Macromolecules Of Life: Carbohydrates And Lipids PDF

Macromolecules of Life Farzaneh Aghajani, DDS, MSc, PhD  Organic Molecules C H Organic molecules are relating to H C N o...

Macromolecules of Life Farzaneh Aghajani, DDS, MSc, PhD  Organic Molecules C H Organic molecules are relating to H C N or derived from living matter Organic O P S Inorganic Inorganic molecules constitute nonliving matter NaCl H2O Organic Molecules Macromolecules Carbohydrates Nucleic Macromolecules Lipids Acids Proteins What is a Macromolecule? and Where can be found? A macromolecule is a very large molecule, such as protein, comprised of repeating units of a smaller molecule (monomers). Monomers are small molecules which may be joined together in a repeating fashion to form more complex molecules called polymers. Monomers (Small Units)  Organic Molecules: Polymer vs. Monomer Polymers: Large organic molecules formed by combining monomers Monomers: Simple organic molecules that exists individually  Macromolecules Turkey and Cheese Sandwich  How Macromolecules Form? Polymers may vary considerably in length. A polymer gets longer as monomers bond to one another.  A B A B Reactant Product A B A B A B A B Cells have a common way of joining monomers to build polymers and/or to degrade them. Depending on the chemical reaction, energy is either absorbed (stored) or released. Building and Breaking Organic Molecules A B A B Building a polymers A B A B Degrading a polymer The reactions (a process where two or more substances interact with each other) called dehydration and hydrolysis.  Dehydration Reaction: the water components -OH and -H are removed Hydrolysis Reaction Hydrolysis Reaction: the water components –OH and -H are added Water Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Proteins Amino acid Lipids Fatty acid Nucleic acids Nucleotide Macromolecules of Life  Carbohydrates The term carbohydrate literally means carbon-water Carb-O-Hydr-ates Carbohydrate molecules are characterized by the presence of the atomic grouping H— C—OH, in which the ratio of hydrogen atoms (H) to oxygen atoms (O) is approximately 2:1→ the same ratio as it is in water Quick fuel Energy source for living organisms Short-term energy storage Play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, and animals such as insects On cell surfaces, they are involved in cell-to-cell recognition Carbohydrates carbohydrates include single sugar molecules and chains of sugars. Saccharide = Sugar Mono = One di = two Poly = many  Simple Carbohydrates the presence of large number of hydroxyl groups (—OH), Simple Carbohydrates are also called Monosaccharides which are polar functional Monosaccharides are the monomer of carbohydrates group, makes them soluble in Glucose found in blood sugar water. Fructose found in fruits Galactose found in milk (as part of Lactose) Although all three share the same molecular formula (C6H12O6), the arrangement of atoms [hydrogen (—H) and hydroxyl (—OH) groups] differs in each case.  Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharide can have a carbon backbone of three to seven carbons Hexose refers to a 6-carbon sugar Pentoses refers to a 5-carbon sugar Hexose  Carbohydrates Disaccharides A disaccharide contains two monosaccharides that have joined during a dehydration reaction. Contain 2 monosaccharide units Lactose: galactose and glucose Maltose: glucose and glucose Sucrose: fructose and glucose  Carbohydrates Polysaccharides are long polymers that contain many glucose subunits. Due to their length, they are sometimes referred to as complex carbohydrates. ▪There are the 3 types of polysaccharides: ▪Glycogen ▪Starch ▪Cellulose Polysaccharides Starch Storage Polysaccharides Glycogen Insoluble in water Structure Cellulose  Glycogen Glycogen is highly branched polymer of glucose molecules. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in animals. Glycogen is present in liver and muscle cells  Starch Starch can be composed of either straight chains of glucose molecules or have a branched structure. Starch is the storage form of glucose in plants.  Cellulose Cellulose is the major polysaccharide found in plants responsible for structural role. Cellulose is the structural form of glucose in plants. The alternating up/down position of the oxygen atoms in the linked glucose and hydrogen bonding from one chain to another prevent humans from digesting this polysaccharide.  Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Glucose Fructose Galactose Lactose Maltose Sucrose Starch Glycogen Cellulose  Lipids The 5th group of essential food and nutrition groups This group contains butter, margarine, cooking oils, lard, cream, salad dressings, … Lipids: Common characteristics Naturally occurring Lipids Emulsification  Importance of Lipids Long-term energy storage compounds of plants and animals. Vital component of cell membrane. Insulation against heat loss Protection of major organs Component of steroid hormones including sex hormones (Vital component of metabolic and sex hormones). As waxes, lipids are used for protection and to prevent water loss.  Lipids Fat Vs. Oils Fats Oils Usually of Usually of animal origin plant origin Liquid at Solid at room room temperature temperature  Lipids Triglyceride Phospholipids Steroids Waxes Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids Lipids A monomer of a lipid is a fatty acid. Fatty acids are hydrocarbon chains that end with -COOH. Most contain 16 or 18 carbon atoms per molecule, but fewer can also be found. Fatty acids can be saturated or unsaturated. Saturated Fatty Acids No double covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Carbon chain is filled with all the hydrogen atoms it can hold Common source is animals. Solid at room temperature. Coconut oil is a short chain saturated fat that is good for cooking and has been linked to weight loss. Unsaturated fatty acids - Common source is vegetables. - Liquid at room temperature. - Double bonds between carbon atoms in the chain wherever the number of hydrogen atoms is less than two per carbon atom. - Naturally occurring fats are found in the ‘cis’ configuration.  Unsaturated Fatty Acids Unsaturated fatty acids have 2 distinct structural configurations: cis and trans isomers. Cis: Hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the same side. Trans: Hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on different sides.  Lipids A polymer of a lipid is a triglyceride. A fat molecule is sometimes called a triglyceride because of its three- part structure (of fatty acid esters of glycerol). The composition of triglyceride is : one glycerol molecule + three fatty acids  Phospholipids Phospholipids= Polar head + Two fatty acids chains Polar head = Glycerol + Phosphate Two fatty acids chains, they can be saturated or unsaturated fatty acids  Phospholipids Phospholipids have a (Hydrophilic: water-loving) polar head (Glycerol + Phosphate) + (Hydrophobic: Water-repelling) non polar tails Two fatty acids chains Phospholipids are the primary components of cellular membranes. They spontaneously form a bilayer in which the hydrophilic heads face outward toward watery solutions and the tails form the hydrophobic interior. Phospholipids Phospholipids form a bilayer with hydrophobic ends facing each other and hydrophilic ends facing either the extra or intra- cellular space. This arrangement of a bilayer in the plasma membrane surrounds the cell. Bilayer arrangement helps to separate the extra cellular material from intracellular material.  Lipids Lipids Triglyceride Phospholipids Steroids Waxes  All steroids have four fused carbon rings.  Each ring differs by the arrangement of atoms in the ring and attachment of the functional group.  Examples of steroid are:  Cholesterol  Testosterone  Estrogen  The body produces this lipid which is a part of the plasma membrane of cell of all body cells and is Steroids: the foundational structure of other steroid such as Estrogen and Testosterone. The house with the add-ons Cholesterol Steroids: Testosterone Testosterone Required for the development of male characteristics such as larger bones, wider chest, deeper voice, hair distribution, etc. Estrogen Estrogen Required for the development of secondary female characteristics such as body hair, fat distribution, and some emotional features. Carbohydrates  Lipids Triglyceride Phospholipids Steroids Fatty Acids Saturated Fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids Read pages 19-23 & 75-79 Reminder: 1- Connect Review Assignment #1