Cellular Respiration PDF

© Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc. Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets – Cellular Respiration All Rights Res erve...

© Copyright 2024, Booster Prep Inc. Booster Prep Booster Cheat Sheets – Cellular Respiration All Rights Res erved. Cellular Respiration Overview Oxidize glucose via electron carriers to deposit their electrons in the electron transport chain (ETC), fueling chemiosmosis to gener ate chemical energy for the cell in the form of ATP (exergonic). 1 1 Glycolysis: Nets 2 ATP and produces 2 pyruvate. Substrate Level Phosphorylation Important Enzymes ATP generated via direct transfer of a phosphate from another molecule. Hexokinase: The first “committed” step of glycolysis, transforms glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, consuming 1 ATP. Phosphorylating glucose is irreversible and prevents it from leaving the cell. Phosphofructokinase (PFK): Adds second phosphate, committing molecule to glycolysis. Aerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration 2 Aerobic process: Oxygen required as final electron acceptor. Regenerates oxidized NAD+ from NADH so glycolysis can run. Overall Reaction: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO 2 + 6H2O + ATP Glycolysis can run anaerobically (without the presence of oxygen). 2 & 3 Pyruvate Decarboxylation & Citric Acid Cycle (CAC)/Krebs Cycle Pyruvate gets shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix, and then the pyruvate Alcohol Fermentation dehydrogenase complex (PDC) transforms pyruvate into acetyl-CoA. Plants, fungi, and yeast. Overall, acetyl-CoA enters the CAC, where it is used to regenerate oxaloacetate. Each Pyruvate is converted to acetylaldehyde + CO2. Then 3 cycle of the CAC produces CO 2, ATP, FADH2, and NADH. acetylaldehyde is converted into ethanol in a process that oxidizes NADH to regenerate NAD+. 4 Electron Transport Chain (ETC) Acetylaldehyde is final electron acceptor. Oxidative phosphorylation: Electrons passed from Lactic Acid Fermentation electron carriers (NADH and FADH 2) to other carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane which Human muscle cells and generates a H+ gradient, providing ATP synthase energy other microorganisms. 4 via the proton motive force to produce ATP. Oxygen is Pyruvate → lactate, the final electron acceptor in the ETC, which combines regenerating NAD+ from with H + to form H2O. NADH in the process. NADH and FADH2 are oxidized by the ETC. Lactate can be converted back to ATP synthase uses the H + gradient for chemiosmosis glucose in the liver once (movement of ions down their electrochemical a surplus of ATP is gradient) through a membrane bound structure. restored. Alternative Energy Sources Glucose low: other carbs, fats, then proteins used for energy. Body creates glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors via gluconeogenesis in the liver. Skeletal muscle/liver cells store lots of glycogen.