Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module PDF

Web Design and Development Student Module Grade 11 FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION  Web Design and Development Student Module Grade 11 Writers: Bruk T/Berhan Keweti (M...

Web Design and Development Student Module Grade 11 FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION  Web Design and Development Student Module Grade 11 Writers: Bruk T/Berhan Keweti (MSc) Derese Teshome Demisie (MSc) Misikr Selemon Tsige (MSc) Evaluators: Abebe Basazinew Bekele (MSc) Bazezew Tsehay Bekele (MSc) Mekonnen Mulugeta Moges (MSc) © Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education 2024 All rights reserved. No part of this Module may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means including electronic, mechanical, magnetic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Ministry of Education or licensing in accordance with the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia as expressed in the Federal Negarit Gazeta, Proclamation No. 410/2004 - Copyright and Neighboring Rights Protection. First Edition 2024 Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders and the Ministry of Education apologizes in advance for any unintentional omissions. If you are the owner of copyrighted material not cited or improperly cited, please contact the Ministry of Education, Head Office, Arat Kilo, (P.O. Box 1367), www.moe.gov.et, Addis Ababa Ethiopia. ISBN: xxx-xxxxxx-x-xxx-x  Acknowledgement The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Ministry of Education expresses its gratitude to the Federal Technical and Vocational Training Institute, Manufacturing Industry Development Institute Kaizen Excellence Center, Misrak Polytechnic College, General Wingate Polytechnic College, Entoto Polytechnic College and Dagmawi Menelik Secondary School for professional support in the development of this Module. The Ministry of Education is grateful for the time and unwavering commitment of expertise provided by the writers and evaluators of the aforementioned institutions. The Ministry of Education also acknowledges those who played key roles. Negesse Teferedegn Tilaye and Ashenafi Nigusse W/hana are acknowledged for their writing of the initial generic Professional Ethics Module, while Esubalew Wondim Zegeye and Gebeyaw Tesfaye Ayehu are recognized for their evaluation of this Professional Ethics Module. In addition, Kindu Oumer Ali and Tujuba Ragasa Garedew are appreciated for their writing of the initial generic Basic Kaizen Module, while Desalegne Berhanu Addisu and Girma Hailu Hailemicheal are recognized for their evaluation of this Basic Kaizen Module.  LIST OF MODULES Module Module Title Page Module I Operate Personal Computer 1 Module II Access and Analyze Online Information 77 Module III Develop Professional Ethics 261 Module IV Build Web Pages Using HTML5 313 Module V Integrate Cascading Style Sheets 449 Module VI Apply interactivity to a website. 572 Module VII Basic Kaizen 664  Introduction to the Student Module Web Design and Development learning module! In today's digital age, the internet plays a significant role in our lives, providing us with endless opportunities to connect, learn, and share information. Behind every website you visit lies a team of skilled web designers and developers who work tirelessly to create engaging and user-friendly online experiences. This learning module is designed to introduce Grade 11 students within 315 of total period to the exciting world of web design and development. Throughout this module, you will explore various concepts and skills essential for building and managing websites effectively. Whether you're interested in pursuing a career in web development or simply want to enhance your digital skills, this module will provide you with a solid foundation. By the end of this learning module, you will have gained a comprehensive understanding of web design and development. You will possess the skills necessary to create visually appealing, user- friendly websites and manage their content effectively. Whether you aspire to become a professional web developer or simply want to enhance your digital literacy, this module will provide you with a solid foundation to embark on your web design and development journey. So, let's get started and explore the exciting world of web design and development together! This Web Design and Development learning modules for grade 11 embraces the following five (5) modules: 1. Operating a Personal Computer: Connect Hardware and Network Peripherals Install operating system and application Software Navigate and use Operating System 2. Access and analyze online information Describe the Internet and the world wide web Use and configure Web Browsers Search effectively for online information and critically evaluate web content. Enhance online communication and collaboration Create a safe online environment and Well-Being 3. Building Web Pages with HTML: Identify markup languages Setup the HTML development environment and Create HTML pages  Create web pages and insert contents using HTML 4. Build Web Pages with CSS: Apply basic CSS Properties Create layout and navigation of a web page 5. Adding Interactivity to Websites: Identify scripting language Apply interactivity using JavaScript Validate User Input The modules are designed to provide a structured and progressive learning experience, building upon the knowledge and skills gained in each preceding module. By following this organized sequence, Grade 11 students will develop a comprehensive skill of web design and development, gradually acquiring the necessary tools to create visually appealing, user-friendly, and dynamic websites.  Module I Operate Personal Computer  Contents No Contents page Module Description 1 1 UNIT 1: Web Careers Pathways 2 1.1 Unit Overview 2 1.2 Web Design and Development career Paths 4 Unit Summary 10 Unit Review Questions 11 2 Unit 2: Hardware and Network Peripherals 12 2.1 Introduction to Computer 12 2.2 Organization of computer systems 24 2.3 Safe Work Conditions and Procedures 27 2.4 Environment Protection 35 Unit Summary 36 Unit Review Questions 37 3 Unit 3: Operating System And Application Software 40 3.1 Operating Systems and Installation 40 3.2 Application Software Installation 49 3.3 Installing Device Drivers 51 Unit Summary 56 Unit Review Questions 56 4 Unit 4: Operating System Environment 59 4.1 Navigate and use the Operating System environment 59 4.2 Desktop Environment 60 4.3 Manage Files and Folders 61 4.4 Uninstalling and Removing Applications 64 4.5 Create and Manage User Accounts 64 4.6 Essential keyboard shortcuts 65 4.7 Use Windows system tools and applications 66 Unit Summary 68 Unit Review Questions 68 References 76 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Module Description This Module defines the competence required to operate a personal computer, including starting the PC, logging in, using and understanding desktop icons and their links to underlying programs, navigating a directory structure, saving work, printing, operate word processing and closing down the PC. This will deliver a total of 100 periods: 24 periods for theory and 76 for practical training. This module will also assist you to attain the following learning outcomes: Identify web careers pathways Connect Hardware and Network Peripherals Install operating system and application Software Navigate and use Operating System Module Instruction: Learning Instructions: How to use this Module For effective use this module you are expected to follow the following module instructions: 1. Read the learning outcomes of this module. 2. Learn study lessons in the module. Try to understand what are being discussed. 3. Accomplish the “Self-checks” which are placed following each topic. Then you are to get the answer key at the end of the module to correct your answer only after you have finished answering the Self-checks. 4. Accomplish unit review questions and practical activities which are placed at the end of each unit. Then ask from your teacher/trainer the key to correction (answers key) or you can request your teacher/trainer to correct your work. 5. Complete the ‘Project Work’ sited at the end of the module. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 1  Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module UNIT 1 WEB CAREERS PATHWAYS Unit Coverage This unit is designed to provide you the necessary information and practice regarding the following content coverage: 1.1. Introduction Information Technology as a career 1.2. Introduction to Web Design and Development career Paths Unit Learning Outcomes This unit will also assist you to attain the following learning outcomes. Specifically, upon completion of this unit, you will be able to: ✓ Identify web careers pathways Key Terms: web, OS, Application software, Navigate Operating system, Back end, Front End and Full stack development. 1.1. Unit Overview Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is a broad term that encompasses the use of technology to manage and process information. It refers to the convergence of computing, telecommunications, and information systems. ICT plays a crucial role in various industries, organizations, and sectors, transforming the way we communicate, work, and access information. As a career field, Information Technology offers diverse opportunities for individuals interested in working with computers, networks, software, and data. Professionals in this field use their technical skills and knowledge to design, develop, implement, and manage technology solutions to meet the needs of businesses and individuals. Here are some key aspects of IT as a career: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 2 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Job Roles: IT offers a wide range of job roles, including but not limited to: IT Support Specialist: Provide technical assistance and support to users. Network Administrator: Design, implement, and maintain computer networks. System Administrator: Manage and maintain computer systems and servers. Software Developer: Design and develop software applications. Data Analyst: Analyze and interpret data to derive insights. Cyber security Analyst: Protect computer systems and networks from security threats. IT Project Manager: Plan, execute, and manage technology projects. Skill Set: A career in IT requires a combination of technical skills and knowledge. Some essential skills include: Proficiency in programming languages and software development. Knowledge of computer networks, hardware, and operating systems. Understanding of databases and data management. Problem-solving and analytical thinking. Strong communication and teamwork skills. Continuous learning and adaptability to keep up with evolving technologies. Industry Demand: With the increasing reliance on technology, there is a growing demand for skilled IT professionals. Almost every industry, including healthcare, finance, education, entertainment, and manufacturing, relies on IT to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and deliver innovative solutions. This demand creates numerous job opportunities for IT professionals. Career Growth: IT offers excellent career growth prospects. Professionals can advance their careers by gaining experience, acquiring certifications, and continuously updating their skills. There are opportunities to move into management roles, specialize in specific areas like cyber security or data science, or even start their own businesses as technology consultants. Continuous Learning: The field of IT is constantly evolving, with new technologies and innovations emerging regularly. As an IT professional, continuous learning is essential to stay updated with the latest trends, tools, and techniques. This can be done through self-study, attending workshops, obtaining certifications, or pursuing higher education. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 3 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Impact and Innovation: IT has a significant impact on society, enabling advancements in various fields. It has revolutionized communication, improved access to information, transformed business processes, and facilitated global connectivity. IT professionals have the opportunity to contribute to meaningful projects, drive innovation, and make a positive difference in the world. Overall, a career in IT offers a dynamic and challenging environment for individuals passionate about technology. It provides opportunities to work on exciting projects, solve complex problems, and contribute to the digital transformation of organizations and society as a whole. 1.2. Web Design and Development career Paths Web development is a thriving field with a wide range of career opportunities. Here are some popular web career pathways: 1. Web Designer: Create visually appealing and user-friendly website layouts. Use graphic design tools and principles to design website elements. Work closely with clients to understand their design requirements. 2. Front-End Developer: Implement the visual and interactive elements of a website. Use HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create engaging user interfaces. Ensure cross-browser compatibility and responsive design. 3. Back-End Developer: Develop the server-side logic and functionality of websites or web applications. Utilize programming languages such as Python, Ruby, PHP, or Java. Design and manage databases, handle server operations, and integrate APIs. 4. Full-Stack Developer: Possess knowledge and skills in both front-end and back-end development. Work on all aspects of web development, from designing interfaces to server-side programming. Handle the entire web development process and provide end-to-end solutions. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 4 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 5. User Experience (UX) Designer: Focus on creating intuitive and user-friendly website experiences. Conduct user research and usability testing to optimize website usability. Use wire framing and prototyping tools to design seamless user journeys. 6. Content manager: Manage and update website content, ensuring its accuracy and relevance. Coordinate with content creators and stakeholders to publish engaging content. Implement content management systems and SEO best practices. These are just a few examples of the many career paths available in web development like “web developer”, “website administrator”, “website Administrator” and etc. Each career path offers unique opportunities for growth and specialization. It's essential to explore your interests, skills, and goals to find the right fit for your web career. 1.2.1. Front-end development Dear learners! What is Front-end development? Can you try to define the term based the introduction given above? Hoping that you have defined it, let’s see together some of the most common definitions of web development as given by different authors. Front-end development refers to the practice of building the user-facing aspects of websites or web applications. Front-end developers work on the client side of web development, focusing on creating visually appealing and interactive interfaces that users directly interact with. Key aspects of front-end development include: 1. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): Front-end developers use HTML to structure the content of web pages. HTML defines the elements and their relationships, such as headings, paragraphs, images, links, forms, and more. 2. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets): CSS is used to style and format the HTML elements. Front-end developers use CSS to control the layout, colors, fonts, spacing, and other visual aspects of a web page, ensuring a consistent and appealing design. 3. JavaScript: JavaScript is a programming language that adds interactivity and dynamic behavior to web pages. Front-end developers use JavaScript to create interactive elements, handle user events, and manipulate the content of a web page in response to user actions. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 5 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 4. Responsive Design: Front-end developers ensure that websites are optimized for various devices and screen sizes. They use responsive design techniques to create layouts that adapt and resize automatically, providing a seamless experience across desktops, tablets, and mobile devices. 5. Frameworks and Libraries: Front-end developers often leverage frameworks and libraries to streamline development and enhance productivity. Popular front-end frameworks include React, Angular, and Vue.js, while libraries like jQuery provide pre- built functions to simplify common tasks. 6. Cross-Browser Compatibility: Front-end developers need to ensure that websites function properly across different web browsers (such as Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge) and versions. They test and optimize the code to maintain consistent functionality and appearance. 7. Web Performance Optimization: Front-end developers optimize websites for fast loading times and optimal performance. Techniques include minifying and compressing files, optimizing images, and reducing HTTP requests to improve the overall user experience. 8. Accessibility: Front-end developers strive to create websites that are accessible to users with disabilities. They follow accessibility guidelines, use semantic markup, provide alternative text for images, and ensure keyboard navigation is available. Front-end development requires a combination of technical skills, creativity, and attention to detail. Front-end developers collaborate closely with designers, back-end developers, and other team members to ensure a seamless integration of design and functionality. They play a crucial role in delivering a visually engaging and user-friendly experience to website visitors. Self-check 1-1: 1. What is the role of HTML in front-end development? 2. How does CSS contribute to the visual styling of a website? 3. What is JavaScript, and what is its role in front-end development? MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 6 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 1.2.2. Back-end development Dear learners! What is Back-end development? Can you try to define the term based the introduction given above? Hoping that you have defined it, let’s see together some of the most common definitions of web development. Back-end development refers to the aspect of web development that focuses on the server-side of websites or web applications. Back-end developers work on the behind-the-scenes functionality that powers the website and handles data processing, storage, and communication. Key aspects of back-end development include: 1. Server-Side Programming Languages: Back-end developers work with programming languages like Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, or Node.js to build the logic and functionality of the server-side. These languages allow developers to handle data, interact with databases, and perform complex computations. 2. Databases: Back-end developers work with databases to store and manage data. Common databases used in back-end development include MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, and Oracle. Developers design database schemas, write queries to retrieve and manipulate data, and ensure data integrity. 3. APIs (Application Programming Interfaces): Back-end developers create APIs that allow different software systems to communicate with each other. APIs enable the exchange of data and functionality between the front-end and back-end, as well as integration with external services or platforms. 4. Server Management: Back-end developers handle server configuration and management. They ensure the proper setup and deployment of web servers, such as Apache or Nginx, and manage hosting environments, scalability, security, and performance optimizations. 5. Security: Back-end developers play a crucial role in ensuring the security of web applications. They implement authentication and authorization mechanisms, protect against common vulnerabilities like cross-site scripting (XSS) or SQL injection, and apply encryption and secure communication protocols. 6. Frameworks and Libraries: Back-end developers often utilize frameworks and libraries to streamline development and leverage pre-built functionalities. Popular back-end frameworks include Django (Python), Ruby on Rails (Ruby), Laravel (PHP), Spring (Java), and Express.js (Node.js). MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 7 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 7. Testing and Debugging: Back-end developers write tests to ensure the reliability and stability of the server-side code. They perform debugging to identify and fix software issues and optimize performance. 8. Integration of Third-Party Services: Back-end developers integrate external services, such as payment gateways, email services, or social media APIs, into web applications to extend functionality and enhance user experience. Back-end development focuses on the server-side infrastructure and functionality that makes a website or web application work. Back-end developers collaborate closely with front-end developers, designers, and other team members to ensure a seamless integration of user interfaces with the underlying server logic. They are responsible for creating robust and efficient server-side systems that handle data processing, business logic, and communication with external services. Self-check 1-2: 1. Name some common back-end programming languages. 2. What is the role of databases in back-end development? 3. Name some popular back-end frameworks or libraries and their use cases. 1.2.3. Full-stack development Dear learners! What is Full-stack development? Can you try to define the term based the introduction given above? Hoping that you have defined it, let’s see together some of the most common definitions of web development. Full-stack development refers to the practice of being proficient in both front-end and back-end development. Full-stack developers have the knowledge and skills to work on all layers of a web application, from the user interface to the server-side logic and database management. They are capable of handling various aspects of web development, making them versatile and valuable in the industry. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 8 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Key aspects of full-stack development include: 1. Front-End Development: Full-stack developers are proficient in front-end technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. They can create visually appealing and interactive user interfaces, ensuring a seamless user experience. 2. Back-End Development: Full-stack developers have a strong understanding of server-side programming languages like Python, Ruby, PHP, Java, or Node.js. They can develop the logic, functionality, and database management required to handle server-side operations. 3. Databases: Full-stack developers are skilled in working with databases such as MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, or Oracle. They can design efficient database schemas, write complex queries, and optimize data retrieval and storage. 4. Server Management: Full-stack developers have knowledge of server management, including setting up and configuring web servers, managing hosting environments, and ensuring scalability, security, and performance optimizations. 5. APIs and Integration: Full-stack developers can create and consume APIs to enable communication between different software systems. They can integrate external services or platforms into web applications, expanding functionality and enhancing user experience. 6. Version Control: Full-stack developers are proficient in using version control systems like Git. They can manage code repositories, collaborate with other developers, and ensure code integrity and versioning. 7. Problem Solving and Troubleshooting: Full-stack developers possess strong problem- solving skills and can debug issues across the entire web application stack. They can identify and resolve software bugs, optimize performance, and ensure efficient operation. 8. Project Management: Full-stack developers have a holistic understanding of the web development process and can contribute to project management tasks. They can plan, estimate, and prioritize tasks, collaborate with team members, and ensure the successful delivery of projects. By combining front-end and back-end skills, full-stack developers can take on a broader range of responsibilities in web development projects. They can work independently or collaborate with specialized front-end and back-end developers, depending on the scale and requirements of the project. Full-stack developers are capable of handling the entire development process, from designing interfaces to implementing server-side logic, and are highly adaptable to different project needs and technologies. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 9 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Self-check 1-3: 1. What is full-stack development, and how does it differ from front-end and back-end development? 2. What are the advantages of being a full-stack developer? 3. Explain the skills and knowledge required for full-stack development. Unit Summary In this unit, we explored various career pathways in web development. Some of the pathways include web design, front-end development, back-end development, full-stack development, user experience (UX) design, web content management, web project management, web analytics, SEO specialization, and e-commerce specialization. Front-end development focuses on building the user-facing aspects of websites, using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create visually appealing and interactive interfaces. Back-end development involves working on the server-side of websites, handling data processing, storage, and communication using programming languages, databases, APIs, and server management. Full-stack development combines both front-end and back-end development skills, allowing developers to work on all aspects of web development and provide end-to-end solutions. Each career pathway offers unique opportunities for specialization and growth, and it's important to explore your interests, skills, and goals to choose the right path for your web development career. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 10 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Unit Review Questions Instruction: Give brief answer for the following review questions: These questions should help you review the key concepts and knowledge related to front-end development, back-end development, and full-stack development. Remember to provide detailed answers and examples to reinforce your understanding of each topic. 1. Identify and explain web development career pathways? 2. What is front-end development, and what is its primary focus? 3. Name some key technologies used in front-end development. 4. Explain the concept of responsive design and why it is important in front-end development. 5. How do front-end developers ensure cross-browser compatibility? 6. What is the significance of accessibility in front-end development? 7. Name some popular front-end frameworks or libraries and their use cases. 8. How can front-end development contribute to a seamless user experience? 9. What is back-end development, and what is its primary focus? 10. Explain the concept of APIs and their importance in back-end development. 11. What are some security considerations in back-end development? 12. How do back-end developers handle data storage and retrieval? 13. What is the role of testing and debugging in back-end development? 14. How do full-stack developers integrate front-end and back-end components? 15. What are some common challenges faced by full-stack developers? 16. How does version control contribute to full-stack development workflow? 17. Describe the role of full-stack developers in project management. 18. What are some popular tools or technologies used in full-stack development? 19. How does being a full-stack developer provide versatility and flexibility in the industry? MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 11  Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module UNIT 2 HARDWARE AND NETWORK PERIPHERALS Unit Coverage This unit is designed to provide you the necessary information and practice regarding the following content coverage: 2.1.Introduction to Computer 2.2.Organization of computer systems 2.3.Safe Work Conditions and Procedures 2.4.Equipment Protection 2.5.Environment Protection Unit Learning Outcomes This unit will also assist you to attain the following learning outcomes. Specifically, upon completion of this unit, you will be able to: ✓ Connect hardware and network peripherals to the system /system unit. Key Terms: Computer, Organization of computer, Procedures, Equipment Protection 2.1. Introduction to Computer Computers have become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing the way we work, communicate, and access information. A computer is a powerful electronic device that can perform various tasks, process data, and execute instructions. It has transformed industries, accelerated scientific advancements, and enhanced our capabilities in numerous fields. A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in order to expand its abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those devices that are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either demanded or always required in principle. There are all different kinds of peripherals you can add to your computer. The main distinction among peripherals is the way they are connected to your computer. They can be connected internally or externally. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 12 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Buses A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a computer or between computers. Unlike a point-to-point connection, a bus can logically connect several peripherals over the same set of wires. Each bus defines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together. There are two types of buses: internal and external. Internal buses are connections to various internal components. External buses are connections to various external components. There are different kinds of slots that internal and external devices can connect to. Internal Types of Slots There are many different kinds of internal buses, but only a handful of popular ones. Different computers come with different kinds and number of slots. It is important to know what kind and number of slots you have on your computer before you go out and by a card that matches up to a slot you don’t have. PCI PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) is common in modern PCs. This kind of bus is being succeeded by PCI Express. Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers. Video cards have outgrown the capabilities of PCI because of their higher bandwidth requirements. Fig: 2.1.1. PCI Slots MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 13 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module PCI Express PCI Express was introduced by Intel in 2004. It was designed to replace the general-purpose PCI expansion bus and the AGP graphics card interface. PCI express is not a bus but instead a point-to- point connection of serial links called lanes. PCI Express cards have faster bandwidth then PCI cards which make them more ideal for high-end video cards. AGP AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. AGP has been replaced over the past couple years by PCI Express. AGP cards and motherboards are still available to buy, but they are becoming less common. Fig: 2.1.2. AGP Slot Types of Cards Video Card A video card (also known as graphics card) is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display. Some video cards offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter, ability to connect multiple monitors, and others. Most video cards all share similar components. They include a graphics processing unit (GPU) which is a dedicated microprocessor optimized for 3D graphics rendering. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 14 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module It also includes a video BIOS that contains the basic program that governs the video card’s operations and provides the instructions that allow the computer and software to interface with the card. If the video card is integrated in the motherboard, it may use the computer RAM memory. If it is not it will have its own video memory called Video RAM. This kind of memory can range from 128MB to 2GB. A video card also has a RAMDAC (Random Access Memory Digital-to- Analog Converter) which takes responsibility for turning the digital signals produced by the computer processor into an analog signal which can be understood by the computer display. Lastly, they all have outputs such as an HD-15 connector (standard monitor cable), DVI connector, S- Video, composite video or component video. Fig: 2.1.3. Graphics Card Sound Card A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio signals to/from a computer under control of computer programs. Typical uses for sound cards include providing the audio component for multimedia applications such as music composition, editing video or audio, presentation/education, and entertainment. Many computers have sound capabilities built in,, while others require additional expansion cards to provide for audio capability. Network Card A network card is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate over a computer network. It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly. Although other network technologies exist, Ethernet has achieved near-ubiquity for a while now. Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC address, which is stored in MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 15 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module ROM carried on the card. You can learn more about networking in the introduction to networking lesson. Fig: 2.1.3 Network Card External Types of Connections USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a serial bus standard to interface devices. USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play capabilities by allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer. Other convenient features include providing power to low- consumption devices without the need for an external power supply and allowing many devices to be used without requiring manufacturer specific, individual device drivers to be installed. USB is by far the dominating bus for connecting external devices to your computer. Fig: 2.1.4. USB Connectors MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 16 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Fire wire Firmware (technically known as IEEE 1394 and also known as i. LINK for Sony) is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-time data transfer, frequently used in a personal computer? Firmware has replaced Parallel ports in many applications. It has been adopted as the High-Definition Audio-Video Network Alliance (HANA) standard connection interface for A/V (audio/visual) component communication and control. Almost all modern digital camcorders have included this connection. Fig: 2.1.5. Firewire Cable PS/2 The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system. The keyboard and mouse interfaces are electrically similar with the main difference being that open collector outputs are required on both ends of the keyboard interface to allow bidirectional communication. If a PS/2 mouse is connected to a PS/2 keyboard port, the mouse may not be recognized by the computer depending on configuration. Fig: 2.1.6 PS/2 Ports MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 17 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Devices Removable Storage The same kinds of CD and DVD drives that could come built-in on your computer can also be attached externally. You might only have a CD-ROM drive built-in to your computer but you need a CD writer to burn CDs. You can buy an external CD writer that connects to your USB port and acts the same way as if it was built-in to your computer. The same is true for DVD writers, Blu-ray drives, and floppy drives. Flash drives have become very popular forms of removable storage especially as the price of flash drives decreases and the possible size for them increases. Flash drives are usually USB ones either in the form USB sticks or very small, portable devices. USB flash drives are small, fast, removable, rewritable, and long-lasting. Storage capacities range from 64MB to 32GB or more. A flash drive does not have any mechanically driven parts so as opposed to a hard drive which makes it more durable and smaller usually. Fig: 2.1.7: USB Flash Drive Non-removable Storage Non-removable storage can be a hard drive that is connected externally. External hard drives have become very popular for backups, shared drives among many computers, and simply expaning the amount of hard drive space you have from your internal hard drive. External hard drives come in many shapes and sizes like flash drives do. An external hard drive is usually connected by USB but you can also have a networked hard drive which will connect to your network which allows all computers on that network to access that hard drive. Input Input devices are absolutely crucial to computers. The most common input devices are mice and keyboards which barely every computer has. A new popular pointing device that may eventually MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 18 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module replace the mouse is touch screen which you can get on some tablet notebooks. Other popular input devices include microphones, webcams, and fingerprint readers which can also be built in to modern laptops and desktops. A scanner is another popular input device that might be built-in to your printer. Fig: 2.1.8: Webcam Output There are lots of different kinds of output devices that you can get for your computer. The absolute most common external output device is a monitor. Other very popular output devices are printers and speakers. There are lots of different kinds of printers and different sizes of speakers for your computer. Monitors are connected usually through the HD-15 connector on your video card. Printers are usually connected through a USB port. Speakers have their own audio out port built-in to the sound card. Fig: 2.1.9: Monitor MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 19 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Practical Work: 1. Dear all students let us go and search different computer in different models from the internet. 2. Identify all hardware components. 3. Compare with your computer and Present for the class Note: Please teacher form in group and evaluate the students as per the presentation 2.1.1. Generation Of computers Web development is a thriving field with a wide range of career opportunities. Here are some popular web career pathways: Computers have evolved over time through different generations, each marked by significant advancements in technology. Characteristics and Capabilities of Computer Generations Generation of Computer Size Circuitry Other Description First Room Size Vacuum tubes Limited storage capacity Generation Mainframe Slow speed (1940-1959) Problem of over heating Programming over heating Second Closest size Transistors and diodes Increased storage capacity Generation Mainframe Reduction in size and heat (1959-1964) High Level Programming Language (COBOL, FORTRAN) Third Desk-size Instigates More flexible with input/ Output Generation semiconductor circuits Mini computer Smaller size and better (1965-1970) performance MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 20 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Fourth Desktop to Very large scale Increase Storage Generation handheld instigated circuit Modular design versatility and (Since 1970) compatibility Increased uses of microcomputers or (PC’s) Fifth Small Card size VLSI superconductor Artificial intelligence's and Generation Micro or circuits Robotics Future Computer 2.1.2. Characteristics of a Computer System A computer system possesses several key characteristics that make it a powerful tool for processing information. These include: Speed: Computers are designed to perform tasks at incredibly high speeds. They can execute millions or even billions of instructions per second, depending on the processor's clock speed. This speed allows computers to perform complex calculations, process large amounts of data, and complete tasks in a fraction of the time it would take a human. Accuracy: Computers are highly accurate when it comes to executing instructions and performing calculations. They operate based on precise binary logic, ensuring that calculations and operations are carried out without errors. However, it's important to note that accuracy is dependent on the correctness of the input provided and the programming of the instructions. Storage Capacity: Computer systems have vast storage capacities, allowing them to store and retrieve massive amounts of data quickly. The primary storage component, such as RAM (Random Access Memory), provides temporary storage for data and instructions that are currently being processed. Secondary storage devices, such as hard drives or solid- state drives, offer larger capacities for long-term data storage. Versatility: Computers are highly versatile machines. They can be programmed to perform various tasks and handle different types of data. Through software applications, computers can process text, images, audio, video, and other forms of data. This versatility allows computers to be used in a wide range of industries and applications, from scientific research to business operations and entertainment. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 21 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Automation: One of the key advantages of computers is their ability to automate repetitive tasks. Through programming and the use of software applications, computers can automate processes, reducing the need for manual intervention. This automation increases efficiency, accuracy, and productivity, freeing up human resources to focus on more complex and creative tasks. Security: The measures and protocols implemented to protect the computer system and its data from unauthorized access, breaches, or malicious activities. Security mechanisms include authentication, encryption, firewalls, and antivirus software. Reliability: The measure of how consistently and accurately the computer system performs its intended functions. Reliable systems minimize errors, crashes, and data loss, ensuring consistent and predictable operation. Scalability: The ability of the computer system to accommodate changes in workload or resource demands. Scalability allows the system to handle increased processing requirements, storage needs, or user demands without significant performance degradation. Compatibility: The ability of the computer system to work efficiently with different hardware, software, or data formats. Compatibility ensures seamless integration and interoperability with various devices, applications, and standards. Upgradeability: The ability to enhance or expand the capabilities of the computer system by adding or replacing hardware components or upgrading software. Upgradeability allows for improved performance, storage capacity, or functionality. Note: Characteristics may vary depending on the specific hardware configuration, software capabilities, and programming of the computer system. Nonetheless, these inherent characteristics make computers powerful tools for processing information and performing a wide range of tasks efficiently. 2.1.3. Classification of computers Computers can be classified into different categories based on their size, purpose, and capabilities. The common classifications include: MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 22 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Fig:2.1.3. Classification of Computer Discussion Discuss about Classification of Computer which is place on Fig:2.1.3. above and explain for your class room. 2.1.4. Application of computers Class work: feel free to discuss and write applications area of computers in our state? List all and present for the class room. Please Teacher follow and ask why and how it applicable. Computers have a wide range of applications in various fields and industries. Here are some common applications of computers: Education. Health Care Communication industry. Process control. Transport industry. Industries/ Banks/Insurance industries Library services. Supermarkets. Multimedia applications. Research. Defense/Police (Law enforcement agencies). Engineering Design Government Institutions. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 23 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Discussion Discuss how to apply computer in the above disciplines? Choose at least three industries 2.2. Organization of computer systems The organization of computer systems ensures efficient data flow, storage, and communication, enabling the computer to function effectively and provide the desired functionality to users. 2.2.1. Organization of computer systems Computer systems are organized into various components that work together to perform tasks and process information. The organization of computer systems typically includes the following components: Fig: 2.2.1: Organization of Computer 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the "brain" of the computer and performs most of the processing. It consists of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) for performing calculations and the control unit (CU) for managing instructions and data flow. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 24 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 2. Memory: Memory is used to store data and instructions that the CPU needs to access quickly. There are different types of memory, including: Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is volatile memory that provides temporary storage for data and instructions while the computer is running. Read-Only Memory (ROM): ROM is non-volatile memory that stores permanent instructions, such as the computer's boot-up instructions. 3. Storage Devices: Storage devices are used for long-term data storage. Common types of storage devices include hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives (CD/DVD). 4. Input Devices: Input devices allow users to input data and instructions into the computer. Examples include keyboards, mice, touchscreens, scanners, and microphones. 5. Output Devices: Output devices display or present processed data to the user. Examples include monitors, printers, speakers, and projectors. 6. Motherboard: The motherboard is the main circuit board that connects and allows communication between all the components of the computer system. 7. Expansion Cards: Expansion cards are additional circuit boards that can be added to the motherboard to enhance the computer's capabilities. Examples include graphics cards, sound cards, and network interface cards. 8. Bus System: The bus system is a communication pathway that allows data and instructions to be transferred between the different components of the computer system. 9. Operating System: The operating system is a software program that manages the computer's resources, controls hardware operations, and provides a user interface. It enables the execution of applications and coordinates the interaction between software and hardware components. 10. Software: Software refers to the programs and applications that run on the computer system, including operating systems, productivity software, games, and utility programs. These components work together to process data, execute instructions, and perform various tasks. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 25 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 2.2.2. Computer Ports & Cables Computer ports and cables are essential for connecting various devices and peripherals to a computer system. They facilitate data transfer, power supply, and communication between devices. Here are some commonly used ports and cables: 1. USB (Universal Serial Bus) Ports: USB ports are widely used for connecting devices such as keyboards, mice, printers, external hard drives, smartphones, and other peripherals. USB ports come in different versions, including USB 2.0, USB 3.0, USB 3.1, and USB-C, each offering different data transfer speeds and power delivery capabilities. 2. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Port: HDMI ports are used to connect computers to external displays, such as monitors, TVs, and projectors. They transmit high-quality audio and video signals, allowing for seamless multimedia playback. 3. DisplayPort: DisplayPort is another video interface used for connecting computers to monitors and other display devices. It supports high-resolution video and audio, and can also carry data signals. 4. Ethernet Port: Ethernet ports, also known as RJ-45 ports, are used for wired network connections. They enable computers to connect to local area networks (LANs) and access the internet through Ethernet cables. 5. Audio Ports: Audio ports, commonly found on computers and laptops, allow for the connection of headphones, speakers, microphones, and other audio devices. They can be 3.5mm audio jacks or specialized ports for specific audio needs. 6. VGA (Video Graphics Array) Port: VGA ports are older analog video ports used for connecting computers to displays. While they are less common now, some older monitors and projectors still use VGA connections. 7. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Port: DVI ports are used for digital video connections and can support both analog and digital signals. They are commonly found on older monitors and graphics cards. 8. Thunderbolt Port: Thunderbolt ports are high-speed ports that can transmit both data and video signals. They are often found on Apple computers and allow for the connection of various peripherals, such as external hard drives and monitors. 9. Power Port: Power ports are used to connect the computer to a power source. They vary depending on the computer model, with some using AC power adapters and others using DC power connectors. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 26 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 10. Cable Types: Various cables are used to connect devices to the computer ports. Some common cable types include USB cables, HDMI cables, Ethernet cables (e.g., Cat5e, Cat6), audio cables (e.g., 3.5mm audio cables), DisplayPort cables, and VGA cables. Fig:2.2.2. Computer Ports It's important to note that the availability of specific ports and cables may vary depending on the computer model and its intended use. Additionally, advancements in technology may introduce new ports and cables to meet evolving connectivity needs. Self-check 2-1: 1. What are the key components of a computer system? 2. Name and briefly explain the generations of computers. 3. What are the characteristics that define a computer system? 2.3. Safe Work Conditions and Procedures Operation title: Connect Monitor to the work station with regular procedure Purpose: To practice and demonstrate the knowledge and skill required in Connecting Monitor/Display to the system Unit MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 27 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Instruction: Use the given tools and equipment to connect the peripherals. For this operation you have given 20min and demonstrate to your trainer Tools and requirement: Personal Computer Peripheral Devices Precautions: take under consideration any required Safety measures during work Procedures used to accomplish the task Step 1: - Find the monitor's connector cable. It should be included with your purchase. Step 2: - Match the cable with one of the video ports on the back of the monitor. The images below show each of the video ports used today. Step 3: - Connect the cable to the corresponding ports on both your monitor and computer. Step 4: - If not already done, connect the flat end of the monitor power cord (left cable end shown below) to the back of the monitor. The power cord may also be built into the back of the monitor. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 28 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Step 5:- Connect the other end of the monitor power cord (shown above) into a power outlet, or better, a surge protector. Step 6: - Turn on the computer and turn on the monitor. The power button for the monitor is often found on the front or bottom of the monitor on the right side. 2.3.1. General Safety Guideline Safe work conditions and procedures for computer-related work are essential to ensure the well- being and safety of employees who spend a significant amount of time working with computers. Here are some key considerations for creating a safe work environment for computer-related tasks. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 29 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 2.3.1. General Safety Guideline When it comes to general safety guidelines for computer use, here are some key recommendations to ensure a safe and healthy working environment: 1. Keep the workspace clean and organized: Maintain a clutter-free workspace to prevent tripping hazards and allow for easy access to equipment. Keep the area around the computer free from liquids and food to avoid spills and damage to the equipment. 2. Use surge protectors and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS): Protect your computer and other electronic devices from power surges and outages by using surge protectors and UPS devices. These help prevent damage to the equipment and data loss. 3. Regularly back up important data: Implement a regular backup system to ensure that important files and data are securely stored. This protects against data loss in the event of hardware failure, malware attacks, or other unforeseen circumstances. 4. Use reputable antivirus software: Install and regularly update antivirus software to protect your computer from malware, viruses, and other security threats. Keep the software definitions up to date and perform regular scans. 5. Be cautious when opening email attachments or clicking on links: Exercise caution when opening email attachments or clicking on links, especially from unknown or suspicious sources. These can potentially contain malware or phishing attempts. Verify the sender's identity before downloading or opening any file. 6. Create strong and unique passwords: Use strong, complex passwords for all your accounts and avoid using the same password for multiple accounts. Consider using a password manager to securely store and manage your passwords. 7. Be mindful of ergonomics: Maintain proper posture and ergonomics while working at the computer. Sit with your back straight, feet flat on the floor, and wrists in a neutral position. Adjust your chair, desk, and monitor height to ensure a comfortable and ergonomic setup. 8. Take regular breaks: Take regular breaks from computer work to prevent eye strain, fatigue, and musculoskeletal issues. Follow the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look away from the screen and focus on something 20 feet away for at least 20 seconds. 9. Adjust display settings: Adjust the brightness, contrast, and font size on your computer screen to ensure optimal visibility and reduce eye strain. Use screensavers or power- saving settings to prevent screen burn-in. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 30 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 10. Secure your computer and accounts: Use strong passwords or biometric authentication to lock your computer when not in use. Enable automatic updates for your operating system and software to ensure you have the latest security patches. 11. Be cautious of social engineering attacks: Be vigilant against social engineering attacks, such as phishing attempts or phone scams. Be skeptical of unsolicited requests for personal or financial information and verify the authenticity of requests before providing any sensitive data. 12. Report any suspicious activity or security incidents: If you notice any unusual activity, security breaches, or suspicious behavior on your computer or network, report it to your IT department or system administrator immediately. By following these general safety guidelines, you can promote a secure and productive computer usage environment while minimizing potential risks and ensuring your own safety and the safety of your data. 2.3.2. Fire Safety Guideline Fire safety is crucial when it comes to computer use to prevent accidents, protect equipment, and ensure the safety of individuals in the vicinity. Here are some fire safety guidelines for computer users: 1. Electrical safety: Use surge protectors and avoid overloading electrical outlets. Regularly inspect power cords and plugs for any signs of damage or wear. Replace damaged cords immediately. Do not run cables or cords under carpets or rugs, as this can cause overheating. Avoid using extension cords for computer equipment whenever possible. 2. Proper ventilation: Ensure that computer equipment, including desktop computers and servers, are placed in well-ventilated areas and not obstructed by objects that could restrict airflow. Avoid placing items on top of or around computer equipment that could block ventilation and cause overheating. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 31 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 3. No smoking policy: Prohibit smoking in areas where computers and electronic equipment are present to prevent the risk of fire caused by discarded cigarette butts or ashes. 4. Adequate fire protection and suppression: Install smoke detectors in the vicinity of computer equipment and ensure they are regularly tested and maintained. If feasible, install fire suppression systems, such as automatic sprinklers, in areas with computer servers or other critical equipment. 5. Knowledge of evacuation procedures: Familiarize yourself with the fire evacuation procedures of your workplace or building. Know the location of fire exits, assembly points, and fire extinguishers. Ensure that pathways to fire exits are clear and unobstructed. 6. Fire extinguisher awareness: Know the locations of fire extinguishers in your workspace and understand how to use them correctly. If you notice a small fire that can be safely extinguished, use the appropriate fire extinguisher and follow the PASS method: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from side to side. 7. Reporting hazards: Promptly report any fire hazards, malfunctioning electrical equipment, or potential fire risks to your supervisor, manager, or the appropriate authority in your organization. If you observe signs of electrical issues, such as sparks, smoke, or unusual smells, disconnect the equipment and immediately notify the responsible personnel. 8. Backup and off-site storage of data: Regularly backup important data and ensure the backups are stored off-site or in a secure location. This protects against data loss in the event of a fire or other emergencies. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 32 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Remember, fire safety is a shared responsibility. It is important to follow organizational fire safety protocols, participate in fire drills, and stay vigilant to prevent and respond effectively to fire hazards. Self-check 2-2: 1. What are some general safety guidelines when working with computers? 2. Explain the importance of fire safety in a computer environment. 2.3.3. Equipment Protection Certainly! Here's a breakdown of equipment protection, including ESD protection, types of power fluctuations, and power protection devices: 2.3.3.1.ESD Protection: ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is a sudden flow of electricity between two objects caused by a static charge imbalance. It can damage sensitive electronic components. To protect equipment from ESD: Grounding: Ensure that all equipment, including workstations and personnel, are properly grounded to prevent static buildup. ESD wrist straps: Use antistatic wrist straps when handling sensitive electronic components to dissipate static charges. ESD mats and flooring: Install ESD mats on work surfaces and use ESD flooring in areas where static-sensitive equipment is handled. ESD bags and containers: Store and transport sensitive equipment/components in ESD bags or containers to shield them from static charges. 2.3.3.2.Types of Power Fluctuations: Power fluctuations can be categorized into the following types: Voltage Sag: A short-term drop in voltage, typically caused by sudden increases in power demand or faults in the power distribution system. Voltage Surge: A brief increase in voltage, often caused by lightning strikes, switching operations, or faults in the power grid. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 33 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Voltage Spike: A rapid increase in voltage that lasts for a short duration, usually caused by switching off high-powered electrical devices or sudden load changes. Voltage Interruption: A complete loss of power supply for a brief period due to faults, outages, or tripped circuit breakers. Voltage Transient: Sudden, brief fluctuations in voltage caused by electrical disturbances, such as lightning, electromagnetic interference (EMI), or switching operations. 2.3.3.3.Power Protection Devices: To safeguard equipment against power fluctuations and electrical disturbances, various power protection devices can be used: Surge Protectors: These devices absorb excess voltage spikes and redirect them away from connected equipment. They are commonly used for protecting computers, peripherals, and other sensitive electronics. Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS): UPS systems provide backup power during outages and protect against voltage sags, surges, and interruptions. They typically include surge protection, battery backup, and voltage regulation features. Voltage Regulators: Voltage regulators stabilize incoming voltage to ensure a steady supply to connected equipment, compensating for voltage sags and surges. Isolation Transformers: These transformers isolate equipment from the main power supply, protecting against voltage spikes and transient noise. Line Conditioners: Line conditioners regulate voltage, filter out noise, and provide surge protection to ensure clean and stable power supply to sensitive equipment. Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR): AVR devices monitor voltage levels and automatically adjust them to maintain a stable output voltage within a specified range. Power Filters: Power filters remove noise and interference from the power supply to protect sensitive equipment from electrical disturbances. Implementing appropriate ESD protection measures and using power protection devices can help safeguard equipment, prevent damage from power fluctuations, and ensure the longevity of electronic devices. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 34 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Self-check 2-3: 1. What is ESD protection, and why is it important for computer equipment? 2. List and explain the different types of power fluctuations that can affect computer systems. 2.4. Environment Protection Proper disposal procedures in a computer perspective refer to the appropriate and environmentally responsible methods of getting rid of computer equipment and electronic waste. This includes recycling programs, engaging authorized e-waste recyclers, securely erasing data, considering donation or resale options, utilizing manufacturer take-back programs, disassembling components for recycling, handling hazardous materials, and complying with relevant regulations. These procedures aim to minimize environmental impact, prevent pollution, and promote sustainable practices in the disposal of computer equipment. 2.4.1. Proper Disposal Procedures in a Computer Perspective Proper disposal of computer equipment is important to prevent environmental pollution and comply with regulations. Here are some guidelines for environmentally friendly disposal of computer equipment: 1. Recycling Programs: Many countries and organizations have recycling programs specifically designed for electronic waste (e-waste). Research and identify local recycling facilities or programs that accept computer equipment. 2. Authorized E-Waste Recyclers: Ensure that you engage with authorized e-waste recyclers who follow proper disposal practices. These recyclers are equipped to handle and process electronic waste in an environmentally friendly manner. 3. Data Security: Before disposing of any computer equipment, ensure that all data is securely erased to protect sensitive information. Use data wiping tools or software that comply with industry standards for data sanitization. 4. Donation or Resale: Consider donating or reselling computer equipment that is still functional and in good condition. Many organizations or individuals may benefit from used computers, extending their lifespan and reducing waste. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 35 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 5. Manufacturer Take-Back Programs: Check if the computer equipment manufacturer offers take-back programs or recycling initiatives. Some manufacturers have programs in place to responsibly collect and recycle their products. 6. Disassembly and Component Separation: If you have the necessary knowledge and expertise, you can disassemble computer equipment and separate different components for recycling. This approach allows for the proper recycling of individual components and materials like metals, plastics, and circuit boards. 7. Hazardous Materials: Computers and other electronic devices may contain hazardous materials such as lead, mercury, and flame-retardant chemicals. It is essential to handle and dispose of these materials according to local regulations to prevent environmental contamination. Contact local authorities or recycling centers for guidance on handling hazardous materials. 8. Compliance with Regulations: Familiarize yourself with local, regional, and national regulations regarding the disposal of electronic waste. Follow the guidelines and requirements for proper disposal to ensure compliance with environmental laws. Remember, improper disposal of computer equipment can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. By following proper disposal procedures and recycling practices, you contribute to a more sustainable and responsible approach to managing electronic waste. Self-check 2-4: 1. Why is proper disposal of computer equipment important for the environment? 2. What are some recommended disposal procedures for computer equipment? Unit Summary This set of topics covers essential aspects of computer systems, including hardware and network peripherals, safe work conditions, equipment protection, and environment protection. It provides an introduction to computers, their generations, characteristics, classifications, and applications. It also explores the organization of computer systems, including the use of ports and cables. Safety guidelines are outlined, covering general safety and fire safety. Additionally, equipment protection is discussed, highlighting the importance of ESD protection, types of power fluctuations, and power protection devices. Lastly, proper disposal procedures for computer equipment are emphasized to promote environmental responsibility. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 36 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Units Review Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT part of the introduction to computers? a) Introduction to computer hardware b) Generation of computers c) Characteristics of computer systems d) Types of computer viruses 2. What is the purpose of computer ports and cables? a) To connect peripherals and devices to a computer b) To protect the computer from power fluctuations c) To dispose of computer equipment properly d) To prevent environmental damage 3. What does ESD protection refer to? a) Protection against power fluctuations b) Protection against environmental damage c) Protection against electrostatic discharge d) Protection against computer viruses 4. What are the types of power fluctuations that can affect computer equipment? a) Fire and water damage b) Electrostatic discharge and power surges c) Virus attacks and malware infections d) Recycling and disposal procedures 5. Which of the following is a guideline for maintaining general safety when working with computers? a) Proper disposal procedures b) Fire safety guidelines c) Using ESD protection measures d) Recycling computer equipment MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 37 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 6. How can you connect hardware peripherals to a computer? a) Using computer ports and cables b) Using fire safety guidelines c) Using proper disposal procedures d) Using ESD protection measures 7. Which of the following is an example of a computer port? a) USB port b) Fire extinguisher port c) Recycling bin port d) ESD protection port 8. What is the purpose of power protection devices? a) To connect computer peripherals b) To protect against power fluctuations c) To dispose of computer equipment properly d) To classify computers based on their generation 9. What is the importance of safe work conditions and procedures? a) To protect computer equipment from ESD b) To prevent environmental damage c) To ensure personal safety when working with computers d) To dispose of computer equipment properly 10. What do proper disposal procedures refer to in the context of environment protection? a) Using ESD protection measures b) Recycling computer equipment responsibly c) Connecting peripherals to computer ports d) Protecting against power fluctuations Explain 1. Provide examples and describe the different classifications of computers. 2. How are computers used in various applications? 3. What steps should be taken to prevent and handle fire incidents in a computer setup? 4. Describe the purpose and functionality of power protection devices such as surge protectors, UPS systems, and voltage regulators. 5. How can hazardous materials in computer equipment be handled safely during disposal? MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 38 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Practical Demonstration Based on general safety Guideline perform the following activities Task 1: - Identify and Demonstrate Peripheral devices Task 2:- Connect required Peripheral devices to the system Unit Note:-Your teacher will evaluate your output either satisfactory or unsatisfactory. If unsatisfactory, your teacher shall advice you on additional work. But if satisfactory, you can proceed to the next topic. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 39  Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module UNIT 3 OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE Unit Coverage This unit is designed to provide you the necessary information and practice regarding the following content coverage: 3.1.Operating Systems and Installation 3.2.Application Software Installation 3.3.Installing Devices Driver Unit Learning Outcomes This unit will also assist you to attain the following learning outcomes. Specifically, upon completion of this unit, you will be able to: ✓ Install operating system ✓ Identify Application software types Key Terms: Operating system (OS), Installation, Application software, Devices Driver 3.1. Operating Systems and Installation An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer hardware, enabling the execution of applications and coordinating various system components. 3.1.1. Introduction to an operating system This unit focuses on the installation of operating systems, application software, and device drivers. It begins with an introduction to operating systems, covering their purpose and functions. The types of operating systems are explained, including examples such as Windows, macOS, and Linux. The process of installing an operating system is discussed, highlighting the steps involved. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 40 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Next, the unit moves on to application software installation. Different types of application software are explored, such as productivity software, multimedia software, and specialized software. The concept of software licensing is introduced, including proprietary, open-source, and freeware licenses. The importance of accessing minimum and maximum hardware and operating system requirements is emphasized when installing application software. The unit also covers the installation, configuration, and launching of office applications. Additionally, the processes of updating and removing software are explained. The unit concludes with the topic of installing device drivers. The purpose and use of drivers are described, emphasizing their role in facilitating communication between hardware devices and the operating system. Different methods of driver installation are discussed, such as automatic installation through operating system updates or manual installation using driver installation files. The importance of regularly checking for installed drivers and updates is highlighted to ensure optimal device performance. Overall, this unit provides a comprehensive overview of the installation processes for operating systems, application software, and device drivers, enabling learners to effectively set up and configure computer systems. 3.1.2. Types of operating systems: There are different types of operating systems, including: Windows: Developed by Microsoft and widely used in personal computers. macOS: Developed by Apple and used in Mac computers. Linux: An open-source operating system available in various distributions, known for its flexibility and customization options. UNIX: A multi-user and multitasking operating system used in servers and enterprise environments. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 41 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Self-check 3-2: 1. Dear all students let us go and search different windows operating system types from the internet. 2. Present for the class Please teachers give assignment for the students and ask to present for the class. 3.1.3. Operating system installation: Operating system installation involves preparing the installation media (such as a DVD or USB drive) and following a step-by-step installation process. The installation process typically includes selecting the installation type, partitioning the hard drive, specifying the installation location, and configuring system settings. Practical work: Operating System Installation steps The steps for installing an operating system may vary depending on the specific operating system you are installing. However, here is a general outline of the steps involved in installing an operating system: 1. Prepare for installation: Ensure that you have a compatible hardware setup for the operating system you are installing. Back up any important data from the existing operating system if you are performing a clean installation. 2. Prepare the operating system: Download the operating system installation files from the official website or obtain a physical installation disc or USB drive. 3. Create installation media (if necessary): If you have downloaded the operating system files, create a bootable USB drive or burn the files to a DVD or CD using appropriate software. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 42 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 4. Configure the BIOS/UEFI settings: Restart your computer and access the BIOS or UEFI settings by pressing the designated key (usually displayed during the boot process). Configure the boot order to prioritize the installation media (USB or DVD drive) to boot from. 5. Start the installation process: Insert the installation media into the computer and restart it. Follow the on-screen prompts to start the installation process. 6. Select language and region settings: Choose your preferred language and region settings for the operating system. 7. Accept the license terms: Read and accept the license agreement for the operating system. 8. Choose the installation type: For a clean installation, select the option to install the operating system on a new or formatted partition. For an upgrade installation, choose the option to upgrade the existing operating system. 9. Select the installation location: Choose the disk or partition where you want to install the operating system. 10. Customize installation settings (if available): Some operating systems may provide additional customization options, such as selecting specific features or components to install. 11. Wait for the installation to complete: The installation process may take some time, during which the operating system files will be copied and configured on your computer. 12. Set up user accounts and preferences: Follow the prompts to create a user account and set up additional preferences, such as computer name, password, network settings, etc. 13. Complete the installation: Once the installation is finished, the computer may restart. Remove the installation media (USB or DVD) when prompted. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 43 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 14. Install device drivers and updates: After the operating system installation is complete, install necessary device drivers for hardware components, such as graphics cards, sound cards, etc. Apply any available operating system updates and security patches. 15. Restore data and settings (if applicable): If you performed a clean installation, restore your backed-up data and settings to the newly installed operating system. 16. Restart the computer: Restart the computer to ensure that all changes and settings are applied correctly. These steps provide a general overview of the installation process, but it's important to refer to the specific documentation or instructions provided by the operating system manufacturer for detailed guidance. Windows 10 Installation steps 1. Create Windows 10 USB with Media Creation Tool To create an installation media using the Media Creation Tool, connect a USB flash drive of at least 8GB of space, and use these steps: A. Open the Windows 10 download page. B. Select the "Create installation media (USB flash drive, DVD, or ISO file) for another PC" option. 2. Windows 10 clean install process After the preparation, you can proceed with the clean installation of Windows 10. To do a clean installation of Windows 10, use these steps: 1. Start the PC with Windows 10 USB media. 2. On prompt, press any key to boot from the USB flash drive. 3. On the "Windows Setup," click the Next button. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 44 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Quick tip: If your language, time and currency, and keyboard are different from the default selections, make sure to select the correct settings. 4. Click the Install now button MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 45  Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 5. On a reinstallation, click the "I don't have a product key" option to continue (assuming your device was already activated). Otherwise, if this is your first time installing Windows 10, enter the product key. 6. Click the Next button. 7. Select the edition of Windows 10 (If applicable). Quick note: The selection has to match the edition of your product key. If you don't select the correct edition, Windows 10 won't activate, and you'll have to redo the entire process. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 46  Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 8. Click the Next button. 9. Select the "I accept the license terms" option to continue. 10. Click the Next button. 11. Click the "Custom: Install Windows only (Advanced)" option to continue with a clean installation. 12. Select the partition with the current installation (usually "Drive 0") and click the Delete button. Quick tip: If "Drive 0" has multiple partitions, you must select and delete each partition to allow the setup to use the entire hard drive for the new clean installation. The setup will create the required partitions automatically during the process. Also, it's not necessary to delete the partitions on secondary drives. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 47 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 13. Click the Yes button. 14. Select the empty drive (Drive 0 Unallocated Space). 15. Click the Next button. Once you complete the steps, the setup will install a fresh copy of Windows 10 on the device. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 48 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module 3.2. Application Software Installation 3.2.1. Types of Application software: Application software refers to programs designed for specific tasks or purposes, such as word processing, spreadsheet management, graphic design, and multimedia editing. There are several types of application software, each designed to fulfill specific purposes and cater to different user needs. Here are some common types of application software: Word Processing Software: This type of software allows users to create, edit, and format text documents. Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple Pages. Spreadsheet Software: Spreadsheet software enables users to manage and analyze numerical data in the form of tables. It provides functions for calculations, data visualization, and data manipulation. Examples include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and Apple Numbers. Presentation Software: Presentation software is used to create visually appealing slideshows or presentations. Users can add text, images, charts, and multimedia elements to convey information effectively. Examples include Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, and Apple Keynote. Database Software: Database software helps users store, manage, and organize large amounts of structured data efficiently. It allows for data entry, querying, and generating reports. Examples include Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle Database. Graphics and Design Software: Graphics and design software are used to create and edit visual content, such as images, illustrations, and layouts. They provide tools for image editing, vector graphics, and page layout. Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and CorelDRAW. Web Browsers: Web browsers enable users to access and navigate websites on the internet. They provide a graphical interface for browsing web pages, displaying text, images, videos, and interactive content. Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge. Communication Software: Communication software facilitates communication between individuals or groups. It includes email clients, instant messaging applications, video conferencing tools, and collaboration platforms. Examples include Microsoft Outlook, Gmail, Skype, and Slack. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 49 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student Module Multimedia Software: Multimedia software allows users to create, edit, and play various types of media content, such as audio, video, and images. It includes media players, video editors, audio editing software, and graphic editing tools. Examples include Adobe Premiere Pro, Windows Media Player, and Audacity. Utility Software: Utility software provides essential tools for system maintenance, optimization, and security. It includes antivirus software, disk cleaners, file compression tools, and backup software. Examples include Norton Antivirus, CCleaner, and WinRAR. Educational Software: Educational software is designed to support teaching and learning processes. It includes interactive learning programs, language learning software, educational games, and simulation tools. Examples include Rosetta stone, Moodle, and Scratch. These are just a few examples of the diverse range of application software available. The specific applications and their functionalities may vary depending on the operating system and the specific needs of the users. 3.2.2. Types of Software licensing: Software licensing determines the terms and conditions under which software can be used. Common licensing types include proprietary licenses (commercial software), open-source licenses (freely available source code), and freeware licenses (free to use without restrictions). 3.2.3. Accessing minimum and maximum hardware and operating system requirements: Before installing application software, it is important to check the minimum and maximum hardware requirements specified by the software vendor. These requirements include processor speed, RAM, storage space, and operating system version compatibility. Example: Confirm Windows 10 requirements If the device already has Windows 10, the following major update will likely meet the minimum hardware requirements. However, if you're about to upgrade a computer running Windows 7 or Windows 8.1, you want to check that the device meets the minimum requirements. Here are the minimum requirements to install Windows 10 versions 21H2, 22H2, and higher: Processor: 1GHz or System on a Chip (SoC). Memory: 1GB for 32-bit or 2GB for 64-bit. Storage: 32GB for 64-bit or 32-bit. Graphics card: DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver. Display: 800x600. MINISTRY OF EDUCATION 50 Grade 11 Web Design and Development Student