Hygiene and Immune System Guided Notes PDF

**Engage** **Have you noticed how some people frequently fall sick, while some others stay healthy and fit even in severe flu season?** **Why do you think this happens? What do the healthy people have that the sick people do not?** **Your immune system is what protects you from falling sick very...

**Engage** **Have you noticed how some people frequently fall sick, while some others stay healthy and fit even in severe flu season?** **Why do you think this happens? What do the healthy people have that the sick people do not?** **Your immune system is what protects you from falling sick very often. So, if you have a good immune system, you will not fall sick very frequently.** **What type of blood cells, also known as leukocytes, protect the body against infectious disease-causing pathogens?** A. ***White Blood Cells*** B. **Plasma** C. **Red Blood Cells** D. **Platelets** **Discover** **Hygiene** *Hygiene* refers to practices that help you maintain your health and prevent the spread of disease. Good hygiene is important for many reasons. Having poor hygiene impacts not only your physical health but also the health of the people around you. Good hygiene keeps your immune system healthy. It can also improve your self-esteem. Poor hygiene, in contrast, can make you more susceptible to certain illnesses. It can also have a negative impact on your mental health and lead to isolation and loneliness. Health Habits for hygiene include: - bathing daily - *washing hair* - brushing hair - *trimming fingernails and toenails* - brushing teeth in the morning, at night, and after each meal - washing your hands after using the restroom, coming in contact with animals, changing diapers, preparing food, and so on - covering your mouth when you cough - *using tissues when sneezing* - changing out of sweaty workout/work clothes as soon as possible Good hygiene practices will help in preventing the spread of pathogens, which can cause diseases. They will also make you feel good about yourself. Washing hands regularly is a great first step in developing healthy habits for good hygiene. Press play to watch the video below to learn about the importance of proper handwashing. Once you are finished, answer the question that follows regarding the video. \*Video\* What do you think are **two** other products you use often that could be full of germs if not cleaned regularly? Experts say you should complete the following steps when handwashing. 1. Wet hands 2. Apply soap 3. Scrub for at least 20 seconds 4. Rinse with water 5. Dry with a clean towel or air dry **How Often Do Communicable Diseases Lead To Death** Better hygiene practices, such as frequent washing of hands and covering the mouth and nose while coughing and sneezing, play a major role in reducing the spread of communicable diseases. Top 10 Causes of Death For people of all ages in 2020 (United States) 1. ***Heart Disease*** 2. ***Cancer*** 3. **COVID -- 19** 4. **Accidents** 5. **Cerebrovascular diseases** 6. **Chronic Lower Respiratory Diseases** 7. **Alzheimer's Disease** 8. **Diabetes** 9. **Influenza and pneumonia** 10. **Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephoris** **The Immune System** **The** *immune system* **is a network of proteins, cells, tissues, and organs that work together to prevent infections. When a person becomes infected by a communicable pathogen, the immune system works to defeat the pathogen by weakening and eventually killing it so that the person can recover from the illness**. **Components of the Immune System** *Tonsils*** **and** ***adenoids*** **are small organs located in the throat that trap pathogens contained in the food that a person eats and the air that they breathe, and prevent them from entering the body. *Lymph Nodes*** **are small glands that produce and store immune system cells that attack and destroy pathogens. The human body contains approximately 600 lymph nodes that can be found as single nodes or in groups. Swollen lymph nodes can be a sign of infection or other medical problems. The** ***thymus* is an organ located in the upper chest that stores some types of white blood cells so they can mature and prepare to fight infection. The *appendix* is an organ located between the small intestine and the large intestine, which stores the good bacteria that keep the gut healthy and aid in digestion. The appendix also contains immune cells that help to fight infections. The *spleen* is an organ that is located on the left side of the body, under the ribs, and above the stomach. It filters and stores blood and makes white blood cells. *Bone Marrow* is a soft tissue found in the center of some bones that produces white blood cells, which are a key component of the immune system. *Peyer's Patch* are small lumps of tissue found in the lining of the small intestine, which contain the cells that monitor and destroy the bacteria found in the intestines. **Leukocytes** In addition to organs and tissues, your immune system contains several different types of leukocytes, or white blood cells, that work together to keep the body healthy by responding to antigens. ***[Antigens]*** are toxins or foreign substances that trigger an immune response in the body. **Types of Leukocytes** There are two major types of leukocytes, or white blood cells, in the human body: - phagocytes - lymphocytes ***Phagocytes*** work by digesting invading pathogens. ***lymphocytes*** are a part of the body\'s memory system. They store information about pathogens that the body has encountered so that they can be recognized in the future. The phagocytes are further classified into macrophages and neutrophils. Similarly, lymphocytes have two major types, B cells and T cells. **\ Macrophages** They are the first major types of phagocytes. *Macrophages* are large phagocytes that constantly move throughout the body, digesting damaged body cells and pathogens. They also release molecules that activate other cells of the immune system, such as neutrophils. **\ Neutrophils** They are the second major type of phagocyte. ***Neutrophils*** are the most common type of leukocytes and one of the first types of cells to arrive at the site of an infection. Neutrophils work by digesting pathogens and releasing chemicals to kill them. **\ B Cells** B cells are one of the major types of lymphocytes. ***B Cells*** produce ***antibodies***, which are special proteins that tag invading pathogens so they can be destroyed. **\ T Cells** T cells are the second major type of lymphocytes*[. **T Cells**]* destroy pathogens tagged by antibodies and body cells that have been infected by pathogens. T cells also recruit other cells, such as phagocytes, to assist in the immune response. ##### How Does the Immune System Work Following are the steps followed by your body\'s immune system when a pathogen or foreign substance enters your body through a bite or by any other means. 1. First, the phagocytes trigger the immune response by sending macrophages into the blood to destroy the pathogen. 2.  The macrophages then ingest the pathogen. At the same time, macrophages send the signal to lymphocytes, namely the T cell, to prepare for action. 3. T cells screen the entire body for infected body cells and clean up by ingesting the worn-out cells. 4. In parallel to the above action, B cells produce specific antibodies, which bind with antigens (or unique chemicals) present on pathogens and neutralize them; as a result, they prevent pathogens from invading the other parts of the body. These actions increase your body temperature, which makes it difficult for the pathogens to survive and multiply in you. You will also notice swelling and redness at the cut site or bitten area due to damaged body cells. These signs help the phagocytes to recognize and clean up the infected site for new body cells to regrow. ##### Immune System Disorders *Immune system disorders* are conditions that cause the immune system to be weakened or overactive. A person may be born with a weakened or overactive immune system, or they may develop a disease that creates the condition. *Allergies* are responses to the immune system. Allergies occur when the immune system reacts to a foreign substance, such as an insect sting, pollen, or food, in the same way that it would react to a pathogen. The symptoms of an allergic reaction can be minor, like itchy eyes and sneezing, or life-threatening. Seasonal allergies often occur during *spring*. They are characterized by symptoms such as watery eyes, sneezing, and congestion. *Autoimmune diseases* are conditions in which the body attacks its own healthy tissues. Each autoimmune disorder has its own unique symptoms, such as pain in joints. Some of these symptoms can also be life-threatening. Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus are examples of autoimmune disorders. Some diseases can weaken the immune system and make the body more susceptible to infection. The human immunodeficiency virus, commonly known as HIV, is a virus that attacks the cells of the immune system. People with HIV tend to have a weakened immune system and would therefore be vulnerable to infections and diseases that a healthy immune system could prevent. If left untreated, a person with HIV can develop a life-threatening disease called acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). There is no cure for HIV, so once a person contracts it, they will have the virus for life. However, due to advances in medication and treatment options, most people living in the United States with HIV can now safeguard themselves from developing AIDS. ##### Strengthening the Immune System A healthy lifestyle can support and strengthen your immune system and protect your body. The following tips can help you maintain a healthy lifestyle: - Eat a healthy diet. - *Exercise regularly* - Do not use tobacco or alcohol products. - Drink enough water. - Get the recommended amount of sleep. - Make regular trips to the doctor\'s office. - *Practice good hygiene* - Manage stress. **Show** Which of the following organs produce white blood cells? Select ALL that apply A. ***Spleen*** B. ***Bone marrow*** C. Peyer's Patches D. Appendix What type of white blood cells works by ingesting pathogens and releasing chemicals to kill them? A. Lymphocytes B. Macrophages C. ***Neutrophils*** D. T Cells