Veterinary Microbiology 1-102 (PDF)

Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials s ale s B GA, rde WA ern VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Lou 96 & PUBLIC HEALTH 60 An R-2 M na  VMLE Review Systems...

Veterinarian Licensure Examination Review Supplemental Materials s ale s B GA, rde WA ern VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY Lou 96 & PUBLIC HEALTH 60 An R-2 M na  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 1 VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY AND 6. Orthomyxovirus Group PUBLIC HEALTH 7. Paramyxovirus Group 8. Picornavirus Group ------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Rhabdovirus Group REVIEW OUTLINE 10. Reovirus Group s ------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Filovirus Group 12. Prions I. IMMUNOLOGY D. Bacterial Zoonoses ale A. Introduction 1. Leptospirosis s B GA, B. Antigens 2. Brucellosis C. Antibodies 3. Anthrax D. Antigen-Antibody Reactions 4. Tetanus E. Immunocompetent cells in the Immune 5. Botulism Response 6. Staphylococcal Intoxication F. Initiators of the Immune Response 7. Salmonellosis G. Histocompatibility Antigens 8. E. coli Diarrhea rde WA ern H. Tumor Immunology 9. Zoonotic TB I. Complement System 10. Streptococcosis J. Hypersensitivity Reactions 11. Zoonotic Pasteurellosis K. Developmental Immunologic Disorders 12. Listeriosis L. Autoimmune Disorders 13. Psittacosis M. Interferons, Cytokines and Mediators of E. Fungal Zoonoses Inflammation 1. Dermatophytosis N. Types of Vaccines 2. Aspergillosis II. VIROLOGY 3. Candidiasis Lou 96 A. Historical Background F. Parasitic Zoonoses B. Parts of a Virus 1. Taeniasis C. Origins of Viruses 2. Echinococccus D. Methods of Viral Diagnosis 3. Paragonimiasis E. Virulence and Host Resistance 4. Schistosomiasis F. Viral Genetics and Evolution G. Protozoonoses G. Diseases caused by Viruses 1. Toxoplasmosis 60 H. Suggested Specimens for Virus V. FOOD HYGIENE Isolation A. Microorganisms in Food III. MICROBIOLOGY B. Classification of Bacteria A. Biochemical Test for Identification of C. Meat Hygiene Bacteria D. Important Diseases During Ante-Mortem B. Enterobacteriaceae Examination An R-2 C. Members of the Genera Pasteurella E. Meat Refrigeration D. Members of the Genus Actinobacillus F. Fish Hygiene E. Species of Haemophilus G. Milk Hygiene F. Members of the Genus Bordetella H. Food Preservation G. Members of Helicobacter I. Cleaning And Sanitation H. Members of the Genus Moraxella J. HACCP I. Members of the Genus Clostridium VI. EPIDEMIOLOGY J. Members of the Genus Streptococci A. Introduction K. Most Commonly Isolated Anaerobes B. Historical Developments M L. Members of Actinomyces C. Epidemiological Approaches M. Members of the Genera Chlamydia D. Concept of Cause N. Members of the Genus Mycoplasma E. Types of Epidemiological Studies na O. Members of the Rickettsiae F. Measures of Disease Frequency P. Members of the Bartonella G. Patterns of Disease Occurence Q. Members of the Dermatophytes H. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests IV. ZOONOSES I. Outbreak Investigation A. Types of Zoonoses J. Environmental Determinants of Disease B. Groups at Risk of Zoonoses K. Population and Sample Size C. Viral Zoonoses Determination 1. Herpes Virus Group L. Sampling Techniques 2. Arbovirus Group 3. Hendravirus Group --------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Nipahvirus Group 5. Arenavirus Group UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 2 I. IMMUNOLOGY c. immune response. A. Introduction C. DEVELOPMENT OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM A. IMMUNITY -involves the maturation of pluripotential stems in the -is an enhanced state of responsiveness to a specific bone marrow/bursa of Fabricius or thymus into B substance, induced by prior contact with that cells and t cells, respectively. s substance. -generation of specific receptors on the cell surface of 1. Natural immunity- present from birth, B cells and T cells. nonspecific. 1. Pluripotential stem-cell sources ale -Example: skin, mucus membranes, a. Embryonic yolk sac s B GA, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, b. Fetal liver eosinophils and the contents of these cells. c. Adult bone marrow 2. Acquired immunity- expressed after 2. B cells exposure to a given substance, specific. - mature in the bursa (hence the name B cells) of -consist of: Fabricius in birds, and in the fetal liver and adult a. humoral immunity, mediated by bone marrow in animals/humans (bursal antibodies equivalent) rde WA ern b. cell-mediated immunity, mediated by - involved in the generation of humoral lymphocytes. immunity B. IMMUNE SYSTEM - have specific receptors (immunoglobulins) -cellular and molecular components derived from the on their surface for antigen recognition. central and peripheral lymphoid organs. - mature into antibody producing plasma cells. 1. central lymphoid organs/primary - located predominantly in the germinal - bone marrow, thymus and bursa centers of the lymph nodes and spleen. - location of maturation of lymphoid cells. 3. T cells 2. peripheral lymphoid organs (secondary) - mature in the thymus Lou 96 -spleen, lymph nodes and lymphatic - involved in “helping” B cells become channels, tonsils, Peyer’s patches antibody-producing plasma cells. - location of reactivity of lymphoid cells. - have specific receptors (T cell receptors) on 3. cells of the immune system their surface for antigen recognition. - WBCs , which are composed of: - Involved in cell mediated immunity a. granulocytes - Participate in suppression of the immune b. lymphocytes response 60 c. monocytes - Predominant (95%) lymphocytes in the 4. molecules of the immune system circulation a. antibodies (immunoglobulins) - are - In the paracortical and interfollicular areas of protein products of B lymphocytes the lymph nodes and spleen specific for a particular antigen. b. lymphokines- soluble lymphocyte An R-2 products that play a role in the activation of the M na Components of the immune system. The principal cells of the immune system and the mediators they produce are shown. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are collectively known as polymorphonuclear granulocytes. Cytotoxic cells include cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), natural killer (NK) cells (large granular lymphocytes [LGLs]), and eosinophils. Complement is made primarily by the liver, though there is some synthesis by mononuclear phagocytes. Note that each cell produces and secretes only a particular set of cytokines or inflammatory mediators. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 3 D. PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNITY 3. Blast transformation and a series of mitotic - involves a series of events that culminate in B cell or divisions leading to the generation (from B T cell activation (or both) and response to the cells) of plasma cells that produce introduction of a foreign entity into the circulation. immunoglobulins, and (from T cells) of 1. “Processing” of the foreign entity by sensitized T cells- all capable of interacting s macrophage or B cell with the original foreign stimulus. 2. Recognition of this foreign entity by specific, preformed receptors on certain B cells and T ale cells s B GA, rde WA ern Lou 96 60 Origin of cells of the immune system. All cells shown here arise from the hematopoietic stem cell. Platelets produced by megakaryocytes are released into the circulation. An R-2 M The process of phagocytosis: A. A bacterium is na opsonized by antibody. The antibody binds to an Fc receptor on a phagocyte. B. The phagocyte begins to engulf the attached bacterium. C. The phagosome containing the bacterium fuses with lysosomes in the phagocyte cytoplasm to form a phagolysosome. D. The bacterium is killed and digested. E. The bacterial breakdown products are eliminated from the cell. Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte lineage. Many Some parts of the bacterium will remain on organs contain cells belonging to the mononuclear macrophage membrane associated MHC class II to phagocyte lineage. These cells are derived from be used in antigen presentation to T cells. blood monocytes and ultimately from stem cells in the bone marrow. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 4 s ale s B GA, rde WA ern The principal characteristics of innate and adaptive immunity. B. Antigens several epitopes recognized by different antibodies. A. Characteristics Some antigens have repeated epitopes (Ag3). 1. Immunogenicity: - the capacity to stimulate production of specific , C. Antibodies Lou 96 protective humoral or cellular immunity A. Characteristics - antibodies 2. Foreignness: - group of proteins that contain carbohydrate. - recognized as nonself; foreign proteins are - sedimentation coefficients ranging from 7S to excellent antigens. 19S. 3. Size: - found predominantly in the gamma globulin - at least approx. 10 kilodaltons to be recognized. fraction of serum, but also found in the alpha and 4. Shape: beta globulin fractions. 60 - tertiary & quaternary structures define extent of - consist of polypeptide chains linked by disulfide antigenicity. bands Definitions - contains a minimum of two identical heavy (H) 1. Epitope chains and two identical light (L) chains. - is the restricted portion of an antigen molecule B. Enzymatic treatment of antibody molecules that determines the specificity of the reaction with 1. reduction of disulfide bonds An R-2 an antibody. 2. papain treatment- two antigen binding fragments - is the antibody-binding site on an antigen for a (fab)/Ab molecule, one crystallized fragment specific antibody. (fc)/Ab - Contains four to six amino acid or sugar residues. 3. pepsin digestion- a large fragment (fab)2 that can 2. Hapten precipitate Ag, shows that (fab)2 fragments have - a small foreign molecule that is not immunogenic bivalent binding capacity. by itself but can bind to an antibody molecule C. Structure of antibody molecules already formed to it. 1. H chains M - Can be immunogenic if coupled to a sufficiently - 440 to 550 amino acid residues large carrier molecule. - structurally different for each of the defined classes of antibody (mu, gamma, alpha, delta and epsilon). na 2. L chains - 220 amino acid residues - two structurally distinct classes: kappa and lambda chains. 3. Variable domains - exist in both H and L chains - involved in antigen specificity of the antibody - contain the hypervariable regions (CDRs, or Antigens and epitopes. Antibodies recognize complementary-determining regions) which: molecular shapes (epitopes) on the surface of a) exist in both H and L chain variable domains antigens. Each antigen (Ag1, Ag2, Ag3) may have UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 5 b) define the antibody’s paratope (antigen- binding site), which binds to the antigen’s epitope. D. Classes (isotopes) of antibody molecules -defined by the type of H chain, of which there are five: s , , , ,  1. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) - constitutes 73% of the immunoglobulin in serum ale on average. s B GA, - 7S antibody, 150 kDa - agglutinate , opsonize and precipitate antigen - crosses the placenta (except for subclass IgG4) - fixes complement (except for IgG4) 2. Immunoglobulin A (IgA) D. Antigen-Antibody Reactions - exist as monomer (7S) in serum and as a dimer A. Forces holding antigen-antibody complexes (9S) in secretions, 160 kDa mw together: rde WA ern - found in serum, colostrums, respiratory and - identical to any protein-protein interaction intestinal mucous membrane, saliva and tears B. Definitions: - consists of two subclasses: IgA1, IgA2; the 1. Affinity-is the tendency to form a stable complex, former is the predominant form in serum, and the applies to a specific antibody directed against a latter is the predominant form in secretions specified epitope (i.e. a single Ab-Ag reaction) - may have joining (J) polypeptide chain 2. Avidity-is the sum of the affinities, refers to the - contains secretory (transport) piece synthesized total antibody response to all of the epitopes in the local epithelium, which may help retard associated with a given antigen. autodigestion. 3. Lattice theory-states that a precipitate will form in Lou 96 3. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) a lattice arrangement under optimum - a pentamer relationships between antibody and antigen, - macroglobulin, states that Ab-Ag excess will diminish a lattice - 19S antibody network and decrease the amount of precipitate. - mw: 900 kDa C. Types of antigen-antibody reactions - constitutes 7% of the immunoglobulins in serum Precipitation Tests: on average 1. Ring test 60 - the first immuno-globulin to appear in phylogeny, - is a precipitation reaction that takes place at the ontogeny and in response to antigen stimulation. interface between two solutions, one containing - has a J polypeptide chain that holds the IgM antigen and one containing antibody. pentamer together 2. Oudin (single diffusion) - four constant domains on each chain. - is a precipitation technique, usually accomplished 4. Immunoglobulin D (IgD) in a test tube, where Ab (or Ag) in a gel is allowed to react with soluble Ag (or Ab) diffusing An R-2 - mw: 150 kDa - contains 18% carbohydrate through it from a liquid interface. - constitutes 1% of the immunoglobulin in serum 3. Ouchterlony (double diffusion) on average - a precipitation technique in agar, usually - has an unknown function in serum accomplished in a petri dish, where Ag and Ab - a receptor on B cell surface are allowed to diffuse against each other and 5. Immunoglobulin E (IgE) permit the formation of a precipitin line between - mw: 200 kDa the sample wells. - reagenic antibody, constitute less than 0.01% of -if 2 or more sample Ag wells are diffused against a M serum immunoglobulin. single antiserum (Ab) well, the following - involved in allergic reactions or type I distinctions can be made; hypersensitivity reaction. a. lines of identity: a single precipitin line na - has 4 constant domains on each H chain indicating uniformity and identity of the Ag in - has an Fc region that will bind to receptors on the sample wells basophils and mast cells b. lines of nonidentity: 2 distinct and crossing - mediates Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions precipitin lines indicating no cross reactivity - responsible for immunity to parasitic worms or identity between the antigens in the two E. Allotypes of immunoglobulins sample wells - small, regular structural differences among c. lines of partial identity: a spur formation , molecules of a particular immunoglobulin isotype indicating that some , but not all of the - may be as simple as a single amino acid antigenic determinants (epitopes) are shared substitution in the H or L chains between the antigens in the two sample - may be detected by immunologic means wells 4. Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP) UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 6 - is an Ag-Ab reaction technique developed to 8. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) resolve highly complex mixtures of antigens. - same test as RIA except an enzyme is attached 5. Rocket Immunoelectrophoresis to an Ab instead of a radioactive label, and - is a rapid method for estimating Ag concentration different immunoglobulins are detected 6. Radial immunodiffusion -involves measurement of a color change, which s - a method for estimating Ag concentration result from the addition of substrate that is 7. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) specific for the enzyme. - is a sensitive assay for antigen that usually uses - color intensity is proportional to the amount of ale a known amount of labeled antigen (Ag*) and a antigen detected in the sample. s B GA, known amount of specific antibody for that antigen. rde WA ern Lou 96 60 An R-2 M na Mechanisms by which antibodies combat infection. Left panels: antibodies bind to a bacterial toxin and neutralize its toxic activity by preventing the toxin from interacting with its receptor on human cells. The complex of toxin and antibodies binds to macrophage receptors through the antibody’s constant region. Finally the macrophage ingests and degrades the complex. Center panels: the opsonization of a bacterium by coating with antibody. When the bacterium is coated with IgG molecules, their constant regions point outward and can bind to the receptors on a macrophage, which then ingests and degrades the bacterium. Right panels: opsonization of a bacterium by a combination of antibody and complement. The bacterium is first coated with IgG molecules, which activate complement cleavage. Fragments of complement on the bacterial surface provide ligands for the complement receptor of macrophages. The combined interaction of macrophage receptors for complement and for the constant region of IgG makes for efficient phagocytosis. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 7 E. Immunocompetent cells in the Immune - develop a series of markers during the Response differentiation process. - include macrophages, monocytes, and other Ontogeny of B cells antigen presenting cells (APCs); T cells; and B - the process by which a stem cell undergoes cells. differentiation from a pre-B cell, to an immature B s A. Antigen presenting cells cell, to a mature B cell that is driven by antigen to - include macrophages and monocytes and become an activated B cell, and finally becomes their derivatives, including microglial cells, a plasma cell that is capable of producing ale Kupffer’s cells and Langerhans’ cells of the immunoglobulin. s B GA, skin. - have dendritic extensions and the ability to ACTIONS and PRODUCTS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM phagocytose, internalize, and process antigen. CELLS - possess Ia antigens, Fc receptors and C3b A. Actions of immune system cells: receptors 1. Macrophages-antigen presenting cells (APC) - produce interleukin1 (IL-1) - phagocytoses, process and degrade the antigen B. T cells - express antigenic determinants (epitopes) of the rde WA ern - thymus-dependent lymphocytes antigen on its surface in association with calls II - develop in the thymus molecules - have a unique antigen receptor of a specific - produce IL-1 idiotype (T-cell receptor) 2. T-helper cells - develop a series of thymus-induced - recognize antigen epitopes in association with differentiation markers labeled as cluster of class II molecules by TCR and CD4 differentiation (CD) antigens - use the CD3 molecules to transduce the - have Fc receptors on some subsets and C3b antigenic signal internally. receptors - react with IL-1 from APC Lou 96 1. T-cell receptor (TCR) - produce IL-2 and express IL-2 receptors - the antigen-specific (idiotype) receptor on - become activated when the IL-2 receptors are T cells occupied by IL-2 - encoded by a DNA rearrangement of V,D, - produce a variety of lymphokines, which have and J exons for the V region. stimulatory role in B cell growth and - associated with CD3. differentiation 3. B-cells 60 2. CD markers - recognize antigen epitopes via surface - arise on T cells during maturation in the immunoglobulin receptors thymus. - cross-link these antigen epitopes on the B-cell a. CD2 surface - is the earliest T cell marker - -undergo capping and internalization (by - is the sheep RBC receptor pinocytosis) of these occupied surface receptors. An R-2 - present on virtually every peripheral - stimulated to blastogenesis and differentiated T cell into plasma cells by lymphokines produced by T- b. CD3 helper cells. - intimately associated with TCR, essentially transmembrane and F. Initiators of the Immune Response cytoplasmic that transduce signal A. T-dependent antigens from TCR - the predominant type of initiator of the immune c. CD4 response - present mainly on T helper cells - necessarily need the presence of an antigen- M - involved in interaction with class II presenting cell (APC) and the activation of T- antigens helper cells and their concomitant lymphokines to d. CD8 activate and differentiate B cells to become na - present mainly on T-cytotoxic and plasma cells and secrete antibody. T-suppressor cells B. T-independent antigens - recognizes HLA class I antigens - do not need T-helper cell activity, T-cell activation, C. B cells nor the production of lymphokines. - are thymus- independent lymphocytes - are polymeric in nature - develop independent of antigen - produce a primary (IgM) immune response, they - arise from stem cells and mature in the bone do not produce memory cells nor an anamnestic, marrow (bursa of Fabricius in birds or the secondary (IgG) immune response. bursal equivalent), or in both - include endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide, dextran, - have a unique surface immunoglobulin (S-Ig) polyvinylpyrrolidone, polymerized flagellin, and receptor for antigen Epstein-Barr virus. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 8 G. Histocompatibility Antigens - do not increase as a result of antigen A. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) stimulation. 1. HLA class I antigens - are manufactured very early in ontogeny - genes that are expressed in every nucleated (first trimester). cell in the body - are made in macrophages and liver (except s - are associated with the expression of C1, which is made and assembled in GIT antigen on virus-infected or transformed epithelium). cells. - are heat labile. ale 2. HLA class II antigens C. Alternative activation pathway s B GA, - are associated with the presentation of - is caused by the presence of zymosan, antigen on antigen-presenting cells. endotoxin or complexes of aggregated B. Immunologic role of the histocompatibility antigens human immunoglobulins including F(ab’)2 - antigens are recognized by the appropriate fragments. T- cell receptor only in the context of the - bypasses the need for specific antibody and histocompatibility antigens. early components C1,C4 and C2. - exogenous antigens (e.g. bacteria), which rde WA ern would undergo processing by an APC, would be expressed on the surface of the APC in the context of an HLA class II molecule and be recognized by CD4+ T-helper cells. - endogenous antigens (e.g. virally transformed cell proteins) would be expressed on the surface of any cell in the context of a class I HLA molecule and be recognized by a CD8 cytotoxic T (Tc) cell. Lou 96 H. Tumor Immunology A. Tumor cells - are cells that have been transformed by virus or by chemical or physical means - usually proliferate uncontrollably - have tumor-associated antigen (TAA) expression 60 on their surface. Functions of complement. Components of the B. Immune mechanisms in tumor-cell complement system can lyse many bacterial species destruction (1). Complement fragments released in this reaction - include both the humoral and the cell-mediated attract phagocytes to the site of the reaction (2). mechanisms elicited by TAA’s. Complement components opsonize the bacteria for 1. Humoral immunity to tumor cells phagocytosis (3). In addition to the responses shown An R-2 - starts with antibody binding to tumor cells here, activation of the complement system increases and can lead to killing of tumor cells. blood flow and vascular permeability at the site of 2. Cell-mediated immunity to tumor cells activation. Activated components can also induce the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells. I. Complement System A. Complement-mediated cell cytotoxicity J. Hypersensitivity Reactions - causes lysis of target cell. A. Type I hypersensitivity: anaphylaxis - may be initiated by antibody fixation to a cell - occur in atopic individuals surface antigen M - occurs in response to environmental - may be caused by antigen-antibody complex antigens (e.g. allergens) or administered formation antigens (e.g. penicillin). - occurs by activation of either: - is mediated by IgE (reaginic) antibody bound na 1. Classical complement cascade: mediated to the surface of mast cells or basophils by IgG, IgG2,IgG3 or IgM antibody - may be localized or systemic 2. Alternative pathway: initiated by certain 1. IgE in immediate hypersensitivity antigens (i.e.lipopolysaccharide, endotoxin, - is produced in response to environmental zymosan) or antigen-antibody complexes antigens. B. Complement components - will bind by the Fc portion of IgE to mast - is a collective term for a group of cells or basophils. heterogeneous proteins involved in a - will cause release of vasoactive and sequential activation culminating in target chemotactic factors from mast cells upon cell lysis. cross-linking of antigen on the surface. - are not immunoglobulins - can be measured in toto by use of - are present in normal serum radioimmunosorbent test (RIST) UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 9 - can also be measured by specific idiotypes 2. Examples of Type III hypersensitivity reactions by the radioallergosorbent test (RAST). a.) Arthus reactions: immunization of rabbits 2. Products released by mast cells upon with horse serum (classic prototype of type III stimulation of surface IgE. reaction a. Vasoactive mediators b.) Farmer’s lung: antibody to inhaled aspergillus s 1.) Histamine: causes smooth muscle mold contraction in bronchioles and small blood c.) Cheesemaker’s lung: antibody to fungi vessels, and increased permeability of d.) Pigeon fancier’s disease: antibody to pigeon ale capillaries; mw: 111 daltons dander s B GA, 2.) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) - activates e.) Serum sickness: antibody to “foreign” platelets immunoglobulin injection 3.) Slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis f.) Rheumatoid arthritis: rheumatoid factor (IgM) (SRS-A), which consists of metabolite of against the Fc portion of self IgG arachidonic acid and include the leukotrienes D. Type IV hypersensitivity :delayed-type LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 hypersensitivity 4.) Prostaglandins and thromboxanes: - differentiated from immediate type rde WA ern products of cyclooxygenase metabolism or hypersensitivity reactions (type I,II and III) arachidonic acid; cause erythema and - is an example of cell-mediated immunity; types vasopermeability. These metabolites are I,II and III are mediated by antibody and are potent inducers of smooth muscle contractility, example of humoral immunity bronchoconstriction and increased vascular 1. Sequence of events in a type IV reaction permeability. a. An appropriate antigen (tuberculin, purified b. Chemotactic factors protein derivative of Mycobacterium 1.) Eosinophil chemotactic factor of tuberculosis, tumor cell, transplanted cell, anaphylaxis (ECF-A): causes influx of virally transformed cell) is process by Lou 96 eosinophils; mw: 2 kilodaltons macrophages; epitopes of antigen are 2.) Neutrophil chemotactic factor: has high mw expressed on the macrophage surface via (660 kilodaltons); is chemotactic for HLA class II antigens; macrophage produce neutrophils IL-1 B. Type II hypersensitivity: cytotoxic reactions b. T-helper cells react to antigen epitope and - involve the production of antibody to specific cell- class II antigens via TCR and CD4, surface epitopes, which will cause destruction of respectively. 60 the cell. c. T-helper cells are also stimulated by IL-1 Examples of type II hypersensitivity reactions from macrophages. 1. Transfusion reactions: ABO incompatibility d. T-helper cells produce IL-2 and IL-2 involving IgM antibodies against A or B receptors become fully activated and release alloantigens lymphokines, having an effect on T-cells and 2. Hemolytic anemia: antibody to RBC epitopes on macrophages An R-2 3. Good pasture’s syndrome: antibody to 2. Lymphokines glomerular and bronchial basement membrane i. that affect macrophages include 4. Myasthenia gravis: antibody to muscle macrophage chemotactic factor (MCF), acetylcholine receptors macrophage migration inhibition factor (MIF) C. Type III hypersensitivity: immune complex and macrophage-activating factor (MAF) reactions ii. that effect CD8’ cells include IL-2, which - involve soluble antigen that becomes bound antigen- activates them to become fully cytotoxic. antibody complexes, which, especially in antigen iii. that are produced by CD4’ and CD8’ cells excess, can cause a series of events that lead to include tumor necrosis factor (TNF), M pathologic expression, edema, neutrophil osteoclast-activating factor (OAF), and infiltrate, and lesions in blood vessels and kidney histamine-releasing factor (HRF). glomeruli. 3. CD8+ cytotoxic cells na 1. Consequences of antigen-antibody complex - react to viral and tumor antigens and HLA formation class I antigens via TCR and CD8 molecules, a.) Platelet aggregation, leading to formation of respectively microthrombi and release of vasoactive amines - are further stimulated by IL-2 from T-helper b.) Activation of complement and release of cells. anaphylatoxins (causing histamine release) - produce IL-2 themselves and chemotactic factors (for neutrophils) c.) Clotting factor XII activation, leading to fibrin, plasmin and kinin formation UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 10 s ale s B GA, The Coombs and Gell classification of the four types of hypersensitivity reaction. In type I, mast cells bind IgE via their Fc receptors. On encountering allergen the IgE becomes cross-linked, inducing degranulation and release of mediators that produce allergic reactions. In type II, antibody is directed against antigen on an individual’s own cells rde WA ern (target cell) or foreign antigen, such as transfused blood cells. This may lead to cytotoxic action by K cells, or complement-mediated lysis. In type III, immune complexes are deposited in the tissue. Complement is activated and polymorphs are attracted to the site of deposition, causing local tissue damage and inflammation. In type IV, antigen- sensitized T cells release lymphokines following a secondary contact with the same antigen. Cytokines induce inflammatory reactions and activate and attract macrophages, which release inflammatory mediators. Lou 96 60 An R-2 Skin tests are carried out by introducing 0.02 ml of extract intradermally. With allergens such as pollen, cat, or dust mite, the positive reaction is an immediate (i.e. within 20 min) wheal, which in some cases is followed by an indurated response occurring late (i.e. 4-12 hours). Non-allergic individuals make no discernible reaction to testing with these allergens. A delayed skin response is the commonest form of positive response to tuberculin and tetanus, or to fungi such as Trichophyton and Candida spp. The skin typically shows no reaction up to 12 hours and then gradually develops an erythematous, indurated, delayed hypersensitivity response, which is maximal at 24-48 hours. Patch tests are performed by applying a gauze pad with allergen to a patch of skin that has been mildly abraded. This procedure may give an immediate wheal response, but this is followed at 24-48 hours by an indurated, erythematous response, which has many of the features of eczema. The patch test is not a diagnostic test, but has provided M extensive information about the role of allergens in atopic dermatitis. Immunopathologic Diseases: Systemic Anaphylaxis (Generalized anaphylactic na Diseases Involving Anaphylactic Reactions reactions) (Type I reactions, Atopic disease)  Anaphylactic shock occurs in sensitized animals  Type I reactions are either systemic or localized. after parenteral injection of vaccines or drugs,  If the animal has been previously exposed to an ingestion of foods, or insect bites. allergen (antigen) and produces IgE antibodies,  allergen to bind to sensitized mast cells and for then injection of the sensitizing antigens directly vasoactive mediators to be released. into the bloodstream can result in anaphylactic  In people and most domestic animals, lungs are the shock or more focal reactions (eg, hives, urticaria, primary target organ and the portal-mesenteric facial-conjunctival edema). vasculature is secondary; this is reversed in dogs.  If the sensitizing allergen enters through the  Anaphylactic shock is treated with an IV injection of mucous membranes or the skin, more localized epinephrine to counteract bronchial constriction and reactions usually occur. portal-mesenteric vasodilation. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 11  Ancillary support of blood pressure and respiration  A PIE-like syndrome is also associated with may be necessary. resident or migratory parasitic infections of the  Because of the peracute onset of signs, lungs in young animals. antihistamines are of little therapeutic benefit. Intestinal allergies (food allergies)  Antihistamines are more effective in treating  are principally seen in dogs and cats, particularly s urticarial reactions and facial-conjunctival edema, kittens. but even in those cases, antihistamines are more  In cats, vomiting may be the sole sign; dogs may effective when used to prevent attacks in animals also have loose feces intermittently. ale with a known allergic predisposition.  The allergy often follows bouts of viral, bacterial, or s B GA, Urticarial reactions (hives or angioedematous protozoal enteritis (a phenomenon known as plaques) allergic breakthrough).  of the skin and subcutaneous tissue and acute  Food allergy may be a cause of diarrhea in newly edema of the lips, conjunctiva, and skin of the face weaned piglets, (facial-conjunctival angioedema) are less severe  Eosinophilic enteritis, the most severe form of manifestations of a systemic allergic reaction. allergic intestinal disease,  These reactions usually follow administration of  The prevalence of allergic colitis is greater in cats rde WA ern vaccines or drugs, ingestion of certain foods, or than in dogs, although in general it is not common. insect bites.  In dogs, it is often associated with frequent  Urticarial reactions and facial-conjunctival edema defecation and soft, mucus-laden and sometimes occur in most species and usually resolve bloody feces; in cats, it most frequently manifests spontaneously within 24 hr. by more normal feces coated or spotted with fresh  Not all urticarial reactions are mediated by IgE blood. antibody. Atopic dermatitis Milk allergy  is a pruritic, chronic skin disorder that occurs in  occurs occasionally in cows and less frequently in many species but has been studied mostly in dogs. Lou 96 mares.  It has been estimated that ~10% of all dogs suffer  This can happen when intramammary pressure from atopy, with a breed predisposition in terriers, increases enough that normally sequestered milk Dalmatians, and retrievers. components, notably casein, gain access to the  The skin is the target tissue in dogs. circulation; these “foreign” proteins induce a Type I  Atopic skin lesions in cats are either miliary (small hypersensitivity. scabs) and widespread, or larger and more  The reaction can be localized or systemic. localized. Localized lesions are often pruritic. 60 Localized Anaphylactic Reactions  In cats, food allergens probably are a more Allergic rhinitis common cause of skin lesions than are inhaled  is manifested by serous nasal discharge and allergens. sneezing.  Sweet itch is a seasonal allergic dermatitis of  Often, it is seasonal, correlating with pollen horses associated with certain insect bites, exposure. especially night-feeding Culicoides. An R-2  Nonseasonal rhinitis may be associated with  Intensely pruritic lesions appear along the dorsum exposure to ubiquitous allergens, such as molds, from the ears to tail head and perianal area. danders, bedding, and feeds.  The “wheal and flare” reaction seen when the  Summer snuffles is a seasonal allergic rhinitis offending allergen is injected into the dermis is a occurring commonly in Guernsey or Jersey cattle focal manifestation of the allergic state. placed on certain types of flowering pastures in late  Cyclosporine A can be used locally instead of summer and early autumn. methylprednisolone in cases of severe disease. Chronic allergic bronchitis Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia and  has been best characterized in dogs. Thrombocytopenia M  A dry, harsh, hacking cough that is easily  These are the most common Type II reactions. precipitated by exertion or by pressure on the  Concurrent thrombocytopenia is found in 60% of trachea is a characteristic clinical sign. cases. na  The disease may be seasonal or occur year-round.  Type II reactions can be associated with systemic  treated with bronchial dilators and expectorants lupus erythematosus (SLE [more common in dogs]) (aminophylline and potassium iodide or guaifenesin or with lymphoreticular malignancies (more  Glucocorticoids dramatically alleviate clinical signs common in horses and cats). Pulmonary infiltration with eosinophilia (PIE  Drugs, vaccines, or infections also can precipitate syndrome) attacks of hemolytic anemia or thrombocytopenia in  occurs most frequently in dogs but has been most species. recognized in all species.  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) has 4 basic  affected animals are often dyspneic or tire easily forms: peracute, acute or subacute, chronic, and with exercise. pure red cell aplasia.  Glucocorticoids are the treatment of choice.  Peracute AIHA is seen mainly in middle-aged, larger breeds of dogs. Thrombocytopenia and UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 12 thrombotic phenomena may be accompanying  The site of deposition of the immune complexes features. determines the nature of the disease.  Acute AIHA is the most common form of the Glomerulonephritis disease, with a breed predilection in Cocker  is caused by deposition of antigen-antibody Spaniels. Hepatosplenomegaly is a prominent sign. complexes in the subendothelial or subepithelial s  Chronic AIHA differs from the acute form in that surface of the glomerular basement membrane. the PCV falls to a constant level and remains there  Secondary glomerulonephritis occurs as a side for weeks or months. The bone marrow is either effect of chronic infectious, neoplastic, or ale normal or hyperresponsive, and the Coombs’ test is immunologic disorders. s B GA, often negative. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis  Chronic AIHA is relatively more common in cats  is caused by deposition of immune complexes in than in dogs. the alveoli; it is most common in large animals that  Pure red cell aplasia is a variant of the above are exposed to antigenic dusts. disorders and is most common in dogs. It occurs in  The most potent antigens of this type are those 2 forms, one in postweanling to adolescent puppies contained in the spores of thermophilic and the other in adults. actinomycetes from moldy hay. rde WA ern Autoimmune thrombocytopenia  Inhalation of these spores causes farmer’s lung  is common, especially in dogs. It occurs more often disease in humans and a similar condition in cattle in females than males. Systemic lupus erythematosus  Hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia  (SLE) occurs in dogs, is rare in cats, and has been sometimes occur together. reported in large animals.  Autoimmune thrombocytopenia usually is  It has 2 immunologic features: immune complex diagnosed on the basis of low peripheral platelet disease and a heightened antibody responsiveness counts despite a pronounced megakaryocytosis in with a tendency to produce autoantibodies. the marrow.  combination of Type II and III diseases. Lou 96  Occasionally, megakaryocytes may be selectively Glomerulonephritis is one of the major life- absent from the marrow—a condition analogous to threatening complications of SLE in cats but not in pure red cell aplasia. dogs. Autoimmune Skin Disorders  Psychosis, a major sign of SLE in people, is also  In these immunologic skin disorders, antibodies are seen in animals with SLE. directed against intracellular cement substances at  Autoimmune hemolytic anemia or the basal cell layer, which results in separation of thrombocytopenia, or both, are the most common 60 the epidermal cells (acantholysis). autoantibody manifestations of SLE in animals. Pemphigus foliaceus Vasculitis  is more common in dogs than in cats and horses  mediated by immune complexes occurs in animals, but is still an uncommon disease. especially dogs and horses.  Autoantibodies are present in the skin and react  Edema of the limbs is common in horses and a less with intracellular cement substance. frequent but equally striking sign in dogs. An R-2  These autoantibodies cause a separation of the  Vasculitis is a feature of SLE in some animals but cornified from uncornified cell layers. most often is idiopathic. Drug-induced vasculitis Bullous pemphigoid has been well recognized in dogs.  has been recognized in dogs, most often in Collies Purpura hemorrhagica and Doberman Pinschers.  of horses is a form of nonthrombocytopenic purpura  Lesions are often widespread but tend to be that often is a sequela of an earlier Streptococcus concentrated in the groin. equi respiratory infection;  Bullae also may be seen; they are subepidermal Anterior uveitis and may be full of eosinophils.  often involves immune-complex-mediated reactions M Myasthenia Gravis  it frequently occurs in the recovery stage of  The acquired form of myasthenia gravis occurs in infectious canine hepatitis due to the reaction of dogs and rarely in goats and cats. serum antibodies with uveal endothelial cells that na  The clinical manifestations mimic those produced contain canine adenovirus 1 by curare.  equine recurrent uveitis or anterior uveitis of horses  Megaesophagus is a frequent primary or may be associated with immunologic reactions to accompanying complaint in dogs. Leptospira or Onchocerca spp.  Thymomas are often associated with myasthenia  Uveitis caused by Toxoplasma and feline infectious gravis in humans, but this is uncommon in other peritonitis virus infections of cats also has an animals. immunologic basis. Diseases Involving Immune Complexes Canine rheumatoid arthritis (Type III reactions)  manifests initially as a shifting lameness with  Immune complex disorders are among the most soft-tissue swelling around involved joints. common of the immunologic diseases.  Within weeks or months, the disease localizes in  They may be idiopathic or of secondary origin. individual joints UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 13  The prominent lesion is a progressive erosion of Autoimmune adrenalitis cartilage and subchondral bone in the area of  The adrenal glands are slowly destroyed by a synovial attachments, which results in loss of plasmacytic-lymphocytic infiltrate. articular cartilage and collapse of the joint space.  When sufficient glandular tissue is destroyed, the  Deformities are most frequent in the carpal, tarsal, dogs develop Addison’s syndrome s and phalangeal joints, and less frequent in the Keratitis sicca elbow and stifle.  occurs in dogs, with a genetic predisposition in  rheumatoid arthritis tends to occur in older male Cocker Spaniels ale cats and frequently is associated with feline  associated with an immune-mediated destruction of s B GA, leukemia virus infection. the lacrimal glands and is somewhat analogous to  The development of disease in cats is much Sjögren’s syndrome of humans, which is caused by more insidious than in dogs. disease of the salivary glands and a lack of saliva. Periarteritis nodosa (polyarteritis nodosa, Immune-deficiency Diseases necrotizing polyarteritis) Deficiencies in Phagocytosis  is a rare, idiopathic disease of domestic animals  can involve acquired or congenital defects in any of caused by deposition of immune complexes and these steps, or can be due to the available number rde WA ern inflammation in walls of small and medium-sized of phagocytes. arteries.  A cyclic decrease of all cellular elements, most  most common in pigs, usually associated with notably neutrophils, occurs in the peripheral blood erysipelas and streptococcal infections, and lowers the resistance to infection of gray  attributed to a hypertensive arterial reaction to Collies and Collie crosses. these bacteria or to their vaccines. Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency  in cats, although it is often mistaken for the  Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (canine noneffusive form of feline infectious peritonitis. granulocytopathy syndrome) is a primary Immune-mediated meningitis immunodeficiency disorder inherited as an Lou 96  is believed to occur in dogs. autosomal recessive trait.  The condition also has been called periarteritis  This deficiency is the result of a deficient nodosa, although its relationship to the human expression of leukocyte surface glycoproteins. syndrome is uncertain. Deficiencies in Immunoglobulins  A steroid-responsive meningitis has been seen in  These may be acquired or congenital. Acquired adolescent or young adult Beagles, Boxers, deficiencies occur in neonates that do not receive German Shorthaired Pointers, and Akitas, but is adequate maternal antibodies (failure of passive 60 very rare in other pure and mixed breeds. transfer) or in older animals due to conditions that  A syndrome of meningitis, often associated with decrease active immunoglobulin synthesis. polyarthritis, is seen in Akitas as young as 12 wk  occurs occasionally in all species that have old. colostrum as the major source of maternal  Affected dogs grow at a slower rate and often antibodies: calves, lambs, and foals. appear unthrifty. Idiopathic (essential) hypogammaglobulinemia An R-2  The condition responds poorly to glucocorticoid  has not been described in animals other than and combination immunosuppressive therapy, humans, but undoubtedly it occurs. and most dogs are euthanized as young adults.  It is associated with excessive regulatory cell Diseases Involving Cell-mediated Immunity activity that depresses antigen-stimulated (Type IV reactions) immunoglobulin synthesis to B lymphocytes. Granulomatous reactions Hypogammaglobulinemia  to microorganisms such as mycobacteria,  can be associated with any disorder that Coccidioides , Blastomyces , and Histoplasma interferes with immunoglobulin synthesis. spp , and possibly feline infectious peritonitis  Tumors, such as plasma cell myelomas or M virus, may be due to chronic cell-mediated lymphosarcomas that occasionally secrete large immune reactions. amounts of monoclonal antibody, can be Lymphocytic choriomeningitis associated with profound deficiencies of normal na is a viral infection of mice in which CNS damage is beneficial antibodies. due to the destruction of virus-infected cells by  Animals with tumors that produce monoclonal thymus-derived lymphocytes. antibodies can have severe secondary infections. Old-dog encephalitis  Some viral infections, eg, canine distemper and  also may result from cell-mediated immune canine parvovirus, may damage the mechanisms directed against cells persistently lymphoreticular system so severely that normal infected with canine distemper virus. antibody production is virtually stopped. Contact hypersensitivity Congenital hypogammaglobulinemia  results from chemicals reacting with dermal  (common variable immunodeficiency) has been proteins, which modify self-proteins. recognized either by itself or in combination with  eg, poison oak and poison ivy reactions in humans. deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity  described in both dogs and horses UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 14  Deficiencies in IgG subclass synthesis have been  Focal and systemic aspergillosis (and mycoses seen in some breeds of cattle; due to related fungi, affect certain types of dogs.  IgM deficiency has been described in horses;  Long-nosed breeds, in particular German  IgA deficiencies have been described in Beagles, Shepherds and shepherd-crosses, are prone to German Shepherds, and Shar-Peis. develop focal aspergillosis in the nasal passages. s  Patients with common variable immunodeficiency  Systemic aspergillosis is seen almost exclusively have a higher than usual incidence of in German Shepherds, and more commonly in autoimmune disorders and autoantibodies (eg, western Australia than elsewhere ale autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Viral-induced Immunodeficiencies s B GA, thrombocytopenia, systemic lupus erythematosis).  Canine distemper virus causes a profound Transient hypogammaglobulinemia combined immunodeficiency in affected puppies.  has been recognized most frequently in foals and  increased susceptibility to agents normally puppies. It may be more common in Spitz-type contained by cellular immunity, eg, Toxoplasma , puppies than in other breeds Nocardia.  congenital and manifested by a delay in  Parvoviral infection in both dogs and cats leads development of active immunity associated with to increased incidence of fungal infections rde WA ern a maturational defect of both TH function and the (aspergillosis, mucormycosis, candidiasis) in the B cell response to foreign antigens. immediate post-recovery period.  Puppies with this condition develop recurrent Simian type D retrovirus respiratory infections at 1-6 mo of age  (types 1-5 and Mason-Pfizer monkey virus) Deficiencies in Cell-mediated Immunity  infection of macaques has a similar pathogenesis  deficiencies in cell-mediated immune responses to that of FeLV infection of cats but can induce are associated with thymic aplasia, an absent or even more severe immunodeficiency. very small thymus. Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)  seen in some inbred lines of dogs and cattle;  is a lentivirus with considerable genetic homology Lou 96 these animals were deficient in cell-mediated to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). immune functions, such as lymphocyte  The common hosts are African primates such as blastogenesis, as well as having pituitary African green monkeys, sooty mangabeys, dysfunction. mandrills, baboons, and other guenons. Combined Immunodeficiency Disease  Transmission probably by bites and in utero  An autosomal recessive type of this disease has exposure. been identified in Arabian foals and Basset Feline immunodeficiency virus 60 Hounds.  (FIV, originally feline T-lymphotropic  Sporadic cases of combined immunodeficiency, lentivirus) is a related lentivirus that has probably heritable, have also been seen in Toy been identified in domestic cats and Poodle, Rottweiler, and mixed-breed puppies. cheetahs.  most common cause of death from this condition  The infection is endemic in cats throughout is canine distemper as a consequence of routine the world. An R-2 immunization with modified live virus distemper  Virus is shed mainly in the saliva, and the vaccine. principal mode of transmission is through Complement Deficiencies bites.  A congenital deficiency of C3 has been described  Free-roaming (feral and pet), male, and in an inbred line of Brittany Spaniels. aged cats are at the greatest risk of infection.  These dogs developed recurrent bacterial  Cats remain infected for life; the presence of infections, especially skin diseases and serum antibodies is directly correlated with pneumonias the ability to isolate virus from blood cells  Congenital deficiency in the C1 inhibitor has and saliva. M been recognized in humans and occurs rarely in Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus dogs. Affected animals suffer from recurrent  is a lentivirus that was originally isolated bouts of facial edema. from bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-negative na Selective Immunodeficiencies cattle with persistent lymphocytosis and  Rottweiler puppies have a breed predilection for hemolymphadenopathy. severe and often fatal canine parvovirus infections K. Developmental Immunologic Disorders  Persian cats have a predilection toward severe, and sometimes protracted, dermatophyte examples: infections 1. Dysgammaglobulinemia  the fungal infections invade the dermis and - present with a selective immunoglobulin class cause granulomatous disease (mycetomas). (one or more, but not all) deficiency  Mink with the Aleutian coat color mutation are - commonly results in depressed IgA levels (less susceptible to chronic parvovirus infection and than 5mg%:1 in 600-800 individuals) develop a disorder called Aleutian disease 2. Congenital thymic aplasia (DiGeorge syndrome) UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 15 - characterized by an absence of T-cells, 3. Polyarteritis nodusa hypocalcemia, and tetany; it is not hereditary - is one of a number of similar human vasculitides 3. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome that can be reproduced experimentally by - is a sex-linked (male ) disease with patients antigen-antibody complexes presenting with a triad of thrombocytopenia, - often involves complexes of hepatitis B antigen s eczema and recurrent infections. with its specific antibody that are deposited in - characterized by depressed cell-mediated vessel walls (30%-40% of patients) immunity and serum IgM but normal IGG and IgA C. Organ-specific autoimmune disorders ale levels Examples: s B GA, - patients respond poorly to polysaccharide 1. Myasthenia gravis antigens - is characterized by a defect in neuromuscular - patients can receive bone marrow transplantation transmission, resulting in muscle weakness and as an experimental treatment fatigue. 4. Severe combined immunodeficiency - is associated with the presence of disease(SCID) antiacetylcholine receptor antibody causing loss - is characterized by a genetic defect in stem cells, of receptor rde WA ern resulting in absence of the thymus and T and B 2. Chronic thyroiditis cells - is characterized by autoantibodies and cell- mediated immunity to thyroglobulin or thyroid L. Autoimmune Disorders microsomes - are disorders in immune regulation resulting in - lesions can be reproduced experimentally by antibody or cell-mediated immunity against the infection of autoantigen with an adjuvant host’s own tissues 3. Grave’s disease (hyperthyroidism) - may or may not result in injury to the host - is characterized by autoantibodies to the A. Explanatory theories thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor and Lou 96 1. Microbial antigens cross-reacting with host infiltration of the thyroid gland with T cells and B tissues induce an immune response against self cells 2. Host antigens previously sequestered from fetal - antibodies may compete with thyroid stimulating tolerance-inducing mechanism are released and hormone (TSH) for receptor site and mimic TSH become immunogenic activity 3. Alteration of host molecules, exposing new 4. Diabetes mellitus antigenic determinants unavailable at the time of - is characterized in insulin-dependent (juvenile 60 induction of fetal tolerance onset or type I)diabetes by destruction of the 4. Attachment of foreign hapten to self molecule, insulin-producing cells through either humoral or forming a hapten carrier complex cell mediated anti-islet cell immunity; there is no 5. Depletion of suppressor cells evidence of autoimmune pathogenesis in non- B. Systemic autoimmune disorders insulin-dependent (maturity onset, or type II) 1. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) diabetes. An R-2 - an episodic multisystem disease with vasculitis as major lesion M. Interferons, Cytokines and Mediators of - is characterized by multiple autoreactive Inflammation antibodies, the most dominant of which is Alpha at least 17 different subtypes antinuclear antibody (ANA) Produced in B and null lymphocytes, - cross-reactive ANA may be induced by microbial macrophages and epithelial cells infection Induced by viruses, bacteria, and tumor and - may include nephritis resulting from continuous foreign cells insult by antigen-antibody complexes in antigen Inhibits viral replication M excess and complement activation at the level of Beta only a single entity the glomeruli Produced in fibroblasts, macrophages and 2. Rheumatoid arthritis epithelial cells na - is a chronic, systemic inflammatory disease Induced by viruses and bacterial products, mainly of the joints. inhibits viral replication - is characterized by the appearance in serum and Gamma only a single entity synovial fluids of rheumatoid factors (antibodies Produced by Th1 and NK cells against immunoglobulin) and complement Potent activator of macrophages activation; Strong immunomodulating agent - resulting chemotactic factors attract inflammatory Inhibits IL-4 activation of mast cells and IgE cells into joints, which damage tissues via synthesis release of pharmacologically active mediators - rheumatoid factor formation may be a response by synovial lymphocytes against microbial antigens UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 16 CYTOKINES and their action Cytokine, Major Cell Source and Major Immunologic Action IL-1 (, ) macrophages stimulates IL-2 receptor emergency in T cells Endothelial cells enhances B cell activation Dendritic cells induces fever s Langerhans cells induces acute phase reactants and IL-6 increases nonspecific resistance inhibited by an endogenous IL-1 receptor antagonist ale IL-2 Th1 cells T cell growth factor s B GA, Activates NK cells and B cells IL-3 T cells stimulation of hematopoiesis IL-4 T cells stimulates B cell synthesis of IgE Down-regulation of interferon- IL-5 T cells growth and differentiation of eosinophils B cell growth factor Enhances IgA synthesis rde WA ern IL-6 monocytes induces acute phase proteins T cells pyrogenic Endothelial cells induces late B cells differentiation IL-7 Bone marrow stimulates pre-B and pre-T cells IL-8 monocytes chemotactic factor for neutrophils and T cells Endothelial cells Lymphocytes Fibroblasts IL-10 Th2 cells inhibits interferon - synthesis by Th1 cells Lou 96 Suppresses other cytokine synthesis Tumor necrosis Macrophages, T cells, cytotoxic for tumors, causes cachexia, and mediates bacterial shock Factor  B cells, and large Granular lymphocytes Tumor necrosis T cells cytotoxic for tumors Factor  Transforming almost all normal cell types inhibits proliferation of both T and B cells 60 Growth factor  reduces cytokine receptor Potent chemotactic agent for leukocytes Mediator of inflammation and tissue repair An R-2 M Interferons. Host cells that have been infected by virus secrete interferon-α (IFNα) and/or interferon-ß (IFNß). TH1 cells secrete interferon-γ (IFNγ) after activation by antigen. IFNs act on other host cells to na induce resistance to viral infection. IFNγ has many other effects as well. Mechanisms of interferon action on protein synthesis. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 17 s ale s B GA, Interaction of antigen-presenting cell, T helper cell, and B cell in the production of antibody. Activated Hageman factor (XIIa) acts on prekallikrein to generate kallikrein, which in turn releases bradykinin from high molecular weight kininogen rde WA ern (HMWK). Prekallikrein and HMWK circulate together in a complex. Various enzymes activate prokallikrein to tissue kallikrein, which releases lysyl-bradykinin from low molecular weight kininogen. Bradykinin and lysyl-bradykinin are both extremely powerful vasodilators. Lou 96 Destruction of an intracellular infectious agent by activated macrophages stimulated by T helper cells. 60 An R-2 Functions of different types of lymphocyte. Macrophages present antigen to TH1 cells, which then activate the macrophages to destroy phagocytosed Opsonization. Phagocytes have some intrinsic ability pathogens. B cells present antigen to TH2 cells, which to bind to bacteria and other microorganisms (1). This activate the B cells, causing them to divide and is much enhanced if the bacteria have been differentiate. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and opsonized by complement C3b (2) or antibody (3), large granular lymphocytes (LGLs) recognize and each of which cross-link the bacteria to receptors on destroy virally infected cells. M the phagocyte. Antibody can also activate complement, and if antibody and C3b both opsonize the bacteria, binding is greatly enhanced (4). na Destruction of a virus-infected cell by CD8 T cell. UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 18 The major inflammatory mediators that control blood supply and vascular permeability or modulate cell movement. s ale s B GA, rde WA ern Lou 96 N. Types of Vaccines attenuated by growth in species to which they are Active Immunization not naturally adapted.  Active immunization involves administration of  For example, rinderpest vaccine virus has been antigen(s) derived from an infectious agent so adapted to tissue culture to produce a safe that an animal mounts an acquired immune vaccine. 60 response and achieves resistance to that agent.  Other examples are adaptation of African horse  When vaccines are used to control disease in a sickness virus to mice and of canine distemper population rather than in individuals, the concept virus to ferrets, however, vaccines attenuated of herd immunity must be considered. this way are not commonly used.  Herd immunity refers to increased resistance of  Vaccine viruses may also be attenuated by a group because of the presence of some growth in alternative media, such as tissue An R-2 immune animals within the group, which reduces culture or eggs. the probability of a susceptible animal  This has been done for canine distemper, encountering an infected one. bluetongue, and rabies vaccines.  As a result, spread of infectious disease is  The most common method is prolonged tissue slowed or blocked. culture. Usually, cells from the species to be  An ideal vaccine for active immunization should vaccinated are used to reduce the problems confer prolonged, strong immunity in the caused by the administration of foreign tissue. vaccinated animal. It should not cause adverse  In these cases, the virus is attenuated by growing M side effects and should be inexpensive, stable, it in cells that it would not normally infect. and adaptable to mass vaccination. It should also  For example, canine distemper virus normally stimulate an immune response distinguishable infects lymphoid cells, but for attenuation from that due to natural infection so that purposes, the virus is repeatedly cultured in na vaccination and eradication may proceed canine kidney cells. simultaneously.  Attenuation eventually results in the production of Vaccines Containing Replicating Antigens a genetically stable, avirulent agent. Attenuated Vaccines:  This may be difficult to achieve, and reversion to  the virulence of an organism can be reduced virulence is a concern. (attenuated) so that it is able to replicate but is no  Rigorous reversion to virulence studies are longer pathogenic. performed to demonstrate stability of the  Attenuation has traditionally involved adapting attenuation. organisms to unusual conditions.  In addition, modern molecular techniques are  Bacteria can be attenuated by culture under increasingly used to ensure loss of virulence abnormal conditions, and viruses can be  Under some circumstances, fully virulent organisms can be used in vaccination UNAUTHORIZED DUPLICATION IS LEGALLY PROHIBITED, A PHP 500,000 REWARD IS AVAILABLE FOR INFORMATION LEADING TO A SUCCESSFUL COURT LITIGATION. CONTACT DR. MARTE AT 0999-889-4190.  VMLE Review Systems Veterinary Microbiology Supplemental Materials 19 procedures, eg, vaccination against contagious bait and distributed into the habitat of a wildlife ecthyma (orf ) of sheep. species being immunized.  Lambs are vaccinated by rubbing dried, infected  In the recombinant avian influenza vaccine, the scab material into scratches made on the inner hemagglutinin gene from the influenza virus has thigh, which produces local infection with only been incorporated into a gene-deleted vaccine s limited effects on the lambs; they become solidly strain of fowlpox. immune.  The immune system of the vaccinate reacts Gene-deleted Vaccines: against the poxvirus, and the gene encodes ale  Because attenuated organisms may revert to proteins from the influenza virus, inducing s B GA, virulence, deliberate deletion of genes associated protection against both diseases. with microbial or viral virulence is an increasingly  In the recombinant-vectored rabies vaccine, the attractive procedure. gene encoding the rabies lycoprotein has been  Gene-deleted vaccines were first used against incorporated into an attenuated vaccinia virus. the pseudorabies herpesvirus in swine, eg,  Because this virus is taken up by mammalian development of a vaccine in which the thymidine cells nonselectively, many different wildlife kinase gene was removed from the virus. species can be protected against rabies with this rde WA ern  Herpesvirus requires thymidine kinase to return vaccine. from latency.  Canarypox vector-containing genes obtained  Viruses from which this gene has been removed from canine distemper virus is now used to can infect neurons but cannot replicate and immunize dogs, and a similar vector containing cause disease. the gene encoding rabies glycoprotein is effective  This vaccine not only confers effective protection in protecting dogs and cats against rabies. but also blocks cell invasion by virulent Vaccines Containing Nonreplicating Antigens pseudorabies virus and prevents development of Killed Vaccines: a persistent carrier state.  Vaccines may contain either living or killed Lou 96  It is also possible to alter surface antigens so that organisms. a virus induces an antibody response  Killed organisms are commonly much less distinguishable from that caused by wild strains. immunogenic than living ones.  This concept is referred to as DIVA, or  As a result, vaccines that contain killed distinguishing infected from vaccinated animals. organisms or their products usually require the Live Vectored Vaccines: use of adjuvants to increase their effective  An alternative method of inducing strong antigenicity. 60 immunity is to place the genes for a protective  These adjuvants may, however, cause local immunogen in an avirulent “vector” organism. inflammation, and multiple doses or high  The most widely used viral vectors are individual doses of antigen increase the risks of poxviruses such as fowlpox, canarypox, and producing hypersensitivity. vaccinia.  Inactivated vaccines should resemble the living  Vectored vaccines are commercially available for organisms as closely as possible.