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Questions and Answers
What is the primary focus of morphology in linguistics?
What is the primary focus of morphology in linguistics?
- The study of word structure (correct)
- The study of semantics
- The study of phonetics
- The study of sentence structure
The suffix '-ie' in Afrikaans indicates a smaller version of the noun.
The suffix '-ie' in Afrikaans indicates a smaller version of the noun.
True (A)
What is the plural form of the word 'frog'?
What is the plural form of the word 'frog'?
frogs
The suffix added to make a plural in English is '______'.
The suffix added to make a plural in English is '______'.
Match the following personal pronouns with their respective forms:
Match the following personal pronouns with their respective forms:
Which of the following examples demonstrates subject-verb agreement?
Which of the following examples demonstrates subject-verb agreement?
The word 'dogs' follows the same morphological rule as 'cats'.
The word 'dogs' follows the same morphological rule as 'cats'.
What does the morphological term 'cheapish' imply?
What does the morphological term 'cheapish' imply?
A small bush in Afrikaans would be called '______'.
A small bush in Afrikaans would be called '______'.
Which of the following is an example of onomatopoeia?
Which of the following is an example of onomatopoeia?
Reduplication involves repeating a word, an element of a word, or a phrase.
Reduplication involves repeating a word, an element of a word, or a phrase.
What literary term describes a word that represents a sound?
What literary term describes a word that represents a sound?
The process of creating new words by cutting off parts of existing words is called __________.
The process of creating new words by cutting off parts of existing words is called __________.
Match the following examples with their respective literary term:
Match the following examples with their respective literary term:
Which of the following is NOT a common use of reduplication?
Which of the following is NOT a common use of reduplication?
The term 'gym' is an example of reduplication.
The term 'gym' is an example of reduplication.
What is an example of rhyming reduplication?
What is an example of rhyming reduplication?
A common example of onomatopoeia is __________, which represents a sudden loud noise.
A common example of onomatopoeia is __________, which represents a sudden loud noise.
Which of the following terms originates from Japanese?
Which of the following terms originates from Japanese?
Which of the following is an example of a neologism?
Which of the following is an example of a neologism?
Folk etymology refers to the introduction of a completely new word to the language.
Folk etymology refers to the introduction of a completely new word to the language.
What are eggcorns?
What are eggcorns?
The term 'saddict' is an example of a __________.
The term 'saddict' is an example of a __________.
Match the following linguistic terms with their definitions:
Match the following linguistic terms with their definitions:
What kind of languages are considered agglutinative?
What kind of languages are considered agglutinative?
Derivational prefixes can change the meaning of a root word.
Derivational prefixes can change the meaning of a root word.
Name one example of a syntactic language.
Name one example of a syntactic language.
An example of a word influenced by spoonerism is __________.
An example of a word influenced by spoonerism is __________.
Which morpheme cannot be separated from the verb it modifies?
Which morpheme cannot be separated from the verb it modifies?
What does the term 'agglutinating' refer to?
What does the term 'agglutinating' refer to?
In polysynthetic languages, only grammatical elements can be part of a word's internal structure.
In polysynthetic languages, only grammatical elements can be part of a word's internal structure.
Provide an example of a language that is considered agglutinating.
Provide an example of a language that is considered agglutinating.
In the phrase 't-in-čak-ah če’, 't-in-čak-ah' represents a complex form that means 'I ______ a tree'.
In the phrase 't-in-čak-ah če’, 't-in-čak-ah' represents a complex form that means 'I ______ a tree'.
Match the language examples with their corresponding terms:
Match the language examples with their corresponding terms:
Which statement accurately describes the mapping of agglutinating languages?
Which statement accurately describes the mapping of agglutinating languages?
Which of the following languages is an example of a fusional language?
Which of the following languages is an example of a fusional language?
In a fusional language, each morpheme occurs as a separate word.
In a fusional language, each morpheme occurs as a separate word.
Name one characteristic of fusional languages.
Name one characteristic of fusional languages.
The present tense of 'I eat' in French is 'Je ______'.
The present tense of 'I eat' in French is 'Je ______'.
Match the following French verbs to their future tense forms:
Match the following French verbs to their future tense forms:
What type of languages typically exhibit a 1:1 ratio of morpheme to word?
What type of languages typically exhibit a 1:1 ratio of morpheme to word?
The example sentence 'She me praise' represents a 2nd person singular imperfect tense.
The example sentence 'She me praise' represents a 2nd person singular imperfect tense.
What is the future tense conjugation of 'we eat' in French?
What is the future tense conjugation of 'we eat' in French?
In a fusional language, both lexical and ______ information is encoded by free morphemes.
In a fusional language, both lexical and ______ information is encoded by free morphemes.
Which pair of examples illustrates the morphology of a fusional language?
Which pair of examples illustrates the morphology of a fusional language?
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Study Notes
Morphology
- The study of word structure, including the internal structure of words and systematic form-meaning similarities between words
- Example:
dog,dogs,frog,frogs,log,logs- All end in the same sound (
s) with plural meaning -sis always paired with a plural meaning
Traditional Division of Morphology
- Reduplication
- A word, an element of a word, or a phrase is repeated
- Some cases result in a change in meaning
- Examples:
bye-bye,chit-chat,super-duper,ding-dong
- Onomatopoeia
- A sound that is represented by a word in the language
- Examples:
Bang,smash,slap
- Clipping
- New words form by clipping off part of a word from the beginning, end, or both
- Examples:
(tele)phone,Exam(ina-on),Gym(nasium),(Re)fridge(rator),(in)flu(enza)
- Folk Etymology
- A change in a word or phrase resulting from replacing unfamiliar forms with more familiar ones
- Can be the result of an accident or wordplay
- Spoonerism: A slip of the tongue, can be accidental or intentional, can occur with coined words or sound combinations that have not been assigned a meaning.
- Examples:
belly jeans,beler Nate than Lever,cimmanon,merote
- Examples:
- Eggcorns: Swapping a sound or word for a similar sounding one, often more logical than the original term
- Spoonerism: A slip of the tongue, can be accidental or intentional, can occur with coined words or sound combinations that have not been assigned a meaning.
- Neologisms
- New words in common use, but not yet "accepted" as mainstream or entered into a dictionary
- May be new words for existing concepts or phenomena, or words for new concepts or phenomena.
- Examples:
Saddict,Frenemy,Noob,Spam,Webinar
- Blends
- Words that are created by combining parts of two or more words
- Examples:
motel,smog,brunch
- Identifying Morphemes
- Look for divisibility and meaning
- A morpheme is an indivisible unit of meaning
- Free Root Morphemes: Can stand alone as words (e.g.,
cans,can't,canter) - Bound Morphemes: Must be attached to another morpheme (e.g.,
-ing,pre-,un-)
- Free Root Morphemes: Can stand alone as words (e.g.,
Morphology Typology
- Analytic Languages
- No internal-word structure
- Morphology is poor
- High word-to-morpheme ratio
- Each morpheme occurs as a separate word
- Examples: English, Afrikaans, Mandarin Chinese, Thai
- Synthetic Languages
- Higher word-to-morpheme ratio
- Morphology is rich
- Bound roots and inflectional affixes
- Agglutinative Languages
- "Glue together"
- Morphemes tend to glue together
- Functional information is encoded via affixes which combine with other elements in a regular manner
- Examples: Turkish, Quechua, Bantu Languages (e.g., IsiXhosa:
Kha-ni-ngene,Kha-ni-thule)
- Fusional Languages
- Functional information is encoded in affixal form but a 1:1 ratio is not easily discernible
- Some meanings may appear to have "fused" into a single form
- Examples:
French,Latin,Italian
- Polysynthetic Languages
- Very morphologically rich
- Functional information is encoded in affixal form but lexical elements can also be productively incorporated
- Both grammatical and lexical elements can constitute the internal structure of words
- Examples:
Mohawk,Mayan
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