5) CHAPTER 5.pdf

General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate - Funnyish -> not quit...

General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate - Funnyish -> not quite/somewhat funny - Cheapish -> not super cheap but not super expensive General Linguis-cs 178 Eg: in Afrikaans = the suffix ‘-ie’ or ‘-tjie’ - Bos + ie = bossie (small bush) - Kat + tjie = katjie (small cat) MORPHOLOGY ® Spelling out the appropriate form: subject-verb agreement o Example: The study of word structure; the internal structure of words and systema-c form- meaning similari-es between words French - Je parle I speak - Tu parles You speak (singular) Making sure the verb - Il/El parle He/She speaks form matches the Example: dog dogs subject form - Nous parlons We speak Frog frogs plurals - Vous parlez You speak (plural) Log logs English Suffix added to make plural ‘s’ = always paired - Personal pronouns All end in the same sound with plural meaning o Nomina-ve: I, He, She, We o Accusa-ve: Me, Him, Her, Us o Possessive: Mine, His, Hers, Ours Traditional Division of Morphology ! Use “me” when you are the object of the sentence o Eg: she gave it to me Study of word forma-on Study of inflec-on ! It is wrong to say “me” when you are the subject of the sentence o Eg: Me went to the shops vs I went to the shops Functions of Morphological Operations ® The Crea-on of New Words The Word and the Morpheme o Labelling func-on ® Different languages have different morphological systems -> § A new process has come to exist In some languages = they form words in different ways For example: iPod – has allowed for a naming paradigm a word could be ® Broadly speaking = we can dis-nguish languages based on how (iPhone, iPad etc) short and only 1 unit they combine pieces of words § Crea-ng a new word to describe a new thing and in other For example: zoombombing (photobombing a zoom call) languages = it could be longer and more For example: (Eng) I see him Mul-ple units to convey o Syntac-c recategoriza-on units (Afrik) Ek sien hom meaning § A word belongs to one syntac-c category, but we want to change it to another syntac-c category (isiXhosa) Ndiyambona single unit to convey For example: dance (verb) + ‘er’ = dancer (noun) meaning drink (verb) + ‘able’ = drinkable (adjec-ve) \isiXhosa belongs to a different language group than Afrikaans and English o Evalua-ve Morphology § When we want to express a sort of aWtude about something Eg: the suffix ‘-ish’ 1 2  General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate What is a word? Morphemes It is the smallest gramma-cally independent units and can consist of more than one Minimal divisible unit of meaning or gramma-cal func-on meaningful unit but they’re the smallest meaningful unit realised in speech as a I.e: the smallest meaningful unit in any given language sequence of phonemes and in spelling as a sequence of lelers ® Problems with this defini-on Example: o “football” – refers to one thing but is it one or two words combined? There is not really a reason why Dog dog-s o “sport shoes” – also refers to one thing but they need to be wrilen separately Walk walk-s These are each 2 is 2 separate units but it cannot be or together = arbitrary Walk walk-ing morphemes separated Walk walk-ed ® It is problema-c to say: ® Free Morphemes o “A word is a unit that conveys a single meaning” o Have meaning and can be used independently § Problema-c because things, such as suffixes and prefixes, have o Can stand alone as individual words meaning but are not considered a word § Eg: walk, dog, girl, house Eg: ‘-er’ or ‘-ly’ or plural markers like ‘-s’ § They have single meaning but are not considered words ® Bound morphemes o Cannot stand alone o “A word is a series of lelers wrilen with a space on either side” o Must be alached to other morphemes in order to have meaning § Problema-c because a word can have a space between 2 units and o Can only occur as parts of words s-ll be a word because it has one meaning/ we understand it to be § Eg: walked, dogs, girls, housing one meaningful unit Eg: ‘tennis racquet’; ‘stainless steel’ They don’t mean § Another problem = there are words that are basically 2 words put anything on their own together, without a space between them ® Root words Eg: ‘horseshoe’ or ‘showman’ o Base onto which 1 or more bound morphemes is alached Æ means ‘nothing’ § Eg: person, reverse, cat Eg: sheep – singular vs Lexemes and word forms sheepÆ – plural ® Bound roots Abstract unit that represents An inflec-onal form of a lexeme o Cannot stand alone and must be alached to other morphemes common proper-es of all the o Eg: wrote or wri=ng § Eg: isiXhosa -> um-ntu: person (singular) forms of a word When we change the base word’s Aba-ntu: person (plural) A word that will be found in a tense or gramma-cal meaning dic-onary Won’t find that exact word form o Eg: write in the dic-onary Affixes ® Bound morphemes that are alached to words and changes their meaning or gramma-cal func-on Difference between words and ® Prefixes lexemes = words can be more o Beginning of word than one unit § Eg: unbelievable 3 4  General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate ® Suffixes b. Nega-on Markers o End of the word i. Morpheme “in-“ has mul-ple forms § Eg: unbelievable Example: ® Infixes o Middle of the word In + capable They are all forms of § Eg: unflippingbelievable Ir + regular “in-“ Il + logical ® Circumfixes Im + possible o Either side of the word § Eg: awalking (from Archaic English) c. Supple-on i. Inflec-on technique where the morpheme changes instead of adding Allomorphs an affix ® Variants of a morpheme Eg: good/ beler/ best ® Vary in shape and pronuncia doesn’t have such a transparent meaning ® When speakers use words from another language ® Over -me, it becomes a part of the vocabulary ® So, a compound can have idioma-c or metaphoric ® English has borrowed extensively meaning But they all behave as a single o Eg: gold digger, breadwinner, kilen heel word Example - piesang (Malay origins) - boomslang (Afrikaans origins) 3. Onomatopoeia - literature (French origins) ® A sound that is represented by a word in the language - tsunami (Japanese origins) o Eg: Bang, smash, slap etc… 7. Clipping 4. Reduplica-on ® new words form by clipping off a part of a word ® A word, an element of a word, or a phrase is repeated ® from either the beginning, or the end, or both ® In some cases, this can result in the change of meaning o Eg: bye-bye, chit-chat, super-duper, ding-dong Example - (tele)phone Rhyming reduplica-on - Exam(ina-on) - Gym(nasium) - (Re)fridge(rator) ® Common uses of reduplica-on - (in)flu(enza) o To imitate sounds § Eg: rat-a-tat 8. Blends o To suggest alterna-ng movements ® Compound in which 1 or more words are clipped and then combined § Eg: see-saw o To disparage by sugges-ng instability, nonsense, insincerity, vacilla-on etc… Example § Eg: higgledy-piggledy, hocus-pocus - Romcom (roman-c comedy) o To intensify or emphasize - Biopic (biographical picture) § Eg: teeny-weeny, itsy-bitsy - Glimmer (gliler shimmer) - Motel (motor hotel) ® In other languages it could be used for: o Pluraliza-on 9. Backforma-ons § Eg: Japanese -> baita-baita (many ships) ® Arises from the assump-on that something must already exist and that its source o Verbaliza-on word is the deriva-on term § Eg: Javanese Geni (fire) -> gegeni (make fire) Example Jawah (rain) -> jajawah (play in rain) - Burgle from burglar So you are removing affixes from - Brainwash from brainwashing the original word to get a new - Bulldoze from bulldozer word Original word 9 10  General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate 10. Eponyms § Eg: eggcorn (instead of acorn); nerve wrecking (instead of nerve ® Term, phrase, or name that is derived from a proper noun wracking) - May become common, to the extent that the original is forgolen Example - Casanova o Mondegreens o an Italian adventurer who wrote a memoir in which he bragged about his - Sylvia Wright, 1954 conquests § “And Lady Mondegreen” (this is how it sounds) -> but is actually - Jumbo meant to say “And laid him on the green” o Famous elephant that lived in London zoo for 17 years and favourite with - Errors of the ears the English public - Like eggcorns but in song or verse - Marxism o German philosopher and economist Karl Marx o Malapropisms - Down Syndrome - Mal à propos -> means poorly placed o English physician John Langdon Down for his descrip-on of Down - Swapping a word for a similar sounding one Syndrome - Like an eggcorn without logic 11. Neologisms Example ® New words which are in common use, but which have not been “accepted” as § He is the pineapple (pinnacle) of politeness mainstream or entered into a dic-onary § Dance a flamingo (flamenco) ® May be new words for exis-ng concepts or phenomena, or words for new concepts § Pacifically instead of specifically or phenomena Example - Saddict (noun) - Frenemy (noun) Similar to blends but for new Iden9fying Morphemes - Noob (noun) concepts, or new words for - Spam (verb) exis-ng concepts ® Look for: - Webinar (noun) o Divisibility o Meaning A morpheme is an indivisible 12. Folk Etymology unit of meaning ® “a change in word or phrase resul-ng from a replacement of an unfamiliar form by a ® Free root morpheme [can] more familiar one” o Cans vs can’t vs canter ® Can also be the result of an accident/ word play You can’t separate the ‘can’ o Spoonerism ® Deriva-onal prefix, nega-on marker [un-] - Slip of the tongue o Uninten=onal vs understand - Can be accidental or inten-onal You can’t separate the ‘un’ - Can occur with words that have already been coined § Eg: belly jeans, beler Nate than Lever ® Deriva-onal prefix, nega-on marker [im-] - Or sound combina-ons that are not already assigned a meaning (accidental gaps) o Imperfect vs impress § Eg: cimmanon (cinnamon), merote (remote) You can’t separate the ‘im’ o Eggcorns - Swapping a sound or word for a similar sounding one - May be logical, some-mes more logical than the original term - Start with individual use but usually catch on quickly 11 12  General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate Morphology Typology Example: IsiXhosa Analy-c Languages Synthe-c Languages Kha-ni-ngene Kha-ni-thule Please-2nd person-enter please-2nd person-be quiet “no” internal-word structure Higher word-to-morpheme ra-o -> morphology -> morphologically poor Morphologically rich Very iden-fiable palern so we can segment these words into their morphemes Agglu-na-ng Polysynthe-c Generalisa-on of agglu-na-ng languages Func-onal informa-on (unlike lexical informa-on) Example: is encoded via affixes which combine with the Turkish, Quechua, Bantu Languages Fusional laler in a regular manner ® Analy-c (Isola-ng) Languages 2. Fusional o Each morpheme occurs as a separate word o Very lille or no inflec-onal affixa-on Example: French Example - English, Afrikaans, Mandarin Chinese, Thai Present Tense Future Tense Je (I) Mange Mangerai Don’t fit exactly into this category Tu (you) Manges Mangeras No separate morphemes but are most likely to be this Il/elle (he/she) Mange Mangera category Nous (we) Mangeons Mangerons - [wɔ mən tɑn tçin ɪə] Not much morphology happening 1st. plural play piano past Example: La-n Example: here – 1:1 ra-o of morpheme to “we played the piano” French, La-n, Italian word (ego) eam Laudo (Roman-c languages) I her praise – 1st person singular present “I am praising her” Generalisa-on of analy-c languages Both lexical and func-onal informa-on is (ea) me laudabat encoded by free morphemes She me praise – 2nd person singular imperfect “She was praising me" ® Synthe-c Languages Generalisa-on of fusional languages 1. Agglu-na-ng Func-onal informa-on is encoded in affixal form but a 1:1 ra-o forms - Means ‘glue together’ -> mapping is less easy to postulate than agglu-na-ng languages - Morphemes tend to glue together (some meanings appear to have “fused” on a single form) - Bound roots and inflec-onal affixa-on We can segment the words nicely because it creates a palern Example: Quechua Wasi-n-ku Hamu-n-chu? House-3rd person-plural come-3rd person-ques5on yes/no “their house” “Has (s)he arrived?” 13 14  General Linguis-cs 178 - Morphology | Abby Bate 3. Polysynthe-c Example: Yucatec Mayan ‘t-in-č’ak-ah če’ Very morphologically rich Comp-I-chop-perfect tense-tree “I chopped a tree” ‘Č’ak-če-n-ah-en’ Example: Chop-tree-an5pass-perfect tense-I-absolute Mohawk, Mayan I wood-chopped” Generalisa-on of polysynthe-c languages Func-onal informa-on is encoded in affixal form but lexical elements can also be produc-vely incorporated I.e both gramma-cal and lexical elements can cons-tute part of the internal structure of words in polysynthe-c languages (eg: noun incorpora-on) 15