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Heading 2 Philosophy in Life Mohammad Mahyuddin Khalid 2 Philosophy in Life Introduction to Philosophy LEARNING OUTCOMES Kandungan Philosophy Schools Categories Philosophy Ontology...

Heading 2 Philosophy in Life Mohammad Mahyuddin Khalid 2 Philosophy in Life Introduction to Philosophy LEARNING OUTCOMES Kandungan Philosophy Schools Categories Philosophy Ontology Epistemology Axiology Islamic Philosophy Philosophy in the Quran and Hadith Ontology Cosmology the Epistemolog latest philosophy. y 4 Philosophy From an Etymological Point of View philien Love, study or appreciate Philosophy means the knowledge of The word philos love/aspiration to Love of Wisdom Philosophy is wisdom, truth and Truth: Love derived from the love and wisdom of wisdom Greek word: Sophia wisdom, wisdom, wisdom or truth. philosophy Philo Sophia 5 Philosophy from the Perspective of Terminology Aristotle Plato Russell 6 General Definition of Philosophy Efforts towards loving, seeking, studying and According to responding to a matter Abdullah Ishak by using his intellect and (1995), wisdom philosophy is defined as to obtain the true truth and belief. 7 General Definition of Philosophy a research/study and knowledge based on reflection and reasoning According to to formulate the nature, nature B.A.G. Fuller and content of the existence or the universe as a whole is seen as (1955) falsafah a whole, defined as based on research and Examination of data and facts taken from all aspects of existence/universe 8 Purpose of Philosophy Vision Mission 9 Philosophy, Science and Science Philosophy is a field of research and study that has its own methods, goals, foundations and study materials. Philosophy takes data and study materials from all aspects of the universe as a result of the study of various fields of scientific knowledge. The main differences between philosophy and knowledge are: > Philosophy makes all things and exists as the subject of its debate and study > Science only determines a certain aspect of that object to be made into a the subject of debate and study. The debate on philosophy is broad > Focusing everything on a problem > then discuss > and trying to bring together all knowledge under one method. 10 Similarities of Philosophy and Science Philosophy and science are equally debating a fact, but the two facts are different from the actual meaning. Philosophy and science will produce a result from what is studied and both are not influenced by any external elements. The material objects of science and philosophy are nature and humans. But philosophy also discusses other matters, namely the issue of divinity. Science uses its own methods to find the truth about nature and humans and what is in them. 11 Philosophy vs. Science Science Philosophy Concentration of specialized fields such as physics General and comprehensive Studying the facts and limiting to reality Studying facts and value systems, finding facts all Studying the concept Review the study or validity of the concept, the facts something Specific debates The debate of general and broad nature The purpose of science is to determine the The purpose of philosophy is to know the nature of events and people. origin of man, the relationship of man with nature and The end of man Lots of use of imperial methods Using rational methods Kesimpulan dalil-dalil yakin Speculative and not convincing absolute 12 Relationship between Philosophy and Religion Philosophy and religion both aim to find the truth. Philosophy and knowledge have limitations. Only religion is absolute. It is impossible for true religion to contradict the truth. Religion is a non-speculative and unchanging hold. 13 Comparison of Philosophy and Religion Religion Philosophy Religion is an absolute element Philosophy is an element of culture God's Creation Man's creation Source of assumptions Hypothesis testing Putting trust first Full confidence in power Thought Thought Believing in truth and dogma- Not acknowledging religious dogmas as Religious dogma truth 14 Philosophy, Religion and Knowledge Knowledge refers to ordinary things in daily life. The knowledge that is compiled will increase into science or science. Knowledge and science only answer immediate problems, so philosophy is needed to solve problems more holistically. Philosophy is speculative and inconclusive, so it requires religion to give an absolute answer. The secularization that separates religions leads to a system of dualism in thought. 15 Harmony between philosophy, religion Philosophy and science SCIENCE Religion Science 16 Types of Human Sciences KIND STATE OF THE PARADIGM OF STUDY MEASUREMEN OBJECT THOUGHT METHODS T MEMBER LIGHTNING Empirikal Scan Sensory experience Senses, insights SCIENCE Emprikal Positivistis Scientific Common sense, experiments empirical and logical evidence PHILOSOPHY Logical abstract Logic Reflection, Common sense, logical Reasoning, proof rational and Rationale submissions MYSTICAL Abstract Mistikal. Physical and Loss of Transedental Supralogical spiritual faith, loss, training , and war. inspiration, kasyaf, revelation 17 School of Philosophy School of Philosophy Shared Philosophical Features: Philosophy of Intellectual Philosophy Emphasis on solutions Philosophy of Nature problem ethics and life Tabi'e (Intellectual Have rational and Philosophy) conceptual (Natural justification Philosophy)  human behavior. 18 provide emphasis Focusing and on thinking guidance activities forare that to give birth to a good life that leads to happiness and to give birth to noble people. Philosophical activities in the early stages of Greek civilization; and Asian-Chinese and Indian civilizations based on religious understanding as a guide to becoming a noble human being and achieving happiness in life.  Philosophy of Tabi'i 19 (Natural Philosophy) There are theories about the nature of nature or metaphysics. What are the properties of nature and its relationship with human? Metaphysical debate about the nature of nature.  Intellectua l Philosophy 20 (Intellectual The emphasis is shifted to Philosophy) something academic, Describe the problems intellectual with specific solutions Without associating it with wisdom and human life. 22 School of Philosophy School of Philosophy Theoretical Practical New Philosophy By field Metaphysi Ethics cs Epistemolog Politics Technolog y y philosophy Environm Psycholog Economic ental y s philosophy Philosoph Aesthetic Civilizatio y n timur 23 Theoretical Philosophy Concept experiment). Kick 24 Practical Philosophy Concept Kick 25 The economic ideology of Communism- 26 New Philosophy According to Professor Mahmud Muhammad al-Hudzari, the branches of philosophy today are as follows: > Ilmu Logic (logic) > Philosophy Background of Habits > Psychology > Moral Science > Aesthetic Science > Social Sciences > Philosophical Knowledge of Habits > Philosophy of Religion (theology) > Philosophy of History > History of Philosophy 27 Technology Philosophy > The emergence of new technologies with the Industrial Revolution that has an impact on human life. > What is technology and what does it have to do with humans? > Can technology threaten human life ? > Examples: the creation of robots, nuclear and so on. New Schools in Philosophy 28 Environmental Philosophy > Refers to basic environmental issues > Why does it exist? Because there are environmental problems that cause a crisis – ecological crisis – What is the meaning of nature? What is the relationship between humans and Nature? Is nature being used for purely economic interests/resources? > If this Nature is God's creation that proves His existence, it is the place where we shelter and establish harmonious relationships , then humans will New Schools in Philosophy More ethical with nature sekitar - ‘ecofriendly environment’ 29 Eastern Philosophy > There is a debate about whether it is accepted as philosophy in the West – some argue that it is the way Eastern societies present their views on nature. > Philosophy should not be narrowed down to the western axis (eurocentric) alone New Schools in Philosophy 30 Categories Philosophy Philosophy Ontology Epistemology Axiology Metaphysi Logic cs Cosmology Ethics Mathemati Aesthetic cs Humanity 31 Ontology The word ontology comes from the Greek: > Ontos means something tangible > Logos means knowledge. It is also known as Ilm al-wujud – the theory of existence. Ontology is: > Knowledge or theory about the existence of a fact. > The fact in the study of ontology is the actual state of something, not the ever-changing temporary state. > Ontology reveals the meaning of existences 32 Scope of Ontology Study Cosmology Mathematic s Humaniti es 33 Epistemology The word epistemology comes from the Greek: > Episteme means knowledge > Logos means systematic knowledge or knowledge. Epistemology means a deep and systematic thinking about a science. It is a theory and concept of science about the foundations, goals, sources and characteristics of science. It is a branch of philosophy that discusses the source, structure, method and validity of knowledge. This epistemology answers the question of a knowledge possessed. 34 Axiology The word axiology comes from the Greek > Axios means value > Logos stands for theory In terminology, axiology is the study of values that are analyzed from various angles such as beliefs, culture, moral concepts and others. Value Theory > Islamic perspective: inspired and based on the framework of reason according to the Islamic perspective. > Western perspective: purely subjective source of reason 35 Axiology Philosophy that debates right or Logic wrong opinions Debates about right Axiology includes or wrong behavior Ethic Aspects s Debate on the value of beauty, Aesthetic beauty and art 36 Logic Logic according to the Council Dictionary: > Logic is the knowledge or knowledge of how to think (argue, prove something) healthily, the ability to argue convincingly The knowledge of logic in Islam is known as the science of logic. Logic examines arguments for the purpose of distinguishing between good and bad reasoning by investigating normative criteria for valid conclusions and demonstrations. It is called logic because it refers to the words or sayings that guide the faculty of reason (reason) in its role towards finding the right conclusions as well as protecting it from mistakes when thinking. 37 Ethics Ethics is a knowledge that discusses what a human being should do. Ethics means a measure and standard that is used to distinguish a person's behavior whether it is good or bad, pleasant or unpleasant. Ethics and self-worth become a guideline towards recognizing good and bad things Ethics is often referred to as: > Practical philosophy or > falsafah moral (moral philosophy) Moral philosophy: the branch of philosophy that is concern with what is morally good and bad. 38 Aesthetic A science that discusses the philosophy of art > What, how beauty is formed and felt. > It covers the concept of beauty and aesthetic value > It is also referred to as the philosophy of arts Beauty in Islam is a way to devote oneself to Allah SWT as the Creator of beauty. Appreciation of the beauty that exists in nature and in humans themselves will prove the greatness and majesty of Allah SWT. 39 Islamic Philosophy Most Islamic philosophers have adapted the term philosophy to the word 'hikmah' This is evidenced by the use of the term judge (‫ )حكيم‬placed on the word failasuf (‫)فيلسوف‬, but nevertheless they insist that the word of wisdom is above the word philosophy. According to Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1989), Islamic philosophy is a natural science that refers to and is based on monotheism as its parent doctrine. The Islamic philosophy is: > a science that is adapted to the spirit and teachings of Islam in discussing the essence of the truth of all things. 40 Concepts of Islamic Philosophy Alparslan Acikgenc (1994) Based on the definition, he outlined 3 defines the concept of Islamic factors that characterize the concept philosophy as of Islamic philosophy, namely: The view of life is the environment for the existence of Islamic philosophy A scientific concept that emerges from an Islamic view of life, but as a projection of it, Scientific conceptual schema as a direct and close basis, with which the philosopher carries directly through the scheme of out his activities; Islamic scientific concepts. Philosophical activities themselves are carried out through special terms called special scientific concept schemes. 41 Philosophy in the Quran and Hadith In the context of the development of philosophy as a discipline, the Quran calls on humans to research everything in the heavens and on earth as well as in humans themselves to know the essence of the truth. In the Qur'an, there is a verse that narrates metaphysical questions related to the nature of divinity and supernatural matters or sam'iyyat. 42 Philosophy in the Quran Philosophy in the Quran Ontology Cosmology Epistemolog Axiology y 43 Ontologi - Metafizik The question of metaphysics dominates a large part of the content of the verses of the Quran. Starting from the discussion of the faith of monotheism including the debate on the essence of divinity, to matters of the supernatural, sam'iyyat and so on. The description of metaphysical questions contained in the Qur'an has distinguished the philosophy of Islamic metaphysics from the meaning of metaphysics according to the views of other parties, especially Greek and Western metaphysics. 44 The words of Allah S.W.T. which means: Surah al-Anbiya': 25 “……… That indeed there is no God (who is worthy of worship) but I; therefore, worship me" Surah al-Anbiya': 22 "If there are gods in heaven and on earth other than Allah, the administration of both will be damaged. So (take your tawheed to Allah by affirming): Most Holy is Allah, the Lord who has Arashi, from what they describe." 45 Ontology - Cosmology Cosmology is a debate about the nature of the occurrence of creatures created by Allah SWT. The open nature of nature is the focus of intellectual research in various fields, especially in the fields of science such as natural science, astronomy, medical science and so on. According to Ibn Sina, human beings are like a picture of a small universe in which human events include the secrets of this vast natural phenomenon. Islamic cosmology sees nature in the following aspects: > A sign of God's existence, majesty, greatness, and wisdom. > To be used by humans. > As a human dwelling. 46 The words of Allah S.W.T. which means: Surah al-Baqarah: 164 "Verily, in the event of heaven and earth; and (on) night and day exchanges; and (on) ships that sail the seas carrying things useful to humans; so it is that Allah sent down from heaven and brought to life the vegetation of the earth after it died, and He bred it from all kinds of animals; so it is also the circulation of the winds and clouds that are subject to the power of Allah floating between the heavens and the earth; indeed, there are signs(which proves the oneness of God in His dominion, His wisdom, and the vastness of His mercy) to those who (will) use reason." Surah Qaf: 9 "And also We have lowered from the sky water (rain) which has many benefits, then We grow with the water the trees of the crops (fruits) and the harvested grains;" 47 Epistemology Epistemology or scientific theory in Islam focuses on knowledge as the source of truth. The Quran is the highest source of knowledge that is a reference to be studied to find the true truth. Meanwhile, the goal of knowledge in Islam is to seek the true truth, to get closer to Allah and to seek Allah's approval. 48 The words of Allah S.W.T which means: Surah al-A’raf: 52 "And indeed, We have brought to them a Book (the Quran) which We have explained one by one based on knowledge (We who are all-encompassing), to be a guidance and mercy, for those who believe." Surah al-Isra’: 85 "And they ask you about spirits. Say, "The Spirit is from the business of my Lord; and you are not given knowledge except a little". Surah al-'Alaq: 1-2) "Recite (O Muhammad) in the name of your Lord who created (all creatures), He created man from a book of frozen blood; 49 The words of Allah S.W.T which means: Surah al-A’raf: 52 "And indeed, We have brought to them a Book (the Quran) which We have explained one by one based on knowledge (We who are all-encompassing), to be a guidance and mercy, for those who believe." Surah al-Isra’: 85 "And they ask you about spirits. Say, "The Spirit is from the business of my Lord; and You are not given knowledge except a little". Surah al-'Alaq: 1-2 "Recite (O Muhammad) in the name of your Lord who created (all creatures), He created man from a book of frozen blood; 50 Axiology Axiology in Islam is derived from revelation and it is related to values such as ethics and religion, morals Axiology from Western perspectives is inconsistent because it uses common sense and can change according to time, place or suitability. In Islamic axioms, the ultimate value is determined and based on the justification of the Quran and hadith and is based on faith in Allah SWT. 51 Axiology The words of Allah S.W.T. which means: Al-Hujurat: 6 "O you who believe! If an wicked person comes to you with news, then investigate (to determine) the truth, so that you do not inflict undesirable things on a people - because of your ignorance - so that you regret what you have done." Al-Baqarah: 23 "And if you have doubts about what We have revealed (the Quran) to our servant (Muhammad), then try to make it and bring a surah comparable to the Qur'an, and call those whom you believe can help you apart from Allah, if you are indeed the righteous ones." 52 Al-Hujurat:12 "O you who believe! Stay away from most of the assumptions (so that you do not think that they are forbidden) because indeed some of them are sin. " 53 Summary Philosophy of In this title, Theoretical we have Philosophy already Practical Philosophy learned Philosophy- about: New Philosophy Islamic Philosophy Philosophy in the Quran and Hadith 54 That's all, thankyou Philosophy in Life [email protected]