Reading and Writing Reviewer for Grade 11 PDF

STUDY NOTES IN READING AND WRITING (FOR GRADE 11 STUDENTS) Formal Writing, Academic Writing, etc.… PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT A paragraph is a series of sentences that is organized, Discussions Inside coherent, and are all related to a single topic....

STUDY NOTES IN READING AND WRITING (FOR GRADE 11 STUDENTS) Formal Writing, Academic Writing, etc.… PROPERTIES OF A WELL-WRITTEN TEXT A paragraph is a series of sentences that is organized, Discussions Inside coherent, and are all related to a single topic. I - Properties of a Well-Written Text For a paragraph, or for any composition, to be effective, it A. Organization must always consider the Properties of a Well-Written Text. B. Coherence and Cohesion These properties are: Organization, Coherence and C. Unity Cohesion, Unity, Language Use, and Mechanics. D. Language Use E. Mechanics (with Proofreading) The first line of a paragraph is usually indented. This II - Implicit and Explicit Claims indentation of a paragraph indicates where the paragraph begins. A. Claim of Fact Remember that you must capitalize the first word in each B. Claim of Value sentence and end each sentence with a punctuation mark, most C. Claim of Policy often a period (.). III - Context of Text Development A. Intertext Parts of Paragraph B. Hypertext Introduction IV - Academic Texts The first section of a paragraph; it should include the A. Research Report topic sentence and any other sentences at the B. Literature Review beginning of the paragraph that give background C. Critique (Article, Book, Movie) information or provide a transition. D. Position Paper E. Project Proposal’ Body Follows the introduction; discusses the controlling idea, using facts, arguments, analysis, examples, or other information. Conclusion The final section; summarizes the connections between the information discussed in the body of the paragraphs and the paragraph's controlling idea. Types of Sentence in a Paragraph Topic Sentence This states the main topic of the paragraph and the controlling idea When writing the topic sentence, try to state the main point of the paragraph ad clearly and as accurately as possible. Do not make the topic sentence too general or too specific. Too general Studying overseas was deemed to be very difficult. Too specific Studying overseas was deemed to be very difficult for 63% of the people surveyed who cited a range of difficulties including homesickness, loneliness, difficulty making foreign friends, changes to diet, health problems, weight gain and difficulties with money and jobs. Better Studying overseas was deemed to be very difficult for 63% of the people surveyed due to the impacts of culture shock, financial concerns and health concerns. Supporting Sentences These develop the topic sentence. Supporting details should be drawn from a variety of sources and based on research, experiences, etc. plus the writer's own analysis. Page | 1  Using a combination of different supports is the most common and effective way to strengthen the paragraph. Concluding Sentence This signals the end of the paragraph and leaves the reader with important points to remember, but is often unnecessary. ORGANIZATION also known as arrangement, is achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged with focus on the arrangement of ideas, incidents, evidence, or details in a definite order in a paragraph, essay, or speech. It can be done with a recognizable plan that defines one sentence connection to the other sentence and paragraph to the other paragraph. Check the following paragraph arrangements and the words which are useful in securing in each of them: 1. Chronological Order - first, second, later, before, next, as soon as, after, then, finally, meanwhile, following, last, during, in, on, until 2. Order of Importance - less, more, primary, next, last, most important, primarily, secondarily 3. Spatial Order - above, below, beside, next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside, opposite, within, nearby 4. Definition Order - is, refers to, can be defined as, means, consists of, involves, is a term that, is called 5. Classification - classified as, comprises, is composed of, several, varieties of, different stages of, different groups that 6. Process - first, next, then, following, after that, last, finally 7. Cause and Effect - Causes: because, for, since, stems from, one cause is, one reason is, leads to, causes, creates, yields, due to, breeds, for this reason // Effects: consequently, results in, one result is, therefore, thus, as a result, hence 8. Comparison and Contrast - Similarities: both, also, similarly, like, likewise, too, as well as, resembles, correspondingly, in the same way, to compare, in comparison, share// Differences: unlike, differs from, in contrast, on the other hand, instead, despite, nevertheless, however, in spite of, whereas, as opposed to 9. Listing - the following, several, for example, for instance, one, another, also, too, in other words, first, second, numerals (1, 2, 3...), letters (a, b, c...) 10. Clarification - in fact, in other words, clearly 11. Summary - in summary, in conclusion, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the 12. Example - for example, for instance, to illustrate 13. Addition - furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again When ideas are organized well, a text can achieve Coherence, Cohesion, and Unity. Coherence – occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual level Cohesion – connection of ideas at the sentence level Unity – achieved when a composition contains one focused idea COHERENCE refers to the overall sense of unity in a passage, including both the main point of sentences and the main point of each paragraph. A coherent passage focuses the reader’s attention on the main ideas and the specific people, things, and events you are writing about. “My favorite color is blue. I am calm and relax. I look up the sky.” is an example of coherent but not cohesive as it does not relate sentences between each other; however, the ideas in each sentence may be coherent as these ideas can create a good structure (blue, calm and relax, sky). Check the comparative examples below. COHESION is also a very important aspect of academic writing because it immediately affects the tone of your writing. Cohesive writing does not mean just “grammatically correct” sentences; cohesive writing refers to the connection of your ideas both at the sentence level and at the paragraph level. Cohesion is important because it allows writers to make multiple references to people, things, and events without reintroducing them at each turn. If we had to repeat these every time we wanted to refer to them, the text would be very tedious to read. Page | 2 Techniques to improve paragraph cohesion: Transitions Use a conjunction or conjunctive adverb to link sentences with particular logical relationships. To Specify Sequence again, also, and, and then, besides, finally, first... second... third, furthermore, last, moreover, next, still, too To Specify Time after a few days, after a while, afterward, as long as, as soon as, at last, at that time, before, earlier, immediately, in the meantime, in the past, lately, later, meanwhile, now, presently, simultaneously, since, so far, soon, then, thereafter, until, when To Specify Comparison again, also, in the same way, likewise, once more, similarly To Specify Contrast although, but, despite, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the one hand... on the other hand, regardless, still, though, yet To Specify Examples after all, for example, for instance, indeed, in fact, of course, specifically, such as, the following example, to illustrate To Specify Cause and Effect accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if... then, since, so, then, therefore, thereupon, thus, to this end To Specify Place above, adjacent to, below, beyond, closer to elsewhere, far, farther on, here, near, nearby, opposite to, there, to the left, to the right To Specify Concession although it is true that, granted that, I admit that, it may appear that, naturally, of course To Specify Summary, Repetition, or Conclusion as a result, as has been noted, as I have said, as mentioned earlier, as we have seen, in any event, in conclusion, in other words, in short, on the whole, therefore, to summarize Repetition Can be done by repeating a word from sentence A to sentence B. Synonymy If direct repetition is too obvious, use a synonym of the word you wish to repeat. This strategy is called 'elegant variation.' Antonymy Page | 3  Using the 'opposite' word, an antonym, can also create sentence cohesion, since in language antonyms actually share more elements of meaning than you might imagine. Pro-forms Use a pronoun, pro-verb, or another pro-form to make explicit reference back to a form mentioned earlier. Collocation Use a commonly paired or expected or highly probable word to connect one sentence to another. Enumeration Use overt markers of sequence to highlight the connection between ideas. This system has many advantages: (a) it can link ideas that are otherwise completely unconnected, (b) it looks formal and distinctive, and (c) it promotes a second method of sentence cohesion. Parallelism Repeat a sentence structure. This technique is the oldest, most overlooked, but probably the most elegant method of creating cohesion. Check these examples: Coherent but not "My favorite color is blue. I'm calm and relaxed. In the summer I lie on the grass cohesive and look up." Cohesive but “My favorite color is blue. Blue sports cars go very fast. Driving in this way is not coherent dangerous and can cause many car crashes. I had a car accident once and broke my leg. I was very sad because I had to miss a holiday in Europe because of the injury." Coherent and "My favorite color is blue. I like it because it is calming and it relaxes me. I often cohesive go outside in the summer and lie on the grass and look into the clear sky when I am stressed. For this reason, I'd have to say my favorite color is blue." UNITY is achieved when a composition is Learning check up! Use appropriate connectors to join the focused on one idea. In a unified text, all sentences. supporting ideas are relevant to the main thought. Without unity, text will be 1. I prefer folk music. My girlfriend adores heavy metal. confusing. 2. He’s received three threatening letters. He is continuing to investigate the case. 3. The referee blew his whistle to start the game. It began to Topic Sentence/ Thesis Statement/ Lead pour with rain. Supporting Sentences 4. Her boyfriend is very good-looking. He’s a damn good cook. 5. She was absolutely exhausted. She’s just finished her final Cohesive Device exams. Conclusion Organization is Coherence is the Cohesion is the Unity is oneness of about the connection the ideas connection of ideas in ideas all pertaining to arrangement of: in the concept level: the sentence level: the theme or the topic sentence. Ideas Is the first topic related Did it use pronouns Incident to the next? properly? Things to check: Details Evidence Is this sentence Did it use transitions? Lead Order connected to the topic Topic Sentence sentence? Did it do repetition of Thesis Statement the subject matter? LANGUAGE USE is one of the clearest indicators of a well written text. It enables writers to effectively communicate ideas without confusing the reader. An effective language is: Specific, Concise, Familiar, Correct, and Appropriate Levels in Language Use Page | 4  1. Informal/ Personal - slang, local expressions, text messaging Hey Bes SKL Sup Pet (friend) Mema OTW GNyt Dude BRB SML KUTGW 2. Standard/Academic - widely accepted words and phrases found in books, magazines, and newspapers Note to a professor: I missed last night’s class and will e-mail my paper later. The problem was on garbage management as it greatly affects the students who are occupying the Saint Joseph Hall Building. 3. Business/Technical - scientific terms, jargons, and special expressions Psychiatrist’s report: “Dissociative rage order is not indicated by the ER assessment.” Principles in Language Use/ Diction 1. Use clear and concise sentences, usually about 18 words long. 2. Avoid redundancies, cliches wordiness, and highfalutin 3. Although may be used, avoid overusing “There” and “It”, drop it 4. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Condensed. 5. Be consistent in pronoun POV 6. Avoid sexist language. 7. Use appropriate level of formality. Use clear and concise sentences, usually of 18 words long. Image is a very important factor in politics because Image is an important factor in politics. Once the once the reputation of a person is smeared by reputation of a person is smeared by accusations, the accusations, the people’s perception of the person is people’s perception of the person is forever tainted. forever tainted, and it may cause him to lose The person may lose his credibility and trust, even credibility and trust even when the truth behind when the allegations are not yet verified. allegations is not yet verified. Bullying is something that can be prevented by the Bullying is something that can be prevented by students, and this has to be handled by parents and parents and school staff. Parents and teachers school staff. Parents and teachers can help children can help children understand what bullying is. understand what bullying is and explain to the Teachers too should get involved directly and children that bullying is bad while the teachers too educate children on the harmful effects it can should get involved directly and educate children on cause to someone's self-esteem as well as other the harmful effects that might bullying can cause to people's self-esteem. someone. Avoid redundancies, cliches wordiness, and highfalutin. Although offsprings are taught not obtain free gifts Although children are told not to take gifts from from strangers, at the present moment many still do. strangers, many still do. Sample Cliches are Time will tell, in a jiffy, brave as a lion, opposites attract, all is well that ends well, once upon a time, time and time again Sample highfalutin words are Hackslaver - to hesitate or stammer in speech Hedley-medley - a confused jumble Heimate - to spend the winter somewhere Page | 5 Avoid excessive use of “there” and “it” There's a book on the table. A book is on the table. There's a coffee shop next to the station. It was John who cleaned the flat. It seems as though we might need some more We might need more money. money. Use precise vocabulary. Be accurate. Shafts that control the brake during urgent situations Emergency levers are installed in every MRT train for are built inside MRT trains to keep the passengers the safety of the passengers. free from harm. There is a requirement that all students have an The college requires that the admissions office evaluation of their transcripts for placement purposes evaluate all student transcripts for placement and or to meet a prerequisite. prerequisites. We are endeavoring to construct a more inclusive We're going to make a country in which no one is left society. out. Be consistent on pronoun POV We should simply accept the fate is simply an We should simply accept the fate is simply an illusion; you must not leave our decisions something illusion; we must not leave our decisions something that does not exist. that does not exist. They might start out by joking but calling someone They might start out by joking but calling someone a a name with the intent of hurting you is not okay. Be name with the intent of hurting them is not okay. Be sure your child understands calling someone a name, sure that the child understands calling someone a even if he feels the person deserves it, is not okay name, even if he feels the person deserves it, is not and is a form of bullying. okay and is a form of bullying. Page | 6 MECHANICS focuses on the technicalities of the structure. It determines errors on subject-verb agreement, prepositions, tenses, the grammar, spelling, capitalization, abbreviations and acronyms, the use of numbers as part of the statement, and the punctuation marks. ✓ Spelling ✓ Capitalization ✓ Abbreviation and Acronyms ✓ Numbers ✓ Punctuation Marks ✓ Grammar Punctuation Marks 1. PERIOD (.) used after sentences, in abbreviations, and as decimals 2. EXCLAMATION POINT (!) placed at the emphatic or forceful sentences 3. QUESTION MARK (?) placed at the end of a question and to note questionable items 4. QUOTATION MARKS (“ ”) to indicate direct quotations - for titles of poems, short stories, chapters, essays, songs, episodes of television shows 5. APOSTROPHE (’) to show possession (Angel’s bag), to show missing letters and number (you’re, ’95), to show plurals of letters (I got all A’s last semester.) 6. COLON (:) after independent clauses to introduce elements. “The coach demanded three things from his players: loyalty, devotion, and teamwork.”/ to separate items in numerals, ratios, titles and subtitles, time references, scripture references 7. PARENTHESES () to set off nonessential details and explanations, to enclose letters and numbers used when listing items, first-time use of acronym 8. BRACKETS [ ] to set off clarifications inserted in quotations, Eric observed, “I think [Rodrigo] Duterte was thegreatest president.” 9. HYPHEN ( - ) to separate or join words We saw her on tele- vision last night. Never pay a higher-than-average price. 10. DASH ( -- ) to show sudden break of thought “Ted was angry after his car was stolen—who wouldn’t be?”/ to set off an introduction to a series “They have everything needed to succeed—ideas, money, and marketing.” 11. SLASH (/) to separate words or to show alternatives (he/she) 12. SEMICOLON (;) to join independent clauses when and, or, yet, but, or so are not present, to separate items in a series that contains commas “The governor will meet with Rey Simon, the mayor of Concepcion; Bert Vesca, the vice mayor; and Peter Cayabyab.” 13. ELLIPSIS (... ) to indicate that words have been deleted from quoted material Original text The mayor said, “Our city, which is one of the country’s most progressive, deserves a high-tech light-rail system.” With Ellipsis The mayor said, “Our city... deserves a high-tech light-rail system.” 14. COMMA (,) to signal pauses and shifts in sentences, used with and, or, so, but, yet to join independent clauses “Chinatown is a popular tourist attraction, and it serves as an important cultural center.” Therefore, the General Principles state: ✓ Always use standard English ✓ Avoid Contraction (shouldn't, gonna) ✓ Avoid exclamation marks unless part of a quotation ✓ Mention full name in first mention. Thereafter, use abbreviation. ✓ Numbers zero to ten vs 11 and so on ✓ Citations are used in academic and formal texts but sparingly used in business texts Page | 7 PROOFREADING What is proofreading? Proofreading a sentence means trying to find a mistake and correct it with focus on the mechanics such as Punctuation, Capitalization, Grammar, and Run-On sentences. Using the proofreading symbols, correct these End marks – periods, question marks, and sentences. exclamations marks Commas – date, words in a series 1. I see the deer in the distance Abbreviations and Titles 2. What a delicious pizza this is 3. My birthday is November 20 1955 Quotation Marks 4. Dr Smith moved to Washington. 5. Stand over there, said the teacher. Using the proofreading symbols, correct these Capitalization sentences. Beginning of sentence 1. he visited the Space Museum. Proper Nouns 2. emily smith goes to maple ridge school. Titles 3. Have you read did you carry the flag today,Charlie? Using the proofreading symbols, correct these Verb Tense sentences. Subject-Verb Agreement 1. He seen a rabbit in the yard. Possessives 2. Boxes was in her bedroom. Plurals 3. Those boys toys disappeared. 4. Their desks were messy today. Page | 8  FORMING EVALUATIVE STATEMENTS A claim is an evaluative statement that is not considered accepted by all. It may be unverified or controversial to a certain degree. It is usually related to one side of the issue. Claim is also called a position. A claim is argumentative and specific. Types of Claims Claim of Fact (COF) Claim of Facts relate to statements that can be easily verified and not dependent on a person's preference. It also asserts that a condition has existed, is existing, or will exist and are based on facts or data. *Facts that are universally accepted are not considered claim of fact but instead a statement of fact. Claims of fact are often qualified by such terms as generally, probably, or as a rule. And, to verify whether these statements are claim of fact or not, ask these questions : Is it debatable? Is it verifiable? Is it specific? Can it be solve objectively? Claim of Fact Statement of Fact Earth is warming rapidly. Typhoon Pedro intensifies its speed Probably, other international Courts and rain volume. will side the Philippines too. The first Philippine Mindanaoan Obesity causes health problems. President is Duterte. Probably, aliens exist. Death is inevitable. Most news today are fake and just Neil Armstrong was the first man to intends to confuse the people. step foot on the moon. Claim of Value (COV) Claim of Value involves judgments and evaluations. It judges whether something is good/bad, right/wrong, just/unjust, ethical/non-ethical, etc. We judge the worth of something. It attempts to prove that some things are more or less desirable than others. Some claims of value are simply expressions of taste, preferences, and prejudices. The most important in proving claim of value is by establishing standards of evaluation. Claim of Value It is wrong to make noise when someone is speaking. Gay marriage is immoral. It is better to be feared than loved. Cheating is not good. No ID rule is a good idea. Buying a house is a lot better than building it. Claim of Policy (COP) Advocates a specific course of action. It asserts that specific policies should be instituted as solutions to problems. Claims of policy argue that certain conditions should exist. Almost always "should" or "ought to" or "must" are included in this claim. Claim of Policy The mayor should suspend the classes today. I should vote for Duterte. You must send your children to private schools. The government should legalize medicinal marijuana. The Boy Scouts should not have to include gay scout leaders. Local Malls should provide more parking spaces. Check this out! Claim of Fact Claim of Value Claim of Policy Generally, Facebook Facebook is better than Facebook must be doing well received most visits than Twitter and Instagram. considering the number of Twitter and Instagram. visitors it has everyday. debatable, verifiable, specific, Requires a “standard” to verify Suggests a solution or a policy objective Page | 9  Learning check up! Read and identify the types of claims used in each statement. 1. The use of civil disobedience during the Civil Rights struggle was reasonable, moral, and necessary. 2. The private ownership of automatic and semi-automatic weapons in the United States should be banned. 3. The possibility of an asteroid or meteor hitting Earth is great enough that the Federal government should be finding plans to prevent it. 4. The death penalty as used in the United States is ineffective and impractical. 5. The death penalty as applied in the United States is immoral. 6. Recovered memory should be disallowed as evidence in American courts. 7. Opera is not as entertaining as musical comedy. 8. Generally, public secondary schools in America are not adequately preparing students for college. 9. Fetal tissue research should not be funded by the United States government. 10. Fetal tissue research is wrong. CONTEXT OF TEXT DEVELOPMENT Intertext refers to the shaping of the text meaning by referencing or calling to mind other texts as it aims to add meaning to the current text. In intertextuality, the readers get to understand the piece through parallel plot, characters, premise, etc with the wealth of the prior knowledge, experience, and research. Types of Intertextuality 1. Quotation - it is the actual insertion of a text within another 2. Travesty - is a practice of imitation an original text a) Pastiche - rewriting of some ‘noble’ text as a new text that retains the fundamental content but presents it in another style in order to ‘debase’ it. b) Parody - retaining the stylistic properties of the original text while diverting its subject 3. Copy - it is a performance that aims at being closest possible imitation of a pre-existent, usually recorded performance 4. Covering it is a rendering a previously recorded song that displays the usual stylistic configurations of the covering artist. 5. Translation - it is a creation of new text from a text of different language 6. Reply - an answer to the original text 7. Instrumental Cover - Instrumental/allosonic rendering of a previously recorded song where the main vocal line has been replaced by an instrumental melodic line. 8. Instrumental remix: a remix of the original song from which the leading voice has simply been removed. Hypertext is characterized by external links embedded in a text by the writer as it enables the reader to arrive at the intended interpretation of the author In online medium, hypertexts are the embedded links; while in print media, these are the commentaries or footnotes in the margin. Page | 10  ACADEMIC TEXTS Basic Definitions Research Report An expanded paper that presents the results, interpretations, and analysis of a phenomenon based on experiments and previous information. It is not just a summary of related articles nor a series of quotations and unsubstantiated opinions, but a work produced through formal investigation and scientific inquiry. Project Proposal It is a highly persuasive and informative document that aims to address a particular problem or issue. It is a bid or offer that is usually composed of 1000 to 2500 words structured paper. Position Paper It is an academic paper that presents one’s stand or viewpoint on an issue. Its objective is to take part in a larger debate by stating the arguments and proposed course of action. Book Review A specialized form of academic writing that evaluates the contribution to knowledge of scholarly works such as academic books and journal. It is a critical assessment, analysis, or evaluation of a work. This critique addresses a more specific audience. It does not contain opinion rather proofs and logical reasoning. Movie Review It is an evaluation that involves an analysis of one’s work that is written for general audience to offer a persuasive opinion. Book Reports Is a account that focuses on describing the plot, characters, or idea of a certain work. Literature Review It surveys scholarly work such as academic books, databases, researches, and the like to be used in providing the overview of a topic. It reviews significant scholarly work to identify what is known and not known about the topic. Annotated It summarizes the references and explains how important these references are Bibliography in addressing the research questions.. Guidelines in Writing Research Report 1. Select the topic 2. Conduct preliminary research by gathering initial references 3. Formulate thesis statement and research questions 4. Prepare a preliminary outline 5. Gather additional references 6. Prepare pre-final outline 7. Prepare the data gathering instrument 8. Pilot the instrument 9. Implement the instrument and gather the data 10. Analyze the collected data and interpret through tables and graphs 11. Write the methodology and results section 12. Write the introduction and literature review 13. Write the discussion and link literature reviews to the discussions 14. Write the conclusion 15. Prepare the reference list. 16. Edit and format the paper Page | 11 Guidelines in Writing the Project Proposal 1. The title page must be unnumbered but is considered page i; the Abstract that comes after it is considered page 2. 2. Do not use abbreviation in the title page 3. Identify the problem and decide how to address the problem 4. Develop a framework to organize the ideas 5. Identify the objectives, specific activities, outputs, resources, and methods 6. Build the project team and appoint team leaders 7. Identify the organization that might fund the project 8. Hold initial meetings to plan for the project 9. Allot sufficient time for planning 10. Attach the curriculum vitae of the personnel 11. Use Gantt Chart in the project implementation 12. Write the abstract in paragraph form having accomplished the reports 13. Assign responsibilities to the team members 14. Stay realistic 15. Compare the proposal with other successful proposals 16. Be factual 17. Choose a reader-friendly format 18. Use action words 19. Contact and follow up the funding agency for clarifications 20. Empathize with the people involved PARTS OF PROJECT PROPOSAL Cover Letter It has: proposal title, date the proposal was requested (if solicited), general purpose and scope, and the acknowledgment. It primarily includes the highlights. Title Page It has: project title, lead organization, place and date of the project, client’s name, name of the proponents and the organization represented, and the date. Abstract / Executive It has: objectives of the proposal, implementing organization, major project Summary activities, the total project cost. Context of the Describes the socio-economic, cultural, and political background in which the Proposal proposal is situated. It also presents the data collected from other sources that are relevant to the planning stage. Project Justification It has: the rationale for the project, statement of the problem, proposed solution/s, the approach used, the proponent’s capability or track record. Personnel Involved It has the list of people who are involved in the project including their corresponding roles and the summary of their qualification. Project It is divided into: (a) Activity Plan that specifies the schedules activities; and, (b) Implementation Resource Plan that specifies the items needed to implement the project. Budget It presents the expected income and expenses over a specified period of time. Monitoring and It specifies when and how the team will monitor the progress of the project that Evaluation puts focus on the methods of the monitoring to be used and the persons involved in the monitoring Reporting Scheme It specifies the schedule for reporting the finances and progress of the project. Conclusion It describes the project, the problem to address, and the benefits through summary urging the readers contact the proponent. References It a part where the list of references are placed following the prescribed documentation style. Page | 12  TYPES OF PROJECT PROPOSAL Internal External Solicited Unsolicited Proposal from the inside Proposal from the Proposal that was Proposal that was of the organization or outside of the requested by someone volunteered company organization or company 1. Solicited Internal It is a response to a specific request by someone within the organization 2. Solicited External It is a response to a specific request by someone from the outside of the organization 3. Unsolicited Internal It is a self-initiated proposal to be submitted to someone within the organization 4. Unsolicited External It is a self-initiated proposal to be submitted to someone not within the organization PARTS/ STRUCTURE OF ARTICLE CRITIQUE Introduction Around 5% of the Paper Includes: Title of the book, writer’s name, writer’s thesis statement Summary Around 10% Includes: Writer’s objectives, Methods used, major findings Review/ Critique Around 75% Is the method used appropriate? Is the explanation sound to other available information? Is the explanation sufficient? What other perspective is possible in explaining the concept? Is there coherence of the ideas? Conclusion Around 10% Includes: Overall impression of the work, scholarly value of the work, benefits of the work, suggestion for future direction PARTS OF POSITION PAPER Introduction Needs: Attention-getter or lead, definition of the issue, general statement of the position or stand Body Needs: Statement of the arguments (claim, reason, evidence), counterarguments Conclusion Needs: Re-statement of the position and main arguments, suggest a course of action, explain why your position is better, end with powerful statement Page | 13