Glass Properties, Products, and Projects (PDF)

Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only the GLASS skin BioFabS properties, products and projects Jan Wurm ǀ 17.10.2024 Dr,-Ing Jan Wurm...

Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only the GLASS skin BioFabS properties, products and projects Jan Wurm ǀ 17.10.2024 Dr,-Ing Jan Wurm © Richter Musikowski Architekten  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Overview 01 Introduction & History 02 Material Properties 03 Production & Processes 04 Applications: Vertical Glazing and Overhead Glazing 05 Structural Use of Glass 06 Recyling & Reuse 07 Case Study: Futurium Berlin Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Chapter 2.1 Introduction  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Visible-invisible Play Time, Jaques Tati  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only fragile - strong True Lies, James Cameron 1994 Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only glass & light Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only glass breaks https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXNA6zAf8uw  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Robustness and Safety – the Key to get it right! Float Toughened Laminated Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Chapter 2.2 Principal Material Properties  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Definition 1 I: Molten Glass II: Crystal III: ‚Supercooled‘ liquid IV: Solid Glass 2 1 2 Tw Tw: Working point Tw (approx. 1040°C) Ts: Softening Point Ts (approx. 720°C) Tg: Transformationtemperature Tg (approx. 530°C)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Glass is an inorganic, Definition 1 non-metallic material I: Molten Glass that is obtained by fully II: Crystal III: ‚Supercooled‘ liquid melting a mixture of IV: Solid Glass raw materials at high 2 temperatures. This 1 produces a 2 homogeneous liquid Tw that is cooled to a solid state, usually without Tw: Working point Tw (approx. 1040°C) Ts: Softening Point Ts (approx. 720°C) crystallisation Tg: Transformationtemperature Tg (approx. 530°C)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Glass is an inorganic, Composition Glass Recipe non-metallic material Raw material that is obtained Soda lime-silicate Glass 1 Borosilicate by Glassfully 2 Silicon Dioxide (Silica Sand) SiO2 69 % - 74 % melting a mixture 70 % - 87 % of Sodium Oxide- (Soda Ash) Na2O 10 % - 16 % raw materials0 %at high Calciumoxide (Limestone) CaO 5 % - 14 % temperatures.0 This % Magnesiumoxide (Dolomite) MgO 0%-6% produces a 0 % Aluminiumoxide Al2O3 0%-3% homogeneous liquid 0%-8% Boroxide B2O3 0% that is cooled to a solid 7 % - 15 % Kaliumoxide K2O 0% state, usually0%-8% without crystallisation 1 DIN EN 572-1:2012+A1:2016. 2 DIN EN 1748-1-1:2004.  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal physical properties Property Soda lime-silicate glass1 Borosilicate glass2 Density 2.500 kg/m3 2.200 kg/m3 bis 2.500 kg/m3 60.000 N/mm2 to Modulus of Elasticity 70.000 N/mm2 70.000 N/mm2 coefficient of thermal expansion 3,1·*10-6 1/K to 9,0 *·10-6 1/K (+20 °C - +300 °C) 6,0·* 10-6 1/K1 Thermal conductivity 1,0 W/(m·K) 1,0 W/(m·K) Thermal resistance (approximation) 40 K 80 K 1 DIN EN 572-1:2012+A1:2016. 2 DIN EN 1748-1-1:2004.  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal optical properties Borosilicatglass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal optical properties A Floatglass: Green tint due to iron-oxide in raw material mix C B Extra Clear Glass: more neutral appeaence due to low-iron content in raw material mix (SGG Diamant, Pilkington Optiwhite, Guardian Extra-Clear) C tinted glass: addition of metal exides in raw material mix tint glass in green, blue, grey, A B bronze and red Extra Clear price premium of 15%-20%, longer lead times for thickness > 12mm  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Absorption – Body Tints 5 Standard Float glass: bronze, grey, pink, green, blue, Metaloxides: Violet: Nickel oxide Blue: Copper(II) oxide Green: Iron (II) oxide Yellow: Chromium (VI)oxide  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal optical properties: a transparency scale opaque translucent transparent invisible no light passes light but no image visible image no reflections  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal optical properties: a reflectivity scale mirror reflective coating clear low-reflection reflectance changes with angle  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal mechanical properties: glass is brittle! tensile glass tensile steel stress stress fracture stress x Strain Strain Elastic Elastic plastic deformation deformation deformation  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal mechanical properties: glass is brittle! Size of pane probability Duration of load Type of glass Tensile strength of glass 45 N/mm2 Failure load Environment Age of glass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Material Glass Principal mechanical properties: glass is brittle!  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Chapter 03 Base Glass Manufacturing and half products Float Glass (EN 572-2) (fr. glace / verre flotté; gr. Floatglas) Rolled (patterned/wired) Glass (EN 572-5) (fr. verre imprimé; gr. Walzglas / Gussglas) Drawn Sheet Glass (EN 572-4) (fr. verre étiré; gr. Ziehglas)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass and Processing No standard sizes after base glass production Glass quality Thickness [mm] max. size [mxm] floatglass 3-25 3,21 x 6,00 manufacturer A (ribbon size) Production of base glass floatglass manufacturer B 3-19 3,66 x 18,00 (on-line) Coating toughened 6-19 2,70 x 6,00 manufacturer A 4-15 1,67 x 7,00 Mechanical processing toughened 8-19 2,80 x 6,00 manufacturer B 6-19 2,50 x 5,00 Heat Treatment: Tempering / Bending Toughened manufacturer C 6-22 3,60 x 18,00 Lamination Laminated manufacturer A 4-80 2,40 x 3,80 2,00 x 4,00 (off-line) Coating Laminated 8 -100 2,30 x 5,40 manufacturer B 2,40 x 5,00 Assembly to double glazed units Laminated -75 3,60 x 18,00 manufacturer C Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Arup Glass Wurm Course, for23rd London education /24th April purpose 2009 at KU Leuven only 60m Floatglass Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Floatglass 1500 °C 1100 °C 600 °C 100 °C Base glass width [mm] length [mm] Nenndicken [mm] floatglass Europe 3.210 6.000 (standard) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 ,12, 15, 19, 25 floatglass China 3.660 (max) 18.000 (max) 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 ,12, 15, 19, 22, 25  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Floatglass Manufacturing 5-15% cullet, from off-cuts  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Floatglass Manufacturing Float glass: ca 1.2 kg Co2eq / kg Pilkington (NSG) Mirai – 52% less SGG ORAE – 42% less AGC Low Carbon Glass – 40% less Guardian Nexa – 30% less https://youtu.be/wZbpRiVZgTw Embodied Carbon MJ/kg  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Floatglass Manufacturing Jumbo size 6m x 3.21m (fr.: plateau largeur de fabrication; gr.: Bandmaß) nom. length 6,00m Super Jumbo 9m x 3.21m Far East up to 13m x 3.60m Thicknesses: 2mm – 25mm High-quality mass production = high characteristic strength Limited product range width 3,21m  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Floatglass Thickness Tolerances EN 572-2 Nom. Tolerances [%] [%] with reference to [%] with reference to thickness [mm] stress W deflection I 3 ± 0,2 ± 6,7 ± 12,9 ±18,7 4 ± 0,2 ± 5,0 ± 9,8 ±14,3 5 ± 0,2 ± 4,0 ±7,8 ±11,5 6 ± 0,2 ± 3,3 ±6,6 ±9,7 8 ± 0,3 ± 3,8 ± 7,4 ±10,8 10 ± 0,3 ± 3,0 ±5,9 ± 8,7 12 ± 0,3 ± 2,5 ±4,9 ±7,3 15 ± 0,5 ± 3,3 ±6,6 ± 9,7 19 ±1 ± 5,3 ±10,2 ± 15,0  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Case Study 1 Police Memorial London 2005, Foster + Partners Case Stud 1: Tolerances Floatglass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Case Study 1 Geometry of element(s) Typology stacked glass Arrangement of elements vertical vertical staggered rotated Stabilization of stack post-tensioned laminated/glued  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Case Study 1 Top 20 layers: Vertical dry stack toughened Dry stack: annealed total of 5 tension rods, H1150 Stainless, M30 thread  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Case Study 1 Detail  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Rolled / patterned glass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Rolled Glass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Rolled Glass  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Rolled Glass (EN 572-5/-6) Texture repetition is a product of the roller dimensions: standard roller diameters are 180 or 220mm which results in a repeating pattern every 565 or 691mm. Melting Annealing Manufacturer Europe Lamberts Glasfabrik, Wunsiedel, Germany (ornament glass) 180-220mm SGG France  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Example: Lloyds of London, Richard Rogers 1986  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Rolled Glass Max size 4.5m x 2.5m (depending on pattern / product) 3,3 – 4,5 m Patterned surface, relief 0.5mm – max. 1mm Large product range (e.g. standard 260 textures, 23 colours) Custom textures possible Surface roughness reduces strength Standard thicknesses: 3-10mm 2 – 2,5 m Wired: 7mm; 9mm  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only U-Channel Glass Rolled Glass d = 6, 7mm 41, 60 mm 232, 262, 331, 498 mm Manufacturer Europe Lamberts Glasfabrik, Germany (LINIT) Pikington, UK (Profilit) Nelson Atkins Museum, Stephen Holl  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only U-Channel Glass Rolled Glass Max length 7, (depending on type) Can be low-iron, coated, colour enamelled With different surface patterns Can be sandblasted Some can be toughened (Linit tough) Can include wires Can include translucent insulation in double glazing  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only U-Channel Glass Applications  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Drawn sheet glass Fourcault-System  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Drawn sheet glass Max size 2.7m x 1.7m (depending on product) Smooth/textured surface, slight draw-lines Product range: glass with different expression of draw Max. 2700 lines Only relevant for restauration works to create historical Draw lines glazing for buildings from the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries Standard thicknesses: 3-6mm Can be combined with current thermal, UV and safety requirimentes Can be customized max 1700 ETA approved meeting EN 12150-2, EN 14179-2, EN 14440, EN 1279-5) Manufacturer EU: SCHOTT Gruenenplan (E.g. SCHOTT Restover, SCHOTT Tikana)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Base Glass Summary Float Glass: Versatility, Availability, Affordability Transparency, Surface quality, Flatness, low tolerances, Large Size: 3,21 x 6m (Far East: up to 3,6m x 18m) – up to 25mm thickness Strength Rolled Glass: Design Flexibility, Customization, less procurement options Translucency Restricted Size max 2,5 x 4,5 m 12mm = 578 kg Drawn Glass: 15mm = 722 kg Renovation only, size max 1,7 x 2,7m 19mm = 915kg  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Chapter 3.2 Glass Processing and Products Mechanical Processing Toughened and heat-strengthened Glass (EN 12150 / EN1863) (fr. glace / verre trempé; gr. Einscheibensicherheitsglas) Laminated Safety Glass (EN 12543) (fr. verre feuilleté de sécurité; gr. Verbundsicherheitsglas) Insulation glass (EN 572-4) (fr. verre isolant; gr. Isolierglas)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Mechanical working Cutting to size Edge Working Drilling Surface Treatment (Sand blasting / acid etching) Mechanical processing of heat-treated glass (Toughened or heat strengthened glass) is not possible!  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Mechanical working Scoring with glass cutter Pressure Pressure Traditionally: manual cutting Today: CNC-Cutting on 6m x 3.20m table https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw_KhjC2sZw  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Feasible Shapes  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing edge working EN 12150-1 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gw_KhjC2sZw  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Drilling Cylindrical hole Conical hole Undercut hole No mechanical processing after toughening!  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Drilling Laser cut hole in 4mm annealed Waterjet cut hole in 19mm annealed No mechanical processing after toughening!  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing sandblasting 4 ways to “frost” glass (make it translucent) Acid etching Sand blasting Laminating translucent PVB interlayer Screen printing on surface Cost, design, strength sandblasting can reduce strength by 50% with annealed glass)  Lecture 17/10/24 Prof Wurm for education purpose at KU Leuven only Glass Processing Acid-etching https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ecEBPpx0zrE