Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) PDF

Vision To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization. Mission To...

Vision To ensure that the Diploma level Technical Education constantly matches the latest requirements of Technology and industry and includes the all-round personal development of students including social concerns and to become globally competitive, technology led organization. Mission To provide high quality technical and managerial manpower, information and consultancy services to the industry and community to enable the industry and community to face the challenging technological & environmental challenges. Quality Policy We, at MSBTE are committed to offer the best in class academic services to the students and institutes to enhance the delight of industry and society. This will be achieved through continual improvement in management practices adopted in the process of curriculum design, development, implementation, evaluation and monitoring system along with adequate faculty development programmes. Core Values MSBTE believes in the following:  Skill development in line with industry requirements.  Industry readiness and improved employability of Diploma holders.  Synergistic relationship with industry.  Collective and Cooperative development of all stake holders.  Technological interventions in societal development.  Access to uniform quality technical education.  A Practical Manual for FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINERY (313309) Semester-III “K- SCHEME” Diploma in Mechanical Engineering Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO 9001:2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013)  Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai (Autonomous) (ISO-9001-2015) (ISO/IEC 27001:2013) th 4 Floor, Government Polytechnic Building, 49, Kherwadi, Bandra (East), Mumbai -400051. (Printed On July,2024)  Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai Certificate This is to certify that Mr./Ms. ………………………………………………………… Roll No.………………...... of the third Semester of Diploma in ………………………………………………………………………. of the Institute ……………………………………………………………………………………………. (Inst. Code……………….) has completed the term work satisfactorily in the course Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) for the academic year 20…... – 20….... as prescribed in the curriculum. Place ………………. Enrollment No…………………… Date: …..................... Exam Seat No. ………………...... Course Teacher Head of the Department Principal Seal of the Institute Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Preface The objective of all engineering laboratories or field experience in the technical education system is to help students acquire the critical competencies and skills that businesses demand. In light of this, MSBTE developed the cutting-edge "K" Scheme curricula for engineering diploma programs, emphasizing outcome-based learning and the National Education Policy 2020 (NEP2020). As a result, a sizable portion of the program is dedicated to practical work. This demonstrates how crucial laboratory work is in helping teachers, instructors, and students understand that every minute of lab time must be used efficiently to create these outcomes rather than being spent on pointless tasks. Consequently, each practical has been created to operate as a "vehicle" to advance this industry in order to ensure the successful implementation of this outcome-based curriculum. It is challenging to teach practical skills using only the "chalk and duster" activity. Because of this, the "K" scheme laboratory manual creation team focused on the outcomes when designing the practical rather than following the long-standing custom of doing the practical to "verify the theory" (which may turn out to be a by-product along the way). This lab manual is intended to support all parties involved, particularly the students, instructors, and teachers, in helping the students achieve the pre-established objectives. It is required of every student to read through the relevant practical process in its entirety and comprehend the bare minimum of theoretical background related to the practical at least one day in advance of the practical. As a crucial starting point for carrying out the practical, each exercise in this manual starts with establishing the competency, industry-relevant skills, course outcomes, and practical outcomes. The skills, the students will acquire from the process outlined there, together with the necessary safety measures to be followed, will subsequently be made clear to them. These will enable them to apply the knowledge and abilities to solve real-world problems in their professional lives. In all engineering specialties, familiarity with thermal power plants, industrial material handling systems, and various mechanical devices is necessary. In all fields of engineering, understanding fluid mechanics, characteristics & fluid machinery is crucial. Hydraulic machines play a significant part in power generation, irrigation, water supply, and most technical disciplines. The objective of this course is to improve the students' ability to estimate pipe loss, evaluate the efficiency of hydraulic machines such as pumps and turbines, choose the right pump for a given application, diagnose and fix problems with pumps and turbines, replace pressure gauges and other accessories on hydraulic machines, and use their hydraulics knowledge to choose the right pressure gauges, valves, flow devices, pipes, and other devices for various field applications. The team responsible for developing the Practical manual would like to express its gratitude to MSBTE for taking the lead in developing and implementing the curriculum. Additionally, the team recognizes the valuable contributions made by individual course experts who have been directly or indirectly involved in the development of the “K” scheme curriculum and the laboratory manual. It is impossible to claim perfection in this laboratory manual, even though every effort has been made to verify it for errors, especially because this is the first edition. Any such mistakes and recommendations for enhancements are quite appreciated and can be brought to our attention. Lab Manual Development Team Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme i Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Programme Outcomes (POs) to be achieved through Practical of this Course Following POs are expected to be achieved through the practical’s of the (Fluid Mechanics &Machinery) course. PO 1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering specialization to solve the mechanical engineering problems. PO 2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined mechanical engineering problems using codified standard methods. PO 3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for well-defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or processes to meet specified needs in mechanical engineering. PO 4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern mechanical engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and measurements. PO 5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and ethical practices. PO 6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate about well-defined engineering activities in diverse and multidisciplinary fields. PO 7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyse individual needs and engage in updating in the context of technological changes in mechanical engineering. List of Industry Relevant Skills- The following industry relevant skills of the competency ‘Maintain hydraulic machinery using knowledge of fluid mechanics ‘are expected to be developed in you by undertaking the practical of this laboratory manual. 1. Use pressure measuring devices for measuring pressure of various fluid devices. 2. Operate Fluid Machinery. 3. Maintain Fluid Machinery. 4. Select pressure measuring &flow measuring devices for given application. 5. Evaluate the performance of fluid machinery. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme ii Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Practical- Course Outcome matrix Course Outcomes (COs)  CO1. Determine different properties of fluid and pressure measurements.  CO2. Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to various flow measuring devices.  CO3. Calculate the various losses in flow through pipes.  CO4. Select suitable hydraulic turbine and pump for the given application.  CO5. Evaluate the performance of hydraulic turbines and pumps. Sr. Laboratory Practical Titles CO CO CO CO CO No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. *Measurement of water pressure by using - 1. Bourdon tube pressure gauge and U-tube √ - - - Manometer. Measurement of discharge of water by using a - - - - 2. √ measuring tank and stopwatch. Measurement of total energy available at different 3. sections of a pipe layout to verify Bernoulli’s - √ - - - theorem. *Measurement of discharge through pipe using - - - - 4. √ Venturimeter. Measurement of discharge through a pipe - - - - 5. √ provided with sharp edged circular orifice. Measurement of the discharge through pipe using - - - - 6. √ Orificemeter. 7. Interpretation of the type of flow using Reynolds - - - - √ apparatus. 8. *Calculation of Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ in pipes - - - - √ of different diameters for different discharges. *Determination of minor frictional losses in sudden - - - - 9. √ expansion and sudden contraction in a pipe. Determination of minor frictional losses in elbow - - - - 10. √ and bend in a pipe. Determination of the force exerted and work done - - - - 11. √ by a jet on flat plate. *Determination of overall efficiency of Pelton - - - - 12. √ turbine using Pelton wheel test rig. 13. *Dismantling and Assembly of a Centrifugal pump. - - - √ - *Determination of overall efficiency of Centrifugal - - - - 14. √ pump using Centrifugal pump test rig. Dismantling and Assembly of a Reciprocating - - - - 15. √ pump. *Determination of overall efficiency and 16. percentage slip of Reciprocating pump using - - - - √ Reciprocating pump test rig. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme iii  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Guidelines to Teachers 1. Teacher need to ensure that a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from the laboratory manual is maintained by every student which s/he has to submit for assessment to the teacher in the next practical session. 2. There will be two sheets of blank pages after every practical for the student to report other matters (if any), which is not mentioned in the printed practical. 3. For difficult practical if required, teacher could provide the demonstration of the practical emphasizing of the skills which the student should achieve. 4. Teachers should give opportunity to students for hands-on after the demonstration. 5. Assess the skill achievement of the students and COs of each unit. 6. One or two questions ought to be added in each practical for different batches. For this teacher can maintain various practical related question banks for each course. 7. If some repetitive information like data sheet, use of software tools etc. has to be provided for effective attainment of practical outcomes, they can be incorporated in Appendix. 8. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, teacher ought to ensure that in the beginning itself of each practical, students must read through the complete write-up of that practical sheet. 9. During practical, ensure that each student gets chance and takes active part in taking observations/ readings and performing practical. 10. Teacher ought to assess the performance of students continuously according to the MSBTE guidelines. Instructions for Students 1. For incidental writing on the day of each practical session every student should maintain a dated log book for the whole semester, apart from this laboratory manual which s/he has to submit for assessment to the teacher in the next practical session. 2. For effective implementation and attainment of practical outcomes, in the beginning itself of each practical, students need to read through the complete write-up including the practical related questions and assessment scheme of that practical sheet. 3. Student ought to refer the data books, IS codes, Safety norms, Technical Manuals, etc. 4. Student should not hesitate to ask any difficulties they face during the conduct of practical. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme iv  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Content Page List of Practical and Progressive Assessment Sheet Date of Date of FA PR Rema Laboratory Practical Titles Page Dated sign. Sr. No. performa submissi marks rks (if No. of teacher nce on (25) any) *Measurement of water pressure 1. by using Bourdon tube pressure 1 gauge and U-tube Manometer. Measurement of discharge of 2. water by using a measuring tank 9 and stopwatch. Measurement of total energy available at different sections of 3. a pipe layout to verify 14 Bernoulli’s theorem. *Measurement of discharge 23 4. through pipe using Venturimeter. Measurement of discharge 30 5. through a pipe provided with sharp edged circular orifice. Measurement of the discharge 40 6. through pipe using Orificemeter. Interpretation of the type of flow 46 7. using Reynolds apparatus. *Calculation of Darcy’s friction factor ‘f’ in pipes of different 52 8. diameters for different discharges. *Determination of minor frictional 9. losses in sudden expansion and 59 sudden contraction in a pipe. Determination of minor frictional 66 1. 10. losses in elbow and bend in a pipe. Determination of the force exerted and work done by a jet on flat 73 2. 11. plate. *Determination of overall 3. 12. efficiency of Pelton turbine using 80 Pelton wheel test rig. *Dismantling and Assembly of a 88 4. 13. Centrifugal pump. *Determination of overall 5. 14. efficiency of Centrifugal pump 93 using Centrifugal pump test rig. Dismantling and Assembly of a 102 6. 15. Reciprocating pump. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme v  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Date of Date of FA PR Rema Laboratory Practical Titles Page Dated sign. Sr. No. performa submissi marks rks (if No. of teacher nce on (25) any) *Determination of overall efficiency and percentage slip of 7. 16. 109 Reciprocating pump using Reciprocating pump test rig. Note: To be transferred to Proforma of CIAAN-2023. A suggestive list of LLOs is given in the above table. More such LLOs can be added to attain the COs and competency. A judicial mix of minimum 12 or more practical need to be performed, out of which, the practical marked as ‘*’ are compulsory, so that the student reaches the ‘Precision Level’ of Dave’s ‘Psychomotor Domain Taxonomy’ as generally required by the industry. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme vi  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Practical No.1 Measurement of water pressure by using Bourdon tube pressure gauge and U- tube Manometer. I. Practical Significance The investigation of a fluid's applied force on a surface is known as pressure measurement. The standard unit of measurement for pressure is force per unit of surface area. Numerous methods have been devised to measure pressure. II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcome (s) This practical is expected to develop skills for the industry identified competency as “Select appropriate process/tool such as Bourdon's pressure gauge & Manometer for Pressure measurement”. III. Course Level Learning Outcome (CO) CO1-Determine different properties of fluid and pressure measurements. IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s) LLO1.1: Use Bourdon tube pressure gauge for pressure measurement. LLO1.2: Use U-tube Manometer for pressure measurement. V. Relative Affective Domain related Outcome(s)  Follow safety practices.  Practice good housekeeping.  Practice energy conservation.  Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.  Maintain tools and equipment.  Follow ethical Practices. VI. Minimum Theoretical Background with diagram  Bourdon pressure gauge The device was invented by Eugene Bourdon in the year 1849. The basic idea behind the device is that, cross-sectional tubing when deformed in any way will tend to regain its circular form under the action of pressure. The bourdon pressure gauges used today have a slight elliptical cross-section and the tube is generally bent into a C-shape or arc length Bourdon pressure gauge is used to measure pressure. As shown in the figure 1.1, the pressure input is given to a socket which is soldered to the tube at the base. The other end or free end of the device is sealed by a tip. This tip is connected to a segmental lever through an adjustable length link. The lever length may also be adjustable. The segmental lever is suitably pivoted, and the spindle holds the pointer as shown in the figure. A hair spring is sometimes used to fasten the spindle of the frame of the instrument to provide necessary tension for proper meshing of the gear teeth and thereby freeing the system from the backlash. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 1 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Figure1.1- Construction of Bourdons pressure gauge U Tube Manometer:  It is the type of manometer that has a vertical u-tube column that is filled with mercury as a reference fluid. When its columns are revealed to the atmosphere the level of fluid in the columns becomes equal and this denotes the atmospheric pressure of the earth. But if one of its columns is connected to any other fluid then a change in the atmospheric pressure can be seen. The image below shows the diagram of a u-tube manometer. Figure 1.2- U Tube Manometer Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 2  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) VII. Experimental setup Figure1.3-Experimental Set up of pressure measurement using Bourdon tube pressure gauge and U-tube Manometer VIII. Required Resources /Apparatus/Equipment with specification Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity Centrifugal pump test rig Centrifugal pump with motor: along with necessary Variable speed, 2800 RPM Supply tank: 80 Ltrs. made of Mild 1 1. pipe fittings and accessories steel with FRP lining Bourdon tube pressure 2. Range-0-12 bar 1 gauge 3. Venturimeter 13 mm (Mild steel) 1 4. U-tube manometer: Wall/ Stand mounted thick walled 1 Borosilicate glass tube Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 3  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) IX. Precautions to be Followed 1. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump. 2. Please ensure Priming is required for centrifugal pump or not. 3. Handle the U-tube manometer with due care. 4. Handle the venturimeter pipes with due care. 5. Handle Stop watch carefully. X. Procedure For Bourdon Tube Pressure gauge 1. Start the pump and water will flow in the pipe line. 2. Record the indicated units on the gauge. 3. Record the pressure. 4. Adjust & change the flow control valve to other position and record the reading of pressure gauge. For U Tube Manometer 1. Connect the manometer to pipe through which fluid/water the is flowing 2. Remove air from the limbs of U tube mercury manometer. 3. Note the heights of mercury columns from the right and left limbs 4. Calculate the difference of above two mercury columns 5. Calculate the head in meters of water, meters of liquid and in N/m². 6. Repeat step 6 to 9 by adjusting flow control valve/flow rates. For Discharge Measurement with Measuring Tank 1. Measure the dimensions for calculating cross sectional area of measuring tank. 2. Start the pump. 3. Collect the flow of water in the measuring tank. 4. Start the stop watch when you start to collect flow of water in the measuring tank. 5. Note the height of water in the tank after pre-decided time. 6. Stop collecting water in the tank. 7. Stop the pump. 8. Calculate volume of water collected in the tank. XI. Observations and calculations 1. Pressure Gauge reading Sr. No. Pressure Reading in Kg/ cm2 Pressure Reading in N/ m2 1. 2. 3. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 4  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) 2. U Tube Manometer reading  S1= Specific gravity of liquid flowing through pipe (water)= _________  S2= Specific gravity of manometer fluid (mercury)=_________ Sr. Height of Hg in Height of Hg Difference in Differential Differential No left limb (in cm) in Right limb Meters head in the head in N/m2 (in cm) meters of water h1 h2 x=(h2-h1)/100 H=X(S2-S1)/S1 P 1. 2. 3. Calculation of Manometer reading: - For x= -------------- cm= -------------= m X(S2−S1) Differential head in meters of water, H = = --------------- S1 H= ------------------- meter Pressure Intensity = P = WxH Where, W= specific weight of water = 9810N/m3 P=___________x__________ P=____________________ N/m2 XII. Results Intensity of Pressure for first flow rate- i. For Bourdon tube pressure Gauge - _________________N/m2 (Converted from kg/cm2 to N/m2) ii. For Manometer Reading - _______________________N/m2 XIII. Interpretation of Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 5  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIV. Conclusions and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XV. Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. 1. Explain the concept of Pressure head & obtain the expression of it. 2. Convert the following into N/mm2 & N/m2 if a different pressure gauge shows sets of reading: i. 75psi ii. 10 bar iii. 250kg/cm2 3. Explain with neat sketch construction & working of Bourdons tube pressure gauge. 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Scheme Page 6 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 7  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- References / Suggestions for Further Reading 1. https://www. slideshare.net/Gauravsingh963/pressure-measuring-devices 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYcuHgSQvyg 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq7g3FTsUbY XVI. Rubrics for Assessment Scheme Performance Indicators Weightage Process Related (15 Marks) (60%) 1. Handling of the measuring Instruments 30% 2. Calculation of final readings 30% Product Related (10 Marks) (40%) 3. Interpretation of result 20% 4. Conclusions 10% 5. Practical related questions 10% Total ( 25 Marks) 100 % Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher Product Total Process Related(15) Related(10) (25) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 8 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Practical No. 02 Measurement of discharge of water by using a measuring tank and stopwatch. I. Practical Significance Discharge or flow measurement can be employed to measure the liquid passing through an application or stored in an application. Flow or discharge measurement is a vital function used to monitor and control the rate of liquid flow in applications. II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcome (s) This practical is expected to develop the skills for the industry identified competency as “Select appropriate tool and process to measure the discharge of water/fluid.” III. Course Level Learning Outcome (CO) CO2- Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to various flow measuring devices. IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s) LLO2.1: Calculate discharge of water using a measuring tank and stopwatch. V. Relative Affective Domain related Outcome(s)-  Follow safety practices.  Practice good housekeeping.  Practice energy conservation.  Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.  Maintain tools and equipment.  Follow ethical Practices. VI. Minimum Theoretical Background with diagram Measurement of Discharge: Discharge is the volumetric flow rate of water. It is commonly expressed in cubic meter per second. Simplest method to measure the discharge of water is with the help of measuring tank. VII. Experimental setup (Model) Figure 2.1- Experimental set up of discharge measurement Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 9  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) VIII. Required Resources /Apparatus/Equipment with specification Sr. No. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity Centrifugal pump test rig Centrifugal pump with motor: along with necessary Variable speed, 2800 RPM 1 1. pipe fittings and Supply tank: 80 Ltrs. made of Mild accessories steel with FRP lining 2. Measuring tank 40 Ltrs. made of Mild steel with FRP 1 lining and fitted with piezometer tube Electronic with least count of 0.01 3. Stop watch 1 sec 4. Measuring scale Range up to 60 cm 1 IX. Precautions to be Followed 1. Avoid improper handling of flow control valve. 2. Handle stop watch carefully. X. Procedure 1. Measure the dimensions for calculating cross sectional area of measuring tank. 2. Start the pump. 3. Collect the flow of water in the measuring tank. 4. Start the stop watch when you start to collect flow of water in the measuring tank. 5. Note the height of water in the tank after pre-decided time. 6. Stop collecting water in the tank. 7. Stop the pump. 8. Calculate volume of water collected in the tank. Volume of Water 𝑚3 9. Calculate the discharge of water = in Time sec XI. Observations and calculations Sr.No. Rise in height of water in Time required to collect Discharge (Q) measuring tank (H) in m the water in measuring tank (t) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 10  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Volume of water collected in the tank, - V=WxBxH W=__________ cm = ____________m B=____________cm = ____________ m H1 = _____________ cm = ______________ m Volume of water collected in the tank, - V=WxBxH1=______________________________ V=______________ m3 Time (t1) = __________seconds Volume of Water collected Discharge = Q= Time V Q= = ------------------- = ____________________m3/s t XII. Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIII. Interpretation of Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIV. Conclusions and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XV. Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. 1. Identify which relevant discharge measuring device is used in following application: i. To measure the speed of the air around the plane. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 11 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) ii. To measure the fuel and air distribution in carburetor iii. Volumetric or mass flow rate determination in chemical & petrochemical plants. 2. Enlist the factors considered while selecting the flow meters. 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Scheme Page 12 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XVI. References / Suggestions for Further Reading 1. www.youtube.com/watch?v-ELJoieQDe6w XVII. Rubrics for Assessment Scheme Performance Indicators Weightage Process Related (15 Marks) (60%) 1. Handling of the models/set up 40% 2. Observations of the models/set up 20% Product Related (10 Marks) (40%) 3. Interpretation of result 20% 4. Conclusions 10% 5. Practical related questions 10% Total ( 25 Marks) 100 % Dated signature of Marks Obtained Teacher Process Related Product Related Total (15) (10) (25) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 13  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Practical No. 03 Measurement of total energy available at different sections of a pipe layout to verify Bernoulli’s theorem. I. Practical Significance Bernoulli's theorem states “for a perfect and incompressible fluid flowing in a continuous stream, the total energy of a particle remains same while moving from one point to other”. II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcome (s) This practical is expected to develop the skills for the industry identified competency as “Select appropriate hydraulic machines and process to Measure the flow through hydraulic machinery &calculate total energy of flowing fluid by using knowledge of fluid mechanics.” III. Course Level Learning Outcome (CO) CO2- Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to various flow measuring devices. IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s) LLO3.1: Calculate total energy available at different sections of a pipe layout. LLO 3.2: Verify Bernoulli’s theorem. V. Relative Affective Domain related Outcome(s)-  Follow safety practices.  Practice good housekeeping.  Practice energy conservation.  Demonstrate working as a leader/a team member.  Maintain tools and equipment.  Follow ethical Practices. VI. Minimum Theoretical Background with diagram 1. Energy: is defined as the capacity to do work. It exists in various forms and can change from one form to another. 2. Potential Energy (Potential Head): It is the energy possessed by virtue of its position; it is due to configuration or position above some suitable height or datum line. It is denoted by Z. 3. Kinetic Energy (Velocity Head): It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by virtue of its motion. It is due to the velocity flowing liquid and is measured as V2/g Where V is velocity of flow and 'g' is acceleration due to gravity (g- 9.81m/s²) 4. Pressure Energy (Pressure Head) :-It is energy possessed by a liquid particle by virtue of its existing pressure. It is due to the pressure of liquid and measured as P /w Where 'P' is intensity and 'W' is the specific weight of liquid. 5. Total Energy (Total Head): - it is the sum of potential energy, kinetic energy and pressure energy. It is denoted by 'E' and mathematically it is expressed as, E=Potential Energy+ Kinetic Energy+ Pressure Energy V2 P E=Z+ + 2g w Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 14  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) VII. Experimental setup (Model)- Figure3.1- Experimental set up for Bernoulli’s theorem VIII. Required Resources /Apparatus/Equipment with specification Sr. Name of Resource Suggested Broad Specification Quantity No. 1. Experimental set up of Pump with Motor: Mono-block pump- Single 1 Bernoulli’s theorem phase, 0.5 HP Differential Venturi of 300 mm length made out of Acrylic square bar Supply tank: 80 Ltrs. made of Mild steel with FRP lining 2. Piezometer tubes 1 Range 0 to 12 bar 3. Measuring tank 40 Ltrs. made of Mild steel with FRP lining and 1 fitted with piezometer tube and scale 4. Stop watch Electronic with least count of 0.01 sec 1 5. Measuring scale Range up to 60 cm 1 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 15  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) IX. Precautions to be Followed 1. When fluid is flowing, there is a fluctuation in the height of piezometer tubes. Note the mean position carefully. 2. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank. 3. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump. 4. Please ensure Priming is required for centrifugal pump or not. 5. Handle the Piezometer tubes with due care. 6. Handle Stop watch carefully. X. Procedure 1. Start the pump and water will flow in the pipe line. 2. Open the valve so that the water can enter in the pipe of varying cross section. 3. Open the outlet valve after rising water in piezometer. 4. Maintain level of water. 5. Record head shown in the piezometer. 6. Measure discharge in the measuring tank. 7. Note the time taken for collecting of water by stop-watch. 8. Vary the discharge. 9. Repeat the procedure as above. 10. Plot the following graphs: i) No. of piezometer tube vs. pressure head. ii) No. of piezometer tube vs. velocity head. iii) No. of piezometer tube vs. total head. XI. Observations and calculations - Discharge Measurement reading Measuring tank Dimension, - Width W=________m, Breadth B= _________m Height of water observed in auxiliary tube H1=__________m Time required for collecting water =_____________Seconds. Calculation of Discharge Measurement reading, - Volume of water collected in the tank, -V=WxBxH1=________________________________ V=______________ m3 Time (t) = __________seconds Volume of Water collected Discharge = Q= Time V Q= = t Q= m3/s 𝑄 Velocity V= = = __________ m/s A Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 16 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Where A= Area at corresponding tube section V2 Velocity head at respective point = 2g = =__________m P Pressure Head= w = =_________m Potential head= constant (same datum for all tubes) For 1st Reading, - For Discharge -Q1= ______________ m3/s Tube Cross Sectional Ares of Velocity Velocity Pressure Total Head No. the Pipe ‘v’ Head Head =Velocity Head+ Pressure Head m2 m/sec V2/2g in m P/w in m (V2/2g) + P/w 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. For 2ndReading, - For Discharge- Q2= ______________ m3/s Tube Cross Sectional Velocity Velocity Head Pressure Total Head No. Ares of the ‘v’ Head =Velocity Head+ Pipe Pressure Head m2 m/sec V2/2g in m P/w in m (V2/2g) + P/w 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 17 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) For 3rd Reading, - For Discharge-Q3= ______________ m3/s Tube Cross Sectional Ares of the Velocity Velocity Pressure Total Head No. Pipe ‘v’ Head Head =Velocity Head+ Pressure Head m2 m/sec V2/2g in m P/w in m (V2/2g) + P/w 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 18 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 19  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) XII. Results i)Velocity Head at respective point = V2/2g = ____________ m ii)Pressure Head=P/w = ___________ m iii)Total Head=(V2/2g) + P/w = ________________ m XIII. Interpretation of Results ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIV. Conclusions and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XV. Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. 1. Explain the Bernoulli’s theorem and give the assumptions made while delivering it. 2. Calculate the difference of pressure between two section if pipe is uniformly tapering and velocity of water at the smaller section is 2 m/s. A 5 m long pipe is inclined at an angle of 10 0. The pipe is tapering from larger diameter of 200 mm to smaller diameter 50 mm. The smaller section of pipe is at lower level. 3. Calculate the discharge pressure if the water enters the pipe at pressure of 9.81 bar. The discharge through a horizontal trapping is 0.06 m3/s. The diameter at inlet and outlet are 250 mm and 200 mm respectively. 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Scheme Page 21  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XVI. References / Suggestions for Further Reading 1. https://study.com/academy/lesson/bernoullis-equation-formula-and-examples 2. https://ovc.vale.edu/physics/phys-200/lecture-20 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QnTt9huzdNU 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCIKIRZKWWk 5. https://www.slideshare.net/eliseb/bernoullis-principle-465993 XVII. Rubrics for Assessment Scheme Performance Indicators Weightage Process Related (15 Marks) (60%) 1. Handling of the measuring Instruments 30% 2. Calculation of final readings 30% Product Related (10 Marks) (40%) 3. Interpretation of result 20% 4. Conclusions 10% 5. Practical related questions 10% Total ( 25 Marks) 100 % Marks Obtained Dated signature of Teacher Product Total Process Related(15) Related(10) (25) Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 22 Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) Practical No. 04 Measurement of discharge through pipe using Venturimeter. I. Practical Significance Venturimeter is a device which is used for measuring rate of flow flowing through pipe. It consists of three parts, a short converging part, throat & diverging part. It is based on the principle of Bernoulli’s Theorem. II. Industry/Employer Expected Outcome (s) This practical is expected to develop the skills for the industry identified competency as to “Select appropriate hydraulic machinery and process to measure the discharge of water/fluid by using venturimeter and compare it with theoretical one." III. Course Level Learning Outcome (CO) CO2- Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to various flow measuring devices. IV. Laboratory Learning Outcome(s) LLO 4.1: Apply Bernoulli’s theorem to Venturimeter. LLO 4.2: Measure discharge through pipe using Venturimeter. V. Relative Affective Domain related Outcome(s)-  Follow safety practices.  Practice good housekeeping.  Practice energy conservation.  Demonstrate working as a leader/team member.  Maintain tools and equipment.  Follow ethical Practices. VI. Minimum Theoretical Background 1.Discharge: The volume of liquid flowing per unit time through a section of pipe or channel is known as discharge or flow rate. 2.A venturi meter is also called a venturi flow meter. It is used to calculate the discharge of fluids flowing through a pipeline. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 23  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) VII. Experimental setup (Model)- Figure 4.1 Experimental Set up VIII. Required Resources /Apparatus/Equipment with specification Sr. No. Name of Suggested Broad Specification Quantity Resource Centrifugal pump with motor: Variable speed, 2800 Venturimeter Test RPM Supply tank: 80 Ltrs. made of Mild steel with 1. FRP lining Venturimeter: 13 mm (Mild steel) (or 1 Rig Orifice meter of suitable specifications) U-tube 2. Connected to pipe and throat of Venturimeter 1 manometer 40 Ltrs. made of Mild steel with FRP lining and fitted 3. Measuring tank 1 with piezometer tube and scale 4. Stop watch Electronic with least count of 0.01 sec 1 5. Measuring scale Range up to 60 cm 1 IX. Precautions to be Followed 1. Carefully keep some level of fluid in inlet and outlet supply tank. 2. Avoid improper handling of electrical connections of Centrifugal pump. 3. Please ensure Priming is required for centrifugal pump or not. 4. Handle the U tube Manometer tubes with due care. 5.Handle Stop watch carefully. Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 24  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) X. Procedure 1. Open the delivery valve of centrifugal pump, to avoid development of sudden pressure. 2. Carry out priming of pump if necessary. 3. Start the pump which allows water to flow through system. 4.Adjust the discharge by control valve. XI. Observations and calculations – Sr. Rise of water Deflection of mercury column of Converted water Time to No. level of the manometer columns height collect the Measuring Hthroat Hpipe (𝐇𝐭 −𝐇𝐩) h= Hhg (13.6-1) water in Hhg= 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Tank ‘H’ measuring tank (t) cm m cm cm m m Sec 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Discharge measurement reading, - Measuring tank Dimension = Width W=_________m, Breadth B=___________m Height of water observed in auxiliary tube H1= _________m Time for collecting water in tank t=__________sec Calculation of Actual Discharge Volume of Water collected in the tank, -V=WxBxH =______________________________ V=____________m3 Time (t)= __________sec Diameter of Venturimeter at inlet, d1= mm= m Cross section area a1= = m2 Diameter of Venturimeter at throat, d2= mm= m Cross section area a2= = m2 Volume of Water collected Actual Discharge= Qact = Time 𝑉 3 = = = ______________________________ m /sec 𝑡 Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education K - Scheme Page 25  Fluid Mechanics and Machinery (313309) 𝑎1 𝑎2 √2𝑔ℎ Theoretical Discharge =Qth = = √𝑎1 2 −𝑎2 2 Qth=________________________ m3/sec XII. Results 1. Actual Discharge = Qact = ___________________ m3/sec 2. Theoretical Discharge =Qth=_________________ m3/sec Qact 3. Coefficient of Discharge = Cd = =___________ 𝑄𝑡ℎ XIII. Interpretation of Result ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XIV. Conclusions and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- XV. Practical Related Questions Note: Below given are few sample questions for reference. Teachers must design more such questions so as to ensure the achievement of identified CO. 1. Discuss the pressure and velocity variation in convergent cone, throat and divergent cone of Venturimeter. 2. List the industrial applications of Venturimeter. 3. Explain whether Venturimeter can be used in vertical position. 4. Explain the use of Venturi in carburetor of automobiles. 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References / Suggestions for Further Reading 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UNBWI6MV_IY 2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tGQqEZDFVUA 3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHEPx9m9VXc 4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WvFNqEPNPOC Mahara