were like policemen and were called 'Bow Street Runners' because 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 they worked near Bow Street. Fifty years later, there were 120 Bow Street Runners, but London had become very big and needed more policemen. So, in 1829, the first Metropolitan (or London) Police Force was started with 3000 officers. Most of the men worked on foot, but a few rode horses. Until 1920 all the police in London were men. Today, London police are quite well paid and for the few police officers who still ride horses, the pay is even better than for the others. 1- In 1700, the men who protected the streets were paid…… A) a lot. B) a little. C) nothing. 27 2- 300 years ago, many people……………… in London. A) came to live B) wanted to live C) had big houses 3- People did not leave their houses because……………… ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ A) the city was not clean. B) they had no money. C) they were afraid. 4- The Bow Street Runners…………………… A) stole money. B) stopped people stealing. C) paid people to steal. 5- In 1800, there were………………… A) enough policemen. B) not enough policemen. C) many policemen. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 6- Of the first 3000 Metropolitan policemen,………… rode horses. A) all of them. B) some of them. C) most of them. 7- Today, police officers who work with horses are paid…………… A) more than their colleagues. B) the same as their colleagues. C) half as much as their colleagues. **************************************************** 5- Ana Johnson is a 13-year-old swimmer who lives in Melbourne in Australia. Her dream is to swim for Australia in the next Olympics. She swims in both long and short races, and she has already come first in many important competitions. As well as spending many hours in the pool, Ana also makes time for 28 studying and for friends. 'I have lots of friends who swim and we're very close. It's much easier to have friends who are swimmers because they also have to get up early to practice like me and they understand this kind of life. But I'm not so different ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ from other people my age. In my free time I also enjoy going to the movies and parties. There are also some good things about swimming for a club. I travel a lot for competitions, and I've made friends with swimmers from other Australian cities and from other parts of the world.' Ana is becoming well known in Australia and she believes it is important to get more young people interested in swimming. 'I don't mind talking to journalists and having my photograph taken. But last year I was on TV and that was much more fun.' 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Decide if the following sentences are True/ False / Not Given: 1- Ana hopes she will become an Olympic swimmer. (T/F/NG) 2- Ana knows that she is better at short races than long ones. (T/F/NG) 3- Ana has won a lot of swimming competitions. (T/F/NG) 4- It is difficult for Ana to make friends with other people who swim. (T/F/NG) 5- Ana likes doing the same things as other teenagers. (T/F/NG) 6- Ana has met people from different countries at swimming competitions. (T/F/NG) 7- Ana prefers speaking to journalists to being on television. (T/F/NG) 29 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 30 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Fact or 31 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 32 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Master readers must sort fact from opinion to properly understand and evaluate the information they are reading. Facts are definitely true. They can be backed up with evidence. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 For example: The Prime Minister is giving a speech. Your opinion is how you feel. Other people might think differently, they have a different opinion. For example: Having a teenager as Prime Minister is a terrible idea. 33 Separating fact from opinion requires you to think critically because opinion is often presented as fact. How to identify an opinion: 1- Biased words: ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Be aware of biased words, words that express opinions, value judgments, and interpretations. They are often loaded with emotion. amazing disgusting greatest awful exciting handsome bad favorite horrible 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 beautiful frightful miserable best fun more better good most smart great unbelievable 2- Qualifiers: Be on the lookout for words that qualify an idea. A qualifier may express an absolute, unwavering opinion using words like always or never. It can also express an opinion in the form of a command as in must, or the desirability of an action with a word like should. Qualifiers may indicate different degrees of doubt with words such as seems or might. 34 Words that Qualify Ideas all often always appear to believe ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ could probably every has/have to seem sometimes believed only likely may think might must 2024/2025 Ought to never 2024/2025 2024/2025 should probably possibly 1- Identify Facts and Opinions ___(F)___ 1. Alligators provide no physical care for their young. ___(O)__ 2. Humans should be concerned about the use of pesticides that kill insects at the bottom of the food chain. ______ 3. There are 28 more humans living on the Earth now than there were 10 seconds ago. ______ 4. We must bear greater responsibility for the environment than our ancestors did. 35 ______ 5. Nuclear power is the only viable solution to our dwindling natural resources. ______ 6. Spiders are interesting animals to observe. ______ 7. Mrs. Hanson is a nice teacher. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ ______ 8. Most spiders have eight eyes, but some have less. ______ 9. You must go to college to become a teacher. ______ 10. Apples taste better than bananas. ______ 11. Reading is the most important subject in school. ______ 12. Kids today should spend more time playing outside and less time playing video games. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 ______ 13. Studies show that students who read outside of school outperform their classmates on standardized tests. ______ 14. Research shows that children who play outside have better distance vision that those who mainly play indoors. ______ 15. Dogs make better pets than cats. ______ 16. This school has too many steps to walk up and down. ______ 17. Our president works hard and gets a lot of good things done. ______ 18. This school has three flights of stairs. It is not handicap- accessible. ______ 19. Wearing sunscreen can prevent sunburns. ______ 20. Mr. Burns is the nicest teacher in school. 36 2- Write (F) or (O) on the line in front of each factual statement. ____ 1. Harry S. Truman was a president of the United States. ____ 2. Truman was one of the best presidents of the U. S. ____ 3. Movies are generally more interesting than books. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ ____ 4. The unemployment rate in the U.S. today is higher than it was in 1935. ____ 5. Non-poisonous snakes make delightful pets. ____ 6. Business sets outrageously high prices on its products. ____ 7. Time is a better magazine than Newsweek. ____ 8. The junior college is a better place to attend school for the first two years than is a university or a2024/2025 2024/2025 4-year college. 2024/2025 ____ 9. In Arizona, smoking in public places is against the law. ____ 10. Nicotine in cigarette smoke makes the heartbeat faster. ____ 11. Gold was discovered in California in 1848. ____ 12. Charles Dickens’ fascinating novel A Tale of Two Cities was published in 1840. ____ 13. Egypt enjoys the most wonderful attractions in the world. ____ 14. There is currently a shortage of science teachers in the state of Florida. ____ 15. In 1970, over 30,000 children were enrolled in day-care programs in Miami-Dade County. 37 3- Locate judgement words: Underline the bias or qualifying words: 1. Purchasing a brand-new car is a terrible waste of money. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2. Many wonderful vegetarian cookbooks are available in bookstores. 3. Of all the film version of Victor Hugo’s novel Les Miserables, the 1935 version starring Charles Laughton is the best. 4. The introductory biology textbook comes with an amazing CD- ROM. 5. Volunteers for Habitat for Humanity are engaged in a worthwhile 2024/2025 activity. 2024/2025 2024/2025 4- Distinguishing Between Fact and Opinion in a Paragraph: 1- (………….) Flowering plants that are native to the South include purple coneflower and rose verbena. (………….) In the view of many longtime gardeners, these two plants are an essential part of the Southern landscape. (………….) Trees that are native to the South include a variety of oaks, as well as flowering dogwoods and redbuds. (………….) Dogwoods are especially lovely, with their white, pink, or coral blossoms announcing the arrival of spring. (………….) For fall color, the deep red of the Virginia willow makes a spectacular show in the native Southern garden. ************************************************** 2- (………….) One of the most valuable ways that parents can help children is to read to them. (………….) Reading together is a good way for parents and children to relax, and it is sometimes the only “ 38 quality” time they spend together during a busy day. (………….) Reading develops children's vocabulary. (………….) They understand more words and are likely to learn new words more easily. (………….) Also, hearing the words aloud helps children's pronunciation and ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ makes them more confident with oral language. (………….) Additionally, reading at home increases children's chances of success in school because reading is required in every course in every grade. ****************************************************** 3- (………….) Almost everyone uses certain memory devices, called mnemonics. One of them is the alphabet song. (………….) If you want to remember what letter comes after j, you will probably sing the 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 alphabet song in your head. (………….) Another is the “Thirty days hath September” rhyme that people use when they want to know how many days are in a certain month. (………….) Another mnemonic device is the rhyme “In 1492, Columbus sailed the ocean blue.” ****************************************************** 4- (………….) My longtime career goal is to become a nurse because it offers so much that I value. (………….) Being a nurse is a good and practical job. (………….) Licensed practical nurses make an average of $39,000 per year. (………….) That amount is much more than I make now working long hours at a minimum-wage job in a restaurant. (………….) Working as a nurse, I could be a better provider for my daughter. I could also spend more time with her. (………….) Also, nursing is more than just a job; it is a profession. (………….) As a nurse, I will help people who are sick, and helping 39 people is important to me. (………….) With time, I will be able to grow within the profession, like becoming a registered nurse who makes more money and has more responsibility. (………….) Because nursing is a profession, nurses are respected. (………….) When I become a nurse, I will respect myself and be proud of myself for reaching my ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ goal, even though I know it will take a lot of hard work. (………….) The most important thing about becoming a nurse is that it will be good for my young daughter. (………….) I will be a good role model for her. (………….) For all of these reasons, my goal is to become a nurse. Reaching this goal is important to me and worth the work. ****************************************************** 5- (………….) If you want to drive like an elderly person, use a cell 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 phone while driving. (………….) A group of researchers from the University of Utah tested the reaction times of two groups of people — those between the ages of sixty-five to seventy-four and those who were eighteen to twenty-five — in a variety of driving tasks. (………….) All tasks were done with hands-free cell phones. (………….) That part of the study surprised me because I thought the main problem was using only one hand to drive. (………….) I hardly ever drive with two hands, even when I'm not talking to anyone. (………….) Among other results, braking time for both groups slowed by 18 percent. (………….) A related result is that the number of rearend collisions doubled. The study determined that the younger drivers were paying as much — or more — attention to their phone conversations as they were to what was going on around them on the road. 40 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 41 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 42 Synonyms and antonyms are useful to know because they improve reading and writing skills. And since words represent thoughts, it can plausibly be stated that they allow students to understand the world at a deeper, richer level. It is important ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ to remember that synonyms are not words that have the same meaning, but rather, words that have similar meanings. This means that by learning synonyms, students learn to differentiate between shades of meaning. This enables them to be more precise. In addition, by learning antonyms, 2024/2025 students learn the logical opposites of important 2024/2025 2024/2025 words, thus enhancing their overall command of language. 43 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 44 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 45 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 46 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 47 Common Synonyms ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 48 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 49 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 50 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 51 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 52 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 53 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 54 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 55 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 ************************************************************************ For the following words, circle the synonym and underline the antonym: 56 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ ************************************************************************ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 57 Complete each analogy by writing the correct word on the line. Then, tell whether the words in the analogy are synonyms or antonyms. 1. Open is to closed as near is to ____________________________. The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2. Soft is to loud as slow is to ____________________________. The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 4. Smart is to intelligent as sly is to ____________________________. The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 5. Dishonest is to honest as always is to ____________________________. The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 6. TRUE is to CORRECT as HAPPINESS2024/2025 2024/2025 is to _____________________. 2024/2025 (sadness, joy, fear) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 7. BEGIN is to START as DIFFICULT is to. (hard, finish, easy) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 8. NEAR is to FAR as CHEAP is to ________________________. (away, close, expensive) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 9. PRESENT is to GIFT as SCARED is to ________________________. (happy, brave, afraid) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 10. LEAVE is to STAY as EARLY is to ________________________. (arrive, late, soon) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 11. ADD is to SUBTRACT as NOISY is to ________________________. (silent, loud, multiply) 58 The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 12. FLOAT is to SINK as BLUNT is to ________________________. (flat, sharp, knife) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 13. FORGET is to REMEMBER as GUILTY is to ________________________. (prison, win, innocent) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 14. BUY is to PURCHASE as DEPART is to ________________________. (arrive, leave, journey) The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms / antonyms). 15. Cunning is to sly as begin is to________________________. The pairs of words in this analogy are (synonyms 2024/2025 2024/2025/ antonyms). 2024/2025 59 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 60 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 61 ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 62 What is context? It is the sentence or sentences around a word. The context can tell you a lot about a word. What do you usually do when you come to a word you do not know in your reading? Do you: ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ a. look it up in the dictionary? b. ask your teacher? c. ask another student or friends? d. try to guess what it means? 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 If your answer a, b, or c, then you are not reading as effectively and efficiently as you could be. In fact, the best strategy for dealing with an unknown word is to try to guess what it means. This strategy: is fast because you don't interrupt your reading helps your comprehension because you stay focused on the general sense of what you are reading helps build vocabulary because you are more likely to remember the words allows you to enjoy your reading more because you don't have to stop often 63 Obviously, you do not have a dictionary in the exam so there are likely to be a lot of words from the reading text that you do not understand, and you cannot check. If you come across a word you do not understand, then you cannot spend a lot of ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ time working out its meaning. Therefore, guessing meaning from context is necessary. Examples: 1- Mara Milvaney is 36 years old. Mara and her family live in a small _______ in Australia. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 What is the missing word? horse - meat - girl - town - yard The missing word is town. It is the only word that is good for this context. A family does not live in a horse, a meat, a girl, or a yard. 2- We have a little white cat. She is always hungry. We give her milk in a bowl on the kitchen floor. She drinks all the milk in a very short time. Then she wants more! What is a bowl? It’s a large cup. 64 Guidelines for Inferring Meaning from Context Analyze the way a word is used in a sentence. What part of speech is it (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.)? ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Look at the words that are used with it. These often help determine meaning. For example, if it is an adjective, what is the noun? If it is a verb, what is the subject? Think about the topic and the meaning of the sentence. How does the word fit in? 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Read the following paragraphs and find the best meaning of each word in bold: 1- George is too fastidious. He's always complaining about something that is not quite the way he wants it to be. For example, his food must be cooked well but not overdone. He won't eat any vegetable except corn or any meat except beef. And it is impossible to buy him any kind of gift - either he already has one or he doesn't want it. a. easy to please b. concerned about health c. hard to please d. aware of himself 65 2-After entering the old mine, we hunted for a few specks of gold. After an hour we were all still empty-handed and so we decided to leave the dark hole in the mountain. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ a. a passage dug underground beneath an enemy position b. a deep hole under the ground where minerals are dug c. a person from whom one can obtain a great deal of knowledge d. a metal case containing explosives and is exploded when passing over it 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 3-You have considered all the facts and are now ready to continue. Many will try to sway you, and you should eschew all other suggestions. Stick to your original plan. a. admit b. avoid c. consider d. keep 4-England alone has half a dozen easily distinguishable dialect groups. Scotland has several and the Welsh and Irish have their way of enunciating English to say nothing of their own Celtic tongues. American English is mainly the product of Irish and West English dialects. a. spelling b. writing c. reading d. saying 66 5-Wages paid to employees may be based on the amount of output produced by the worker piece wage, the amount of time spent on the job or some incentive added to a time wage or piece wage to reward the employee with extra such ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ as time off or bonus for exceptional performance. a. wage b. reward c. time d. money ********************************************************************** Using Clues to Guess the Meaning You need clues to help you guess the meaning of new 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 vocabulary. The following kinds of clues are useful: Your knowledge of the world Punctuation clues Definition clues Example clues Comparison clues Contrast clues Referent clues 67 Using Your Knowledge of the World Often you can guess the meaning of a word just by using your own knowledge of the world and how things work. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Example: I didn’t sleep well because my neighbour’s dog was yapping all night. You can guess the meaning of yapping by thinking about your knowledge of dogs and your knowledge of sleep. How 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 can dogs wake you up? They can jump on you or make a noise. Because this is the neighbour’s dog, not yours, it must make a noise. So, you can guess that yapping is some kind of noise, probably like barking. In most situations, this is enough information for you to continue reading. It doesn’t matter if you know exactly what kind of noise it is. Exercise: Use your knowledge of the world to guess the meanings of the underlined words. 68 1. Some vegetarians believe that killing animals is wrong. Others are vegetarian because they think meat is bad for people. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ A vegetarian is probably ________________________________ 2. The driver swerved to miss the little boy who stepped out into the road. To swerve is probably ____________________________________ 3. The podiatrist told the woman to take the medicine for 5 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 days and call him if she didn’t feel better. A podiatrist is probably _________________________________ 4. She picked the irises and arranged them in a vase to put on the coffee table. An iris is probably________________________________________ 5. Her tea was tepid, so she put it in the microwave. Tepid probably means ___________________________________ 6. When it was discovered that the officer had accepted bribes from clients, he resigned his position and looked for another job. 69 What does 'resigned' mean? 7. The house we plan to buy is situated in an area of town which is sordid and overcrowded. The streets are dirty and the ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ buildings look neglected and in need of painting. What does 'sordid' mean? 8. In order that certain exotic plants survive in a cold climate they are kept in glass houses where the heat is greater than normal and water is sprayed over them to maintain a high humidity. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 What does 'humidity' mean? 9. That's not true! You're a liar. You didn't see a fish in the swimming pool. It's not possible! There aren't any fish in the swimming pool! What is a 'liar'? 10. After listening to a lecture about the creation of the universe, the student became skeptical of the ideas and theories expressed. He looked for alternative explanations. What does 'skeptical' mean? 70 11. When the war started, many people left Rwanda. They lived in big refugee camps in Zaire and Burundi. Life was hard for the refugees in these camps. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ What is a 'refugee'? 12. Mr. Hudson's secretary was a very thorough person. He always did his work carefully, and he never forgot anything. What is 'thorough' person? 13. Mrs. Sweeny was ready to retire from her job. She was 65 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 years old, she was tired of working and she wanted to have more time at home. What does 'retire' mean? 14. The witness in court gave an explanation was so nebulous that no one could deduce the facts of the case. What is 'nebulous'? 15. One stormy night a fishing boat crashed into some rocks. All the people on the boat perished. No one ever found their bodies. What does 'perish' mean? 71 Punctuation Clues Punctuation clues are one of the easiest kinds of context clues. With punctuation clues, the meaning of a word is explained ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ immediately after the word between brackets, commas or dashes. This type of clue is very common, especially in college textbooks. Look at the following examples: Brackets: A tornado (a violent storm of twisting wind) struck Edmonton and 2024/2025 caused a lot of damage. 2024/2025 2024/2025 Commas: A tornado, a violent storm of twisting wind, struck Edmonton and caused a lot of damage. Dashes: A tornado – a violent storm of twisting wind – struck Edmonton and caused a lot of damage. Notice that the punctuation is around an explanation of the word. 72 Exercise: Use the punctuation clues to find the meaning of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ with your tutor. 1. The deluge, a flood of rain, threatened to drown the little town. A deluge is ___________________________________________ 2. Sleet (half rain and half snow) can be very difficult to drive 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 in due to poor visibility. Sleet is ______________________________________________ 3. Freezing rain – rain which freezes when it hits the earth – also causes many accidents. Freezing rain is ________________________________________ 4. People have gotten lost 10 meters from their homes in blizzards – snowfalls that come down very thickly. A blizzard is __________________________________________ 73 5. Another dangerous form of weather is hail (falling balls of ice) which has been known to get so big that it can break a car windshield. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Hail is _______________________________________________ Definition Clues A word’s meaning is often given by including its definition in the sentence. The definition is linked to the word with a linking 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 word, usually a verb. Here are some examples of linking words: is, was, are, means, i.e. (that is), involves, is called, that is and resembles. This type of clue is also very common in college textbooks. Look at the following examples: A cane resembles a walking stick. Giggling involves laughing in a silly way. Exercise: Use definition clues to guess the meanings of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your tutor. 74 1. Breaking even involves making enough money to pay for business costs but no more. Breaking even is _________________________________________ ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 2. Many new businesses go bankrupt, which means they lose everything. To go bankrupt is ________________________________________ 3. It takes a special kind of person to give up a regular job’s security, i.e. the safety of a weekly paycheque, to go into business on her own. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Security is _______________________________________________ 4. Small enterprises are usually defined as businesses with fewer than 50 employees and less than $2 million in annual (yearly) revenues. An enterprise is __________________________________________ 6. Entrepreneurs are people who start their own businesses. An entrepreneur is ______________________________________ 75 Example Clues Example clues give you examples of the unknown word. You must figure out what the examples have in common in order ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ to figure out the meaning of the word. Examples are usually introduced by expressions like these: such as, for instance, including, for example, and like. Example: Large corporations like General Foods, Shell Oil, Nortel and Canadian 2024/2025 Pacific are often less innovative 2024/2025 than smaller ones. 2024/2025 This sentence gives you 4 examples of large corporations. Think about the examples. What do they have in common? They are all large companies. So, a corporation must be a company. Exercise: Use example clues to guess the meanings of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your tutor. 1. A great part of Canada’s economy is based on its natural resources, for instance coal, oil and wood. A natural resource is ____________________________________ 76 2. Despite the risks, new businesses are expanding everywhere, from natural resources, manufacturing, construction, real estate, retail trade and – especially – service industries such ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ as consulting and tourism. A service industry is _____________________________________ 3. The reporter talked to many auto-industry executives, e.g. company presidents and vice-presidents. An executive is __________________________________________ 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 4. The research company said that less-established car makers such as Subaru and Isuzu could be forced out of North America. Less-established is ______________________________________ 5. The Big Three are designing radical new cars including vehicles that use radar and advanced computers. Radical is ________________________________________________ 77 Exercise: Use knowledge of the world, punctuation, definition and example clues to guess the meanings of the underlined words. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 1. The asp, a small poisonous snake, is found in Africa, Europe, and Arabia. An asp is _____________________________________________ 2. Rodents such as mice, rats and beavers, can often do a lot of damage. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 A rodent is ____________________________________________ 3. Gardeners curse the mole (a small rodent that likes to dig in soft soil). A mole is _____________________________________________ 4. The hare resembles a large rabbit. A hare is _____________________________________________ 5. She screamed when she saw the arachnid moving across its web. An arachnid is _________________________________________ 78 6. Many restaurants serve molluscs – for example, snails, oysters and clams. A mollusc is ___________________________________________ ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ 7. Cetaceans, including whales and dolphins, are thought to have high intelligence. A cetacean is __________________________________________ 8. Many people are afraid of reptiles like lizards, snakes and turtles. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 A reptile is ____________________________________________ 9. The large dog used by the Inuit in northern Canada to pull sleds is called a husky. A husky is ____________________________________________ Comparison Clues Comparison clues show that two or more things are alike. Words like similar, as well as, both and likewise show that comparison is possible. 79 Example: Washing windows is a tedious job. Similarly, cleaning the oven is very boring. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ The word similarly shows that there is something the same in the two sentences. Washing windows and cleaning the oven are different, so the similarity must be in the description. We can guess that tedious and boring must have similar meanings. Exercise: Use comparison 2024/2025 clues to guess the 2024/2025 meaning of the underlined 2024/2025 words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your tutor. 1. A soft cloth will soak up a lot of water. Likewise, a sponge is very absorbent. Absorbent means ________________________________________ 2. Spot cleaners as well as other bleach products are good at getting out stains. A spot cleaner is ___________________________________________ 80 3. A large family seems to have an infinite amount of laundry to do. Similarly, there are always an endless number of dishes to wash. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Infinite means _____________________________________________ 4. Both the vacuum cleaner and the smaller portovac are useful in doing the rugs. A portovac is ______________________________________________ 5. Pat finds washing dishes relaxing. In the same way, Jane finds folding laundry soothing. 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Soothing means ___________________________________________ Contrast Clues With contrast clues, you use the opposite of known information to figure out the meaning of an unknown word. Connecting words like however, yet, on the other hand, instead of, but, while and although are used to show that meanings are opposite. Example: Although some old people abhor change, most of them enjoy new things and experiences. 81 In this sentence the word although shows that there is some opposite meaning in the two parts of the sentence. Both parts are about old people and their attitudes to change. The opposite meaning must be between abhor and enjoy. Abhor ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ probably means the opposite of enjoy. So, abhor probably means dislike. Exercise: Use contrast clues to guess the meanings of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 tutor. 1. Many of the elderly who go to programs at Centennial House are highly stimulated. On the other hand, old people who stay home all the time are usually bored. To be stimulated means ___________________________________ 2. Alzheimer’s disease is a common problem in old age, but many old people continue to have healthy minds. Alzheimer ’s disease is ______________________________________ 3. While many people live in rest homes, others still live on their own or with their families. 82 A rest home is ____________________________________________ 4. Many old people stay home in inclement weather, yet they go out walking on nice days. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Inclement weather is ______________________________________ 5. Instead of vegetating at home, lots of old people are very active in the community. To vegetate is _____________________________________________ Referent Clues 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 Referent clues is when an unknown word is referred to (mentioned) again using a synonym or explanation of the word. Synonyms often follow words like this, that, these, those, or the. Sometimes, however, there is no obvious clue word. The reader just sees that the meanings are probably similar from the ideas in the sentence. Example: She yelled out the window at her neighbour’s dog. Then she said to her husband, “That hound is always waking me up at night with its barking. Tomorrow I’m going to complain.” 83 In this example, that comes before the unknown word. This suggests that a hound has already been mentioned. We can guess that that hound refers to the dog. So, a hound is probably a dog. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Exercise: Use referent clues to guess the meanings of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your tutor. 1. Yesterday 2024/2025 some shysters came to2024/2025 my door. Those dishonest 2024/2025 men pretended they were doing a survey and then tried to convince me to buy a magazine. A shyster is _______________________________________________ 2. My neighbours have a beautifully landscaped yard. It is well arranged with beautiful shrubs, lush looking trees and bright flowers. Landscaped means ________________________________________ 3. Junk mail is a huge cause of pollution. These flyers advertising all sorts of things are put through the mail slot and usually not even looked at before they are thrown in the garbage. 84 Junk mail is ____________________________________________ 4. Cathy gave a shower for her friend Jill. Everyone gave presents to Jill for her baby at the party. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ A shower is _______________________________________________ 5. Paul paid his rent late. The delay was caused by Paul’s bank. They lost his deposit. A delay is ________________________________________________ Exercise: 2024/2025 2024/2025 2024/2025 In this exercise, use all 7 types of context clues (knowledge of the world, punctuation, definition, example, comparison, contrast and referent) to guess the meanings of the underlined words. When you’ve finished, discuss your answers with your tutor. 1. Anne of Green Gables is a famous Canadian children’s story. Anne of Green Gables is ____________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 2. It is the story of a young orphan (both her parents are dead). An orphan is ______________________________________________ 85 What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 3. She gets sent to live with an elderly couple (Matthew and Marilla) who live on a farm on Prince Edward Island. They ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ want to adopt a boy, but Anne is sent to become part of their family instead. To adopt is _______________________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 4. They want a boy to help with the farm chores such as planting 2024/2025crops, chopping wood and2024/2025 picking apples. 2024/2025 A chore is ________________________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 5. However, Anne is a very engaging child. She interests Matthew and he won’t send her back. Engaging means __________________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 6. Marilla and Matthew live in a small town called Avonlea. Avonlea is ________________________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 86 7. The people of Avonlea expect their children to be very obedient. Likewise, Marilla expects Anne to always do what she is told. ﻳﺎﺳﻤﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﺯﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺍﺑﻮ ﺣﻤﺮﻩ Obedient means __________________________________________ What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 8. Although Anne tries to be obedient, she gets into lots of scrapes. These difficult situations often lead to some very funny results. A scrape 2024/2025is ________________________________________________ 2024/2025 2024/2025 What type of clue did you use? _____________________________ 9. Anne has very red hair and she’s very self-conscious about it. S
