Cellular Respiration Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the overall reaction of glycolysis?

C6H12O6 + 6NAD+ → 6NADH + 6H2O

C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6H2O + ATP

C6H12O6 → 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP (correct)

Which statement is true regarding pyruvate in cellular respiration?

Pyruvate can only be processed in the presence of oxygen.

Pyruvate is directly used to produce FADH2.

Pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA before entering the CAC. (correct)

Pyruvate is converted to glucose in the mitochondria.

In alcohol fermentation, what is the role of acetylaldehyde?

It is converted into lactic acid.

It acts as a substrate for ATP production.

It serves as the final electron acceptor. (correct)

It is converted into carbon dioxide.

What does the Citric Acid Cycle primarily regenerate?

Oxaloacetate from acetyl-CoA (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of the Citric Acid Cycle?

Glucose (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the electron transport chain (ETC) in cellular respiration?

To deposit electrons from electron carriers. (B) Signup and view all the answers

How many ATP are netted during glycolysis?

2 ATP (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of hexokinase in glycolysis?

It commits glucose to the glycolytic pathway. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme adds the second phosphate group during glycolysis?

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary requirement for aerobic respiration?

Oxygen as the final electron acceptor. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism is responsible for ATP generation during glycolysis?

Substrate level phosphorylation (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why is the phosphorylation of glucose irreversible?

It consumes 1 ATP and prevents glucose from leaving the cell. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main product of glycolysis?

Pyruvate (B) Signup and view all the answers

What role does oxygen play in oxidative phosphorylation?

It is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily generated by the movement of H+ ions through ATP synthase?

ATP (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about lactic acid fermentation is true?

It regenerates NAD+ from pyruvate. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to lactate after it is produced in muscle cells?

It can be converted back to glucose in the liver once ATP levels are restored. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What initial source of energy does the body use when glucose levels are low?

Fats, then carbohydrates, then proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells?

To store glucose for energy. (C) Signup and view all the answers

During oxidative phosphorylation, what is the primary consequence of the high concentration of H+ ions in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

It creates a proton motive force. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes gluconeogenesis?

It synthesizes glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration Overview

Cellular respiration oxidizes glucose to produce ATP, a crucial energy source for cells.
This process involves several steps, including glycolysis, transformation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC).

Glycolysis

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm.
Breaks down glucose (a 6-carbon molecule) into two pyruvate molecules (3-carbon molecules).
Generates a net gain of 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
Substrate-level phosphorylation is used to produce ATP during this step.

Transformation of Pyruvate into Acetyl CoA

Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA.
Generates 1 NADH and releases CO2 for each pyruvate molecule.

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
Acetyl CoA enters the cycle, oxidizing it to release CO2.
Generates 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 per cycle for each acetyl CoA.
Regenerates oxaloacetate to continue the cycle.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Chemiosmosis

Takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a chain of protein complexes.
This process creates a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Chemiosmosis uses this gradient to generate ATP via ATP synthase.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
Produces a large amount of ATP (approximately 34 ATP).

Anaerobic Respiration (Fermentation)

Occurs when oxygen is not available.
Regenerates NAD+ from NADH to allow glycolysis to continue.
Two common types:
- Alcohol fermentation: Produces ethanol and carbon dioxide.
- Lactic acid fermentation: Produces lactic acid.

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Description

Explore the fundamental processes of cellular respiration, which oxidizes glucose to produce ATP. Learn about key stages including glycolysis, the transformation of pyruvate into acetyl CoA, and the Krebs cycle. This quiz covers all essential steps leading to energy production in cells.