Biology: Macromolecules and Their Types
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following elements are commonly found in organic molecules?

  • Sodium, Chlorine, Water
  • Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen
  • Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur
  • Both A and B (correct)

Inorganic molecules are derived from living matter.

False (B)

What type of large molecules are composed of repeating smaller units?

macromolecules

A molecule that can be joined together in a repeating fashion to form a polymer is called a ______.

<p>monomer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Monomer = A small molecule that can be joined to make a larger molecule Polymer = A large molecule made of repeating smaller units Organic Molecule = Relating to or derived from living matter Inorganic Molecule = Constitutes nonliving matter</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of macromolecule?

<p>Water (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the building of a polymer, energy is released.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The chemical reaction where two or more substances interact with each other is called a ______.

<p>process</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is used to join two monosaccharides together?

<p>Dehydration reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbohydrates are characterized by a hydrogen to oxygen atom ratio of approximately 1:2.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

<p>monosaccharide</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disaccharide contains two ______ that have joined during a dehydration reaction.

<p>monosaccharides</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following carbohydrates with their description:

<p>Monosaccharide = Simple sugar Disaccharide = Two monosaccharides joined together Polysaccharide = Long polymers of many glucose subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of carbohydrates?

<p>Long-term energy storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a hexose?

<p>Fructose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by all steroids?

<p>They all have four fused carbon rings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydrolysis is a reaction that removes water components -OH and -H.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cholesterol is only produced by the body when needed for the production of testosterone and estrogen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two examples of steroids that are produced by the body?

<p>cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

__________ are required for the development of secondary female characteristics, such as body hair and fat distribution.

<p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following lipids with their descriptions:

<p>Triglyceride = Composed of fatty acids Phospholipid = Component of cell membranes Steroid = Has a core structure of four fused rings Waxes = Acts as a protective layer on plants and animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of saturated fatty acids?

<p>Their carbon chain is filled with all the hydrogen atoms it can hold. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Unsaturated fatty acids are typically solid at room temperature.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two distinct structural configurations of unsaturated fatty acids?

<p>cis and trans</p> Signup and view all the answers

A triglyceride is composed of one glycerol molecule and ______ fatty acid molecules.

<p>three</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a storage form of glucose in animals?

<p>Glycogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a phospholipid is considered hydrophilic?

<p>Glycerol and Phosphate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellulose is easily digestible by humans.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phospholipids form a monolayer in cellular membranes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural polysaccharide found in plants?

<p>cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phospholipids in cellular membranes?

<p>To form the bilayer that separates the extracellular and intracellular environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monomer of a lipid is a _______ _______.

<p>fatty acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of lipids with their characteristics:

<p>Triglycerides = Long-term energy storage Phospholipids = Component of cell membranes Steroids = Component of hormones Waxes = Protection and preventing water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is generally of plant origin and liquid at room temperature?

<p>Oils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids?

<p>Component of genetic material (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polysaccharides are sometimes referred to as ________ carbohydrates.

<p>complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Organic Molecules

Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur, often found within living organisms.

Inorganic Molecules

Molecules not associated with living organisms, like salt or water.

Macromolecule

Very large molecules made by joining several repeating smaller units.

Monomer

A small unit that can be linked together to form a larger molecule called a polymer.

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Polymer

A large molecule made up of repeating monomers joined together.

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Dehydration Reaction

A process where monomers bond together, releasing water as a by-product, to form a polymer.

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Hydrolysis Reaction

A process where water is added to break the bonds between monomers in a polymer.

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Carbohydrate

A type of macromolecule that includes sugars, starches, and cellulose, providing energy for cells.

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Monosaccharide

The basic building block of carbohydrates. It contains a carbon backbone of 3 to 7 carbons.

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Hexose

A carbohydrate with a 6 carbon backbone.

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Pentoses

A carbohydrate with a 5 carbon backbone.

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Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed by the joining of two monosaccharides.

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Polysaccharides

A long polymer of many monosaccharide units.

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Carbohydrates as Energy Source

The quick energy source for living organisms. It's also a short-term energy storage.

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Steroids

A type of lipid with four interconnected carbon rings. Examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen.

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Cholesterol

A steroid that is a crucial component of cell membranes and serves as the foundation for other steroids.

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Testosterone

A steroid hormone essential for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics. It influences muscle growth, bone density, and voice.

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Estrogen

A steroid hormone vital for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics. It shapes body fat distribution and influences emotional traits.

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Triglycerides

Lipids composed of glycerol and three fatty acids. They are the most common type of fat found in our body.

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What are Polysaccharides?

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of simple sugars called monosaccharides. They function mainly for energy storage and structural support.

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What is Glycogen?

Glycogen is a highly branched polymer of glucose molecules. It's the main storage form of glucose in animals, primarily found in liver and muscle cells.

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What is Starch?

Starch is a polysaccharide that can be either straight chains or branched chains of glucose molecules. It's the primary storage form of glucose in plants.

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What is Cellulose?

Cellulose is a major polysaccharide found in plants, providing them with structural support. It's made up of straight chains of glucose molecules with a specific arrangement that makes it indigestible by humans.

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What are Lipids?

Lipids, also known as fats and oils, are a diverse group of organic compounds that are essential for various biological functions.

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What is the nature of Lipids?

Lipids are generally insoluble in water, but they can dissolve in organic solvents like acetone or alcohol.

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What are the functions of Lipids?

Lipids play a crucial role in long-term energy storage, providing more energy per gram than carbohydrates. They also contribute to the structure of cell membranes, insulation, protection of organs, and hormone production.

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What is the difference between fats and oils?

Fats are generally solid at room temperature and are typically derived from animal sources, while oils are liquid at room temperature and are usually extracted from plants.

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Fatty Acids

Hydrocarbon chains that end with a carboxyl group (-COOH). They are a key component of fats and oils.

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Saturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon atoms. They are typically solid at room temperature and found in animal products.

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Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with at least one double bond between carbon atoms. They are typically liquid at room temperature and found in plant-based products.

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Cis Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A type of unsaturated fatty acid where hydrogen atoms on the same side of the double bond.

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Trans Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A type of unsaturated fatty acid where hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the double bond.

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Phospholipid

A lipid molecule composed of a polar head (glycerol + phosphate) and two nonpolar fatty acid tails.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

A double-layered structure formed by phospholipids in cellular membranes. The hydrophilic heads face outward towards watery solutions, while the hydrophobic tails face inward.

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Study Notes

Macromolecules of Life

  • Macromolecules are large molecules made of smaller molecules (monomers)
  • Monomers can be joined together to form more complex molecules called polymers
  • Examples of macromolecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids

Organic vs Inorganic Molecules

  • Organic molecules are related to or derived from living matter
  • Inorganic molecules are nonliving matter (e.g., NaCl, Hâ‚‚O)
  • Organic molecules contain C, H, N, O, as essential elements
  • Inorganic molecules may contain other elements

Types of Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates

    • Monomer: Monosaccharide
    • Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
    • Energy source for living organisms
    • Play a structural role in woody plants, bacteria, animals
    • Involved in cell-to-cell recognition

  • Proteins

    • Monomer: Amino acid
    • Involved in numerous bodily functions
    • Examples: enzymes, hormones, structural proteins

  • Lipids

    • Monomer: Fatty acid
    • Insoluble in water
    • Examples: fats, oils, waxes.
    • Long-term energy storage compounds
    • Vital component of cell membranes
    • Important for insulation and protection

  • Nucleic Acids

    • Monomer: Nucleotide
    • Examples: DNA and RNA
    • Responsible for storing genetic information
    • Crucial for cell functioning

Macromolecule Formation

  • Polymers form when monomers bond together
  • This process is often called dehydration reaction
  • Energy may be absorbed or released

Dehydration and Hydrolysis

  • Dehydration reaction involves the removal of water molecules during the formation of polymers
  • Hydrolysis is the breaking down of polymers by adding a water molecule

Carbohydrates: Types

  • Monosaccharides

    • Simplest carbohydrates; examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

  • Disaccharides

    • Composed of two monosaccharides; examples: maltose, sucrose, lactose

  • Polysaccharides

    • Composed of many monosaccharides; examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose

    • Glycogen: Storage form of glucose in animals

    • Starch: Storage form of glucose in plants

    • Cellulose: Structural component in plants

Lipids: Types

  • Triglycerides: Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids – Fatty acids: Hydrocarbon chains ending with -COOH – Saturated: No double bonds – Unsaturated: Double bonds
  • Phospholipids: Structural components of cell membranes; have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
  • Steroids: Four fused carbon rings; examples include cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen
  • Waxes: Used for protection and preventing water loss

Phospholipids

  • Major components of cell membranes
  • Form a bilayer where one end interacts with the water environment

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Macromolecules Of Life: Carbohydrates And Lipids PDF

Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of macromolecules, including their structure, types, and differences between organic and inorganic molecules. It specifically focuses on carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids, highlighting their monomers and functions in living organisms.

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