Emotions and Components of Emotional Responses PDF

**Emotions and Components of Emotional Responses** The particular reactions of people to events or circumstances or their cognitive feelings are known as emotions. The situation that evokes the emotion determines the type of emotion the person will feel (Shariff and Tracy, 2011). For example, when...

**Emotions and Components of Emotional Responses** The particular reactions of people to events or circumstances or their cognitive feelings are known as emotions. The situation that evokes the emotion determines the type of emotion the person will feel (Shariff and Tracy, 2011). For example, when someone hears good news, they are happy. When someone is in danger, they become afraid. **Types of emotions:** There are numerous theories regarding the wide range of emotions that people can feel (Utz, Schultz and Glocka, 2013). According to various psychological studies and theories, there are six universal emotions which are the following: 1. Joy 2. Sorrow 3. Despair 4. Loathing 5. Frustration, and 6. Surprise **Components** Arousing from an emotional experience are feelings. This falls into the same category as hunger or pain because the experiencer is aware of it. Emotion creates a feeling that can be influenced by memories, beliefs, and other things (Carpenter and Trull, 2012). It has been divided into three components: **Subjective experience:** It includes the six different types of universal emotions a person experiences. ** Physiological response:** When a person is touched by emotion, his body reacts to it. For example, if a person feels anxiety, his heart palpation may increase. This is a kind of physiological response to an emotion. **Behavioural or expressive response:** The ability to interpret exact emotions either by body language or facial expressions is the behavioural response. **Critical Appraisal of James-Lang and Cannon-Bard Theories** James Lange's theory and Cannon's theory are the two main theories that attempt to explain how our emotional and physiological responses are triggered in response to environmental stimuli. Bard's year 1927 brought the conception of the Cannon-Bard theory, which stood in stark contrast to the James-Lange theory (Cannon, 1927a). The James-Lange theory was originally formulated in the second half of the 19th century (Cannon, 1927b). In James Lange's theory, emotions come after physical reactions (Crapanzano, 1984), but in Cannon-Bard's theory, both emotional and physical reactions begin at the same time (Dror, 2013). James Lange's theory can be compared to the Cannon-Bard theory, which states that emotions come after physical reactions. This is the main difference between the two explanatory models (Dror, 2013). **Cognitive Appraisal: Differentiation and Status of Primary Emotions** An emotional situation is assessed cognitively when a person considers how the event will affect them, interprets the various elements of the event and determines their response (Smith and Ellsworth, 1985); all of this assessment is done through cognitive assessment. It is done in two steps: - Primary appraisal - Secondary appraisal  It usually occurs in three situations which would have when there is neither physical stimulation nor clear cues as to how the situation should be interpreted, cognitive evaluations usually take place (Tomaka *et al.*, 1997). **Differentiation and Status of Primary Emotions** Primary emotions can be differentiated by a cognitive appraisal, like shame, guilt, embarrassment, etc. (Scherer, 2005). In particular, these cognitive evaluations happen when a person blames himself or herself for what they did. Attribution is when someone tries to explain why they did something or why someone else did something. When people attribute internal blame to their own actions, they hold themselves responsible for their actions (Folkman *et al.*, 1986). When a person attributes an external cause to their own behaviour, they are blaming an external source (i.e., another person, luck, situational influences). Internal self-attributions are the root cause of all self-conscious feelings (Folkman *et al.*, 1986). **Emotions and Performance** There is a strong correlation between the study of emotions in organizations and especially the relationship between emotions and job performance (Crawley, 2004). People's emotional temperament has a direct impact on how well they perform in their professional and personal lives. More specifically, task performance evaluations can be enhanced by positive feelings such as performance rewards, backup support, and positive attitudes and evaluations from superiors, but task evaluations themselves cannot be enhanced (Meneghel, Salanova and Martínez, 2014). According to supervisors, the quality of work performed can be negatively affected by emotions such as anger and humiliation, as well as devious or biased behavior. Positive affect was linked to more organizational citizenship behavior and helpful but unrelated work behaviors, like volunteering more hours or helping a coworker. Being in a bad mood can cause a drop in performance at work (Meneghel, Salanova and Martínez, 2014b). Negative affect is linked to more withdrawn behavior and less productive actions at work, like theft, abuse, sabotage, and not showing up for work. Rispens and Demerouti (2016) found that negative emotions are linked to more accidents at work. **Yerkes-Dodson law:** The Yerkes--Dodson law is an empirical relationship between pressure and performance, originally developed by psychologists Robert M. Yerkes and John Dillingham Dodson in 1908. The law dictates that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point. Illustration of Yerkes Dodson law 1 **References:** \(1) Cannon, W.B. (1927) "The James-Lange Theory of Emotions: A Critical Examination and an Alternative Theory," *The American Journal of Psychology*, 39(1/4), p. 106. Available at: https://doi.org/10.2307/1415404. \(2) Carpenter, R.W. and Trull, T.J. (2012) "Components of Emotion Dysregulation in Borderline Personality Disorder: A Review," *Current Psychiatry Reports*, 15(1). Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0335-2. \(3) Crapanzano, V. (1984) "Life-Histories: Lives: An Anthropological Approach to Biography. L. L. Langness, Gelya Frank. ; Life Histories and Psychobiography: Explorations in Theory and Method. William McKinley Runyan. ; Carmen: The Autobiography of a Spanish Woman. Hans C. Buechler, Judith-Maria Buechler. ; Son of Tecun Uman: A Maya Indian Tells His Life Story. James D. Sexton. ; Nisa: The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman. Marjorie Shostak.," *American Anthropologist*, 86(4), pp. 953--960. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1525/aa.1984.86.4.02a00080. \(4) Crawley, E.M. (2004) "Emotion and performance," *Punishment &Amp; Society*, 6(4), pp. 411--427. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1462474504046121. \(5) Dror, O.E. (2013) "The Cannon--Bard Thalamic Theory of Emotions: A Brief Genealogy and Reappraisal," *Emotion Review*, 6(1), pp. 13--20. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073913494898. \(6) Folkman, S. *et al.* (1986) "Dynamics of a stressful encounter: Cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes.," *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 50(5), pp. 992--1003. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.5.992. \(7) Meneghel, I., Salanova, M. and Martínez, I.M. (2014) "Feeling Good Makes Us Stronger: How Team Resilience Mediates the Effect of Positive Emotions on Team Performance," *Journal of Happiness Studies*, 17(1), pp. 239--255. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-014-9592-6. \(8) Rispens, S. and Demerouti, E. (2016) "Conflict at Work, Negative Emotions, and Performance: A Diary Study," *Negotiation and Conflict Management Research*, 9(2), pp. 103--119. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/ncmr.12069. \(9) Scherer, K.R. (2005) "What are emotions? And how can they be measured?," *Social Science Information*, 44(4), pp. 695--729. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018405058216. \(10) Shariff, A.F. and Tracy, J.L. (2011) "What Are Emotion Expressions For?," *Current Directions in Psychological Science*, 20(6), pp. 395--399. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411424739. \(11) Smith, C.A. and Ellsworth, P.C. (1985) "Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion.," *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 48(4), pp. 813--838. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813. \(12) Tomaka, J. *et al.* (1997) "Cognitive and physiological antecedents of threat and challenge appraisal.," *Journal of Personality and Social Psychology*, 73(1), pp. 63--72. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.63. \(13) Utz, S., Schultz, F. and Glocka, S. (2013) "Crisis communication online: How medium, crisis type and emotions affected public reactions in the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster," *Public Relations Review*, 39(1), pp. 40--46. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2012.09.010. \(14) Saeed, A., Trajanovski, S., Van Keulen, M. and Van Erp, J. (2017). Deep Physiological Arousal Detection in a Driving Simulator Using Wearable Sensors. *2017 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW)*. doi:10.1109/icdmw.2017.69. [**\ **](https://passranzcp.com/topics/1-1-7-motivation/)