Urinary System PDF

Urinary System Main system used to dispose waste and excess materials Also regulates the internal condition (In collaboration with cardiovascular and respiratory system) (Body temperature) (Water content) (Blood content) Homeostasis = Keeping the conditions in the internal environment of the body...

Urinary System Main system used to dispose waste and excess materials Also regulates the internal condition (In collaboration with cardiovascular and respiratory system) (Body temperature) (Water content) (Blood content) Homeostasis = Keeping the conditions in the internal environment of the body relatively constant pH -> power of Hydrogen = Level of acidity Blood pH = 7.0~7.5 Temp = 30*C organs - Kidney - Ureter - Bladder - Urethra - Skin Kidney Main Filtering Organ  Filtering Tissue (Nephron) Nephron Parts * Glomerulus : Filtration (“looks like a claw”) * Tubule : Connector (“squigly part after glomerulus”) * Henle Loop : Reabsorption of useful materials (“right after tubule”) Urinary System - Organs Ureter * Delivers urine from kidneys to bladder Bladder * Stores urine until release Urethra * Disposes urine to outside of body. Urinary System - Health Waste Materials, URINE Content: * Excess water * Urea * Excess Ions Reabsorbed Contents : * Protein * Sugars (carbohydrates) Homeotherm (they keep their body temperature constant, despite changes in temperature of their surroundings) Warm blooded > endothermic (animal that can generate their own body heat) Example : Tuna, Sharks, Humans, and etc “mammals” Cold blooded > ectothermic (animal that gets their body heat from the environment) Majority of fish, birds, amphibians, and reptile The advantages of a human maintaining a body temperature of 37? It means that all the chemical reactions taking place in the cells of the body can go on at a steady and predictable rate. The metabolism doesn’t slow doesn’t in cold environments. It is also important that the body does not become too hot. At higher temperatures enzymes, like all proteins, are destroyed by denaturing. Denaturing = when protein changes its structure that it no longer works properly. Functions of the human skin: Forming a tough outer layer able to resist mechanical damage Acting as a barrier to the entry of pathogens Forming an impermeable surface, preventing loss of water Acting as a sense organ for touch and temperature changes Controlling the loss of heat through the body surface. Colour Fair Skin Medium Skin Dark Skin Amount of Small amount of Moderate amount High amount of Pigment Melanin of Melanin Melanin UV resistance Low Medium/Moderate High UV reaction Burned Tan or Burn Tanned Ethnicity Europe African East Asia Aboriginal (aussie) South Asia SKIN - function SKIN - parts tough outer LAYER ‘ Epidermis CONTROL heat loss ‘ Hair BARRIER to entry of pathogens ‘ Pore PREVENTS water loss ‘ Melani SENSES touch and temperature ‘ Dermis ‘ Sebaceous (oil) gland ‘ Sweat gland ‘ Hypodermis ‘ Nerves Skin tone and reactions (ver. Mr Michael) Base Skin Tone Red Yellow Black Amount of Melanin Low Moderate High (affected by blood) Variations Fair / Pale Olive Brown / dark Ivory / Beige Light brown brown Ebony / black Reaction to Burns more Can burn Burns less Sunlight tans less or tan tans more Ancestry (extra) Caucasian Asian African / Hindi Native American (Predominantly Aboriginal East Asian) SKIN - health Radiation - Ultraviolet (exposed to sunlight for too long can cause burns (can cause skin cancer (use sunscreen) Albinism - disease for lack of melanin Sanitary (dirt & particles can block pores, causing acne) (microorganisms & infections)  (excess sebum and/or sweat) Allergy (can cause pimples / skin rash) Collagen (skin elasticity) Vitamin E (skin health) Acne - causes (hormone) (excess sebum) (dead skin cells) (bacteria) Lesson 3 Skeletal, Muscular & Nervous system SENSES - Eyes FUCTION * Light & Darkness * Colour * Perception of Depth PARTS - outer * Eyebrows & Eyelashes * Eyelids SPECIAL: Retina * Has sensors * Rod: Light & Darkness * Cone: Colour Myopia - near sightedness (-) Hypermetropia - farsightedness (+) SENSES - skin Fuction : Touch, Pressure, Pain, Temperature, Texture Nerve Ends : Krause End Meissner’s corpuscle Nociceptor Pacicnian corpuscle SENSES - ear Ear : Hearing Balance Sections : Outer Middle Inner EAR DRUM (tympanic membrane) SENSES - Nose and Tounge Nose (Olfactory) Smell Tounge Taste (Bitter, Sour, Sweet, Salty) Sensor : Papillae SKELETAL SYSTEM Fuction (Main) Gives the body its base shape Creates a solid structure to the body (Secondary) The place where the structural muscles are attached Tip : Hard bones are scientifically referred to as “oste-” from the greek word for ‘bone’ COMPOSITION of SKELETON Bone 70% Inorganic materials (calcium & phosphorus)  30% Organic materials (collagen) Cartilage Smooth connective tissue Protects the end of long bones from eroding Serves as cushions in joints so they can move smoothly Joints Places where 2 or more bones connect Ligaments: connective tissue holding together joints Tendons: connective tissue attaching skeletal muscles to the bones Movable joints have lubrication fluid called synovial fluid MUSCULAR SYSTEM Function (Main) Gives the body ability to move (Secondary) Creates heat within the body = Temperature increase during physical exercise = Shivering in cold environment Categories Muscle Skeletal Smooth Cardia Placement Skeleton Internal Organs Heart (attached to) + Blood Vessels  Control Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary (conscious) (unconscious) (unconscious) Structure Striated Not Striated Striated + Branched Reaction Fast Slow Slow Endurance Short Long Lifetime