Infertility in Bitch 2023-2024 PDF

Infertility in bitch  Mistimed breeding represents the most common cause of infertility in the bitch……? The incidence may vary between 40% to 80% of infertile bitches. Time of ovulation not the time of fertilization  The increased swelling of the vulva and The decreasing bleeding of th...

Infertility in bitch  Mistimed breeding represents the most common cause of infertility in the bitch……? The incidence may vary between 40% to 80% of infertile bitches. Time of ovulation not the time of fertilization  The increased swelling of the vulva and The decreasing bleeding of the genital tract at the time of the ovulation period may help to determine breeding time.  For “Optimal time for breeding”: Vaginal cytology and progesterone assays are the most commonly used methods. When Cornification increased more than 90% On the day of ovulation (day “0” of the cycle) progesterone concentrations may vary between 4 and 10 ng/mL Ovarian ultrasonography is represents the most accurate way to determine the precise date of ovulation  After mistimed breeding, male infertility is the most common cause of conception failure in bitches presented with infertility House bitch Vs stray bitch Classification According regularity of inter-oestrus intervals 3.1. infertility with prolonged interestrus intervals 3.2. infertility with shortened interestrous intervals 3.3. infertility with normal interestrous intervals  No bleeding a. Silent heat, No vulva swelling defined as ovarian activity in the absence of overt physical and behavioral changes characteristic of canine estrus. b. Anestrus hormonal causes of anestrus hypothyroidism, hyperadrenocorticism, hyperprolactinemia, Exogenous hormones bitches treated with hormonal compounds such as progestagens, androgens (racing dogs) or anabolic steroid compounds. C. Ovarian cysts that secrete d. Managmental :Bitches progesterone may cause prolonged housed in very bad environmental interestrous intervals. conditions including :- a high concentration of animals, The surgical removal of the cyst is often low luminosity, the best solution. low quality food) may undergo prolonged interestrous Hormonal attempts using intervals. prostaglandins are not well documented in bitches.  two major causes: 1. Ovarian hyperstimulation bitches suffering from (mainly follicular cysts or Granulosa cells tumor), 2. Premature Decline in progesterone during diestrus (wolf heat).  It is important to diagnose and remove these hormonally active cysts or tumors as quickly as possible for at least two reasons. First, to restore fertility. Second, the secretion of high quantity of estrogens may act on the uterus lead to the cystic endometrial hyperplasia – pyometra complex fatal  Follicular cysts may be single or multiple may be present in only one or both ovaries. Diagnosis : Estradiol assays or ultrasonography. Follicular cysts appear as focal hypoechoic to anechoic structures greater than 1cm are supposed to be cystic structures. Treatment induction of luteinization of the cystic follicles, using GnRH or hCG. But leads to the occurrence of pyometra in the following weeks. The treatment of choice of ovarian follicular cysts is ovariectomy or ovario-hysterectomy when the uterus is damaged.  Wolf Heat - (split heat) the bitch has apparently normal heat but go out of heat without ovulation. Followed by another heat 2-6 weeks later (Fertile Heat). This pattern is more often observed in young bitches. Bitches suffer from lack of progesterone secretion  often lead to infertility with prolonged heat periods. 3.3.1. INFECTIOUS DISEASES Viral diseases canine infertility. Canine Herpes Virus (CHV) Canine Distemper. Parvovirus (CPV1)  resorption during the first half of pregnancy.  Canine Brucellosis, which is well known as an abortive agent during late pregnancy, could also generate early embryonic or fetal death through endometritis. Canine Mycoplasms  Parasitic infections on infertility is better documented. Neospora caninum could cause early fetal death in the bitch. 3.3.2. DRUGS INDUCED INFERTILITY Steroid hormones and anti-fungic compounds may create hormonal defects in prepuberal or adult bitches. Abortive drugs such as prostaglandins, antiprogestins and antiprolactinic substances have to be avoided during pregnancy.  Congenital abnormalities of the posterior genital tract (vulva, vestibule or vagina). Acquired diseases or abnormalities of the posterior genital tact (scars after a bad parturition, episiotomy, violent mating…).  Metritis Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (CEH) are often infertile due to implantation failure after conception. CEH often leads to Pyometra.  Mild cases of infection of the uterus are called metritis. Metritis can be in the form of a low grade and chronic infection of the uterus, causing poor fertility or early abortions. Metritis can develop into Pyometra at a later date. This condition needs antibiotics for the infection and drugs such as prostaglandins to assist with drainage. Desexing, as metritis often develops into pyometra in subsequent seasons.  Uterus fills with fluid It is usually seen in the older bitch, Can be open or closed who is over 5-6 years of age…??. 4-6 weeks after estrus Progesterone is high It can occur in younger bitches but Contamination of uterus by vaginal is less common. bacteria. This is a very serious condition Toxemia results from absorption of fluid and endotoxins Thirst, vomiting, inappetence, shock, death within 2-3 days Hysterectomy is the best treatment choice  1. The bitch will have had a season which has finished usually within the last 2-4 weeks. 2. Off food, drinking excessive amounts of water, vomiting and are very depressed. 3. Discolored discharge, depending on whether the cervix is opened or closed. 4. Enlarged abdomen ……? 5. The blood picture (count) is also very characteristic. There is a very high white cell count in response to the severity of the infection  Open pyometra Closed pyometra:- occurs purulent discharge through the cervix is a very dangerous condition for and so relieve both the pressure and the the bitch as the cervix is closed, toxic build up. causing an increasing build up of These bitches have a thick discoloured purulent toxic material, which if not discharge, which is often rather foul smelling. corrected fairly quickly, can cause death. These bitches have little or no discharge. Closed pyometras are often presented as medical emergencies  History and Symptoms Blood count Cytology Ultrasounds of the bitches abdomen can often assist in determining how severe the condition is, i.e. how much pus and discharge is present in the horns of the uterus. Prognosis : emergency case can cause death Ultrasound image of uterine horn: the uterine content is Ultrasound of uterine horn with endometrial hyperplasia: iperechoic and the endometrial glands are many and large severe endometrial surface lesions and endometrial (group glands distension are present in all the uterus  Fluid therapy Antibiotics Prostaglandins help the uterus to expel pus and alters the hormone levels of the ovaries This treatment should not be used if the pet is quite ill This treatment should not be used if your pet has closed pyometra This treatment may not work and surgery will need to be done If this treatment is successful, the next time the dog goes through heat, pyometra will usually recur unless the dog is bred and becomes pregnant  Surgery is often necessary on the 'closed' cases in order to save the life of the bitch, as the toxic effect from the bacterial build up within the uterus can kill the bitch within 2-3 days. Once pyometra has occurred, the likelihood of it recurring is very high.  Anesthetic death Bladder infection Peritonitis, which is infection of the abdomen Abdominal abscess formation Disseminated intravascular coagulation, which is a clotting disorder from the infection and causes death in many patients. Sepsis – poisoning of the body by toxins from bacteria  False pregnancy Normal to some extent 60 days after estrus May lactate, gain weight, nesting behavior Mammary tummors Thought may be related to similarity to pregnancy and non-pregnancy  Psuedo-pregnancy Mating to sterile male Vaginal stimulation or hormonal stimulation Cystic endometrial hyperplasia (Pyometra) Same as in bitch Failure to cycle Stress, poor nutrition, disease, inadequate light, cystic follicles