Endocrine System PDF

Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that perform very different functions. They are related to each other because they all secrete hormones into the blood. Organs and glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones to regulate various body functions Endocrine Syste...

Endocrine System The endocrine system consists of glands that perform very different functions. They are related to each other because they all secrete hormones into the blood. Organs and glands of the endocrine system secrete hormones to regulate various body functions Endocrine System at a Glance ⚫ Endocrine glands secrete hormones ⚫ Hormones regulate body activities ⚫ Metabolic rate ⚫ Water and mineral balance ⚫ Immune system reactions ⚫ Sexual functioning HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Endocrine System at a Glance ⚫ Organs of the Endocrine System ⚫ Adrenal glands ⚫ Ovaries ⚫ Pancreas (islets of Langerhans) ⚫ Thyroid & Parathyroid glands ⚫ Pineal gland ⚫ Pituitary gland ⚫ Testes ⚫ Thymus gland ⚫ Thyroid gland HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Anatomy and Physiology ⚫ Collection of glands ⚫ Secrete hormones directly into bloodstream ⚫ Chemicals that act on target organs ⚫ Increase or decrease target’s activity level ⚫ Instrumental in maintaining homeostasis ⚫ Maintain stable internal environment HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L  Homeostasis One of the functions of the endocrine system is to keep the body in homeostasis. The state of equilibrium of the internal environment of the body so that all systems can function optimally. Regulating body fluids, electrolytes, glucose, cellular metabolism, growth, and the wake-sleep cycle. Other body systems regulate other factor of homeostasis home/o = same -stasis = condition of standing still; staying in one place Types of Glands ⚫ Two types of glands in body ⚫ Exocrine glands and Endocrine glands ⚫ Exocrine glands ⚫ Release secretions into duct that carries them to outside of body ⚫ Example: sweat glands ⚫ Endocrine glands ⚫ Release hormones directly into bloodstream ⚫ Have no ducts, referred to as ductless glands ⚫ Example: thyroid gland HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Glands of the Endocrine System ⚫ Adrenal glands – two ⚫ Parathyroid glands – four ⚫ Pancreas ⚫ Pineal gland ⚫ Pituitary gland ⚫ Ovaries – two in females ⚫ Testes – two in males ⚫ Thymus gland ⚫ Thyroid gland HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thyroid Gland ⚫ Located on either side of trachea ⚫ Resembles a butterfly in shape ⚫ Divided into right and left lobes HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thyroid Gland ⚫ Thyroid hormones ⚫ Thyroxine (T4) ⚫ Triiodothyronine (T3) ⚫ Needs iodine to make hormones ⚫ These hormones: ⚫ Regulate energy production ⚫ Adjust metabolic rate HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thyroid Gland ⚫ Also secretes calcitonin ⚫ Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream ⚫ If calcium levels in blood rise too high: ⚫ Calcitonin levels in blood increase ⚫ Increases deposition of calcium into bone ⚫ Lowers levels of calcium in bloodstream ⚫ Its action is opposite of parathyroid hormone homeostasis HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Parathyroid Glands ⚫ Four tiny glands ⚫ Located on dorsal surface of thyroid gland _x0003_ _x0003_ _x0003_ _x0003_ HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Parathyroid Glands ⚫ Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH) ⚫ Regulates level of calcium in bloodstream ⚫ If calcium levels in blood fall too low: ⚫ Parathyroid hormone levels in the blood increase ⚫ Stimulate bone breakdown ⚫ Releasing more calcium into bloodstream HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Endocrine Glands of the Brain HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Adrenal Glands ⚫ Two glands, one located above each kidney ⚫ Each gland is composed of two sections: ⚫ Adrenal cortex ⚫ Adrenal medulla HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L adrenal gland cortex and medulla Adrenal Cortex ⚫ Mineralocorticoid ⚫ Example: aldosterone ⚫ Regulates sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels ⚫ Glucocorticoid ⚫ Example: cortisol ⚫ Regulates carbohydrates ⚫ Steroid sex hormones ⚫ Androgens, estrogen, and progesterone ⚫ Regulate secondary sexual characteristics HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Adrenal Medulla ⚫ Inner portion ⚫ Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine ⚫ Epinephrine is also called adrenaline ⚫ Critical during emergency situations ⚫ Increases blood pressure ⚫ Increases heart rate ⚫ Increases respiration rate HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pancreas ⚫ Located along lower curvature of stomach ⚫ Only organ that has both endocrine and exocrine functions HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pancreas ⚫ Exocrine portion ⚫ Releases digestive enzymes through duct into duodenum ⚫ Endocrine sections of the pancreas ⚫ Islets of Langerhans ⚫ Produce insulin and glucagon HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pancreas ⚫ Insulin ⚫ Produced by beta cells ⚫ Stimulates cells of body to take in glucose from bloodstream ⚫ Lowers blood sugar level ⚫ Occurs after eating a meal and absorbing carbohydrates HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pancreas ⚫ Glucagon ⚫ Produced by alpha cells ⚫ Stimulates liver to release stored glucose into bloodstream ⚫ Raises blood sugar levels ⚫ Occurs when body needs more glucose HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Ovaries ⚫ Two ovaries located in pelvic cavity of females ⚫ Secrete female sex hormones, estrogen and progesterone ⚫ Estrogen is responsible for: ⚫ Female sexual characteristics ⚫ Regulation of menstrual cycle ⚫ Progesterone ⚫ Maintains suitable uterine environment for pregnancy HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Testes ⚫ Two oval glands located in scrotum ⚫ Secrete male sex hormone, testosterone ⚫ Testosterone ⚫ Produces male secondary sexual characteristics ⚫ Regulates sperm production HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pineal Gland ⚫ Small pine cone-shaped gland ⚫ Part of thalamus region of brain HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pineal Gland ⚫ Secretes melatonin ⚫ Not well understood, but plays a role in regulating body’s circadian rhythm ⚫ 24-hour clock that governs periods of wakefulness and sleepiness HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pituitary Gland ⚫ Small marble-shaped gland ⚫ Located underneath brain ⚫ Divided into anterior and posterior lobes ⚫ Regulated by hypothalamus HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pituitary gland The anterior pituitary gland produces and secretes seven different hormones. The posterior pituitary gland stores and secretes two hormones that are actually produced by the hypothalamus. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Anterior Pituitary ⚫ Referred to as “master gland” ⚫ Secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands ⚫ Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) ⚫ Regulates function of thyroid gland ⚫ Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) ⚫ Regulates function of adrenal cortex HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Anterior Pituitary ⚫ Gonadotropins ⚫ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) ⚫ Luteinizing hormone (LH) ⚫ FSH ⚫ Responsible for development of ova and sperm ⚫ Also stimulates ovary to secrete estrogen ⚫ LH ⚫ Stimulates secretion of sex hormones ⚫ Plays a role in releasing ova in females HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Anterior Pituitary ⚫ Growth hormone (GH) ⚫ Also called somatotropin ⚫ Stimulates cells to grow and divide ⚫ Prolactin (PRL) ⚫ Stimulates milk production in breast ⚫ Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) ⚫ Stimulates melanocytes to produce more melanin HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Posterior Pituitary ⚫ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) ⚫ Also called vasopressin ⚫ Promotes water re-absorption by the kidney tubules ⚫ Oxytocin (OXT) ⚫ Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and delivery ⚫ After birth stimulates release of milk from breast HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thymus Gland ⚫ Located in mediastinum ⚫ Part of immune system ⚫ Also endocrine gland ⚫ Secretes thymosin HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thymus Gland ⚫ Thymosin ⚫ Essential for growth and development of thymic lymphocytes or T cells ⚫ Critical part of body’s immune system ⚫ Present at birth and grows to largest size during puberty ⚫ At puberty begins to shrink and eventually is replaced with connective and adipose tissue HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L  Effects of Hormones Hormones from the various endocrine glands affect body metabolism, blood glucose, blood calcium, and blood sodium in complementary or opposite ways. Homeostasis home/o = same -stasis = condition of standing still; staying in one place Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals exophthalmos Exophthalmos is a well- known sign of hyperthyroidism. Edema behind the eyeballs causes them to bulge and protrude forward, and the large amount of white sclerae makes the eyes appear to be staring. Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals  A photograph of a woman with exophthalmos. This condition is associated with hypersecretion of the thyroid gland. (Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc.) HSC 1531 MedicalCopyright Terminology ©2009 for by Healthcare Pearson Professionals Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Florida Saddle State River, College New Jacksonville Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, All rights MHS, reserved. OT/L Endocrine System Vocabulary excessive hormone production by hypersecretion endocrine gland insufficient hormone production by hyposecretion endocrine gland obesity having abnormal amount of fat group of symptoms and signs that syndrome combine to present a clinical picture of disease or condition HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Adrenal Gland Pathology ⚫ Two glands, one located above each kidney ⚫ Each gland is composed of two sections: ⚫ Adrenal cortex ⚫ Adrenal medulla HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Adrenal Gland Pathology hyposecretion of adrenal cortex; Addison’s symptoms include generalized weakness disease and weight loss hypersecretion of estrogen by adrenal adrenal cortex in males; develops female feminization secondary sexual characteristics like gynecomastia hypersecretion of testosterone by adrenal adrenal cortex in females; develops male virilism secondary sexual characteristics HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Adrenal Gland Pathology hypersecretion of adrenal cortex; Cushing’s symptoms include weakness, syndrome edema, excess hair growth, and osteoporosis hypersecretion of epinephrine by adrenal medulla tumor; usually pheochromocytoma benign; symptoms include anxiety, heart palpitations, dyspnea, and headache HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L  Cushing’s syndrome (Biophoto Associates/ Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc.) HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Cushing’s syndrome (a) This patient shows the characteristic signs of Cushing’s syndrome. Deposits of fat in the cheeks give a moon face appearance. Breakdown of protein in the connective tissues of the skin makes the skin thin, allowing blood vessels to show through and give the cheeks a reddened appearance. Biophoto Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Cushing’s syndrome (b) The abdomen is obese, while the extremities are thin and there is muscle wasting and weakness. Dark facial hair and amenorrhea occur only with Cushing’s disease. Biophoto Associates/Science Source/Photo Researchers, Inc. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Pancreas Pathology ⚫ Chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism ⚫ Results in hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus glycosuria (DM) ⚫ Two very distinct types: - insulin-dependent - non-insulin-dependent HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Diabetes Mellitus Insulin-dependent Non-insulin- diabetes mellitus dependent diabetes (IDDM) mellitus (NIDDM) ⚫ Also called Type 1 ⚫ Also called Type 2 ⚫ Develops early in life ⚫ Develops later in life ⚫ Destruction of islet cells ⚫ Person makes enough ⚫ Person makes too little insulin insulin, but it has lost ability to ⚫ Must take insulin injections regulate cells ⚫ Do not take insulin ⚫ Treated by diet, exercise, and oral medications HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pancreas Pathology diabetic accumulation of damage to retina; retinopathy complication of diabetes mellitus acidosis due to excess of acidic ketone ketoacidosis bodies; serious complication of diabetes mellitus peripheral damage to nerves in lower legs and neuropathy hands as a result of diabetes mellitus islet of Langerhans tumor; secretes insulinoma excessive amount of insulin HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Parathyroid Gland Pathology nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps due to tetany hypocalcemia; may be caused by hypoparathyroidism hypersecretion of parathyroid Recklinghausen hormone; causes degeneration of disease bones HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pituitary Gland Pathology chronic hypersecretion of growth acromegaly hormone in adults; causes enlargement of bones of head and extremities hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone; diabetes symptoms include polyuria and insipidus (DI) polydipsia hyposecretion of growth hormone in dwarfism children; causes short stature HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L acromegaly Increased levels of growth hormone (GH) in adulthood cause the face and extremities to widen rather than grow longer. The foot on the left is normal. The foot on the right shows acromegaly with enlargement and widening. NMSB/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Acromegaly. The hand on the right is from a normal person, the hand on the left is a person with acromegaly. (Bart's Medical Library/Phototake NYC) HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Pituitary Gland Pathology hypersecretion of growth hormone gigantism in child; results in very tall adult hyposecretion of all pituitary hormones; results in problems with panhypopituitarism the glands controlled by pituitary gland HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L gigantism The tallest man who ever lived suffered from gigantism. His name was Robert Wadlow. He was born in 1918 in Illinois and was of average weight and length at birth. By the time he was 18 years old, he was 8’11” and weighed 491 pounds. He wore size 37AA shoes that were over 18” in length. He died in 1940, at the age of 22. The tallest living man now is Bao Xishun, a herdsman in Mongolia, China. He was born in 1951 and is 7’9”. CORBIS-NY Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals panhypopituitarism HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Thyroid Gland Pathology congenital hyposecretion of thyroid; cretinism results in poor physical and mental development goiter enlarged thyroid gland hypersecretion of thyroid; symptoms Graves’ disease include exophthalmos and goiter HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L goiter A goiter can be a mild, subtle swelling in the neck, or it can enlarge enough to cause difficulty swallowing and breathing. Marka/Custom Medical Stock Photo, Inc. Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals Palpation of thyroid gland The anterior location of the thyroid gland means that even mild enlargement can be detected. This physician is palpating the edges of the patient’s thyroid gland to determine its size. Pearson Education/PH College Endocrine System | Medical Terminology for Health Professionals  Goiter HSC 1531 MedicalCopyright Terminology ©2009 for by Healthcare Pearson Professionals Education, Inc. Medical Terminology: A Living Language, Fourth Edition Upper Florida Saddle State River, College New Jacksonville Jersey 07458 Bonnie F. Fremgen and Suzanne S. Frucht Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, All rights MHS, reserved. OT/L Thyroid Gland Pathology Hashimoto’s autoimmune destruction of thyroid; disease results in hyposecretion disorder hyposecretion disorder in adult; myxedema symptoms include anemia, edema, and mental lethargy marked hypersecretion; symptoms thyrotoxicosis include rapid heart rate, tremors, thyromegaly, and weight loss HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L Endocrine Gland Pathology cancerous tumor in gland that produces hormones secreted by that adenocarcinoma gland; results in hypersecretion pathologies HSC 1531 Medical Terminology for Healthcare Professionals Florida State College Jacksonville Professor: Michael L. Whitchurch, MHS, OT/L