3.02 Structures, Functions, and Disorders of the Urinary System HU40 Health Science I PDF

3.02 STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM HU40 Health Science I Structures of the Urinary System Kidneys: pair of bean-shaped organs located between the peritoneum and the back muscles Ureter: t...

3.02 STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS, AND DISORDERS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM HU40 Health Science I Structures of the Urinary System Kidneys: pair of bean-shaped organs located between the peritoneum and the back muscles Ureter: tube that connects and carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder Bladder: hollow, muscular organ that collects and stores urine Urethra: tube that connects the bladder to the outside of the body. Urinary meatus: external opening of the urethra where urine exits the body  Kidney Structures Renal Capsule: tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney Renal Hilum: indention where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney Renal Pelvis: funnel-shaped structure that receives urine from the collecting duct for passage into the ureter Renal Cortex: outer portion of the kidney Renal Medulla: innermost part of the kidney  Nephron: Functional Unit of the Kidney Bowman’s Capsule: double-walled capsule surrounding the glomerulus Glomerulus: cluster of capillaries where filtration takes place Proximal convoluted tubule: part of nephron where glucose, sodium, chloride and water are reabsorbed Loop of Henle: portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule: portion of nephron between the loop of Henle and the collecting tubule Collecting Tubule: part of a nephron that collects the urine from the distal convoluted tubule and discharges it into the pelvis of the kidney Functions of the Urinary System Excretion of wastes Formation of urine Fluid and electrolyte balance Elimination of urine  Formation of Urine Filtration: 1st step in urine formation. Blood from renal artery enters glomerulus and high pressure forces some things through the capillary walls. The capillary walls act like a filter Reabsorption: Water and useful substances are reabsorbed. If blood levels of certain substances are high (glucose, amino acids, vitamins, sodium), then those substances will not be reabsorbed Secretion: Transports substances such as creatinine, potassium, hydrogen and some drugs into the collecting tubule  Fluid and Electrolyte Balance The kidneys help maintain fluid and electrolyte balance Chemical control through ADH (antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone) If levels in the blood are low, substances are returned to the blood If levels are too high then substances are excreted Diuretics are substances that inhibit reabsorption of H2O Elimination of Urine Average urinary output 1500ml per day Urinalysis: Examination of urine to determine presence of blood cells, bacteria, acidity level, specific gravity and physical characteristics Disorders of the Urinary System Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder Most common cause - E.Coli Symptoms - DYSURIA (painful urination) and frequency More common in females, due to shorter urethra Rx - antibiotics Enuresis Bedwetting Can occur up to the age of 5 5 as part of normal childhood development Most children outgrow bed-wetting on their own Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the kidney May be acute or chronic Acute: develops suddenly. May occur after strep throat or other types of infection Chronic: develops slowly over several years. Often leads to complete kidney failure Incontinence Involuntary urination Inability to control release of urine Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones) Made of crystals of calcium phosphate and uric acid Gradually get larger until they block ureters 1st symptom - severe pain Other symptoms - nausea/vomiting, frequency, chills, fever, hematuria Diagnosis - by symptoms, ultrasound, x-ray Rx - increase fluids to flush out stone, medications -- possible LITHOTRIPSY Lithotripsy: Shock waves are used to bust up stones so they can be removed Renal Failure Occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to sufficiently filter waste from your blood May be acute or chronic Oliguria (scanty amount of urine) is an early sign Stages 1-5 When reach stage 5 must have regular dialysis or a kidney transplant Dialysis (Hemodialysis) Used for kidney failure Involves the passage of blood through device with semi-permeable membrane Dialysis serves as substitute kidney Blood from patient flows through machine and is filtered Can be done at home or in clinic Takes 2-4hrs, 2-3 x a week  Resources File:Urinary System (Female).png. (2020, February 13). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 14:40, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Urinary_System_(Female).png&oldid=394159061. File:Blausen 0592 KidneyAnatomy 01.png. (2020, April 28). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 14:47, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blausen_0592_KidneyAnatomy_01.png&oldid=415448369. File:Kidney Nephron.png. (2020, March 5). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 14:49, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kidney_Nephron.png&oldid=401589119. File:Figure 41 03 04.jpg. (2017, November 29). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 15:31, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Figure_41_03_04.jpg&oldid=269955063. File:Kidney nephron molar transport diagram.svg. (2020, February 2). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 15:19, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kidney_nephron_molar_transport_diagram.svg&oldid=391640938. http://i0.wp.com/emcage.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/URINE-TEST.jpg?resize=570%2C376 Bing Creative Commons. Retrieved May 29, 2020. File:Bladder Infection.png. (2020, February 10). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 15:46, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bladder_Infection.png&oldid=393461554. File: Boy bedwetting, Bing Creative Commons, https://180degreehealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/boy_bedwetting_2.jpg, Retrieved May 29, 2020 File:Structure of glomerulus.png. (2019, August 10). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 16:26, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Structure_of_glomerulus.png&oldid=361349975. File:Adult diapers in Tel Aviv.jpg. (2020, April 22). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 16:30, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Adult_diapers_in_Tel_Aviv.jpg&oldid=414109898. File:Kidney stones ( renal calculi ), Бубрежни камења 15.jpg. (2019, June 17). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 16:32, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kidney_stones_(_renal_calculi_),_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0 %D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0_15.jpg&oldid=355130269. File:Dialysis - arm - 01.jpg. (2019, June 22). Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Retrieved 16:35, May 29, 2020 from https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dialysis_-_arm_-_01.jpg&oldid=355673249. https://www.pexels.com/photo/blood-dialysis-machine-hematology-hospital-966368/, Retrieved May 29, 2020 Additional Resources https://www.livescience.com/27012-urinary-system.html https://www.visiblebody.com/learn/urinary https://medlineplus.gov/kidneysandurinarysystem.html