UCSP Reviewer PDF

**UCSP Reviewer** **Kinship** refers to relations formed between members of the society. It is an individual's social relationship to others as established by blood (consanguinity), marriage (affinity), adoption, or fictive ties. **Types of Kinship** - **Consanguineal Kinship** - refers on the...

**UCSP Reviewer** **Kinship** refers to relations formed between members of the society. It is an individual's social relationship to others as established by blood (consanguinity), marriage (affinity), adoption, or fictive ties. **Types of Kinship** - **Consanguineal Kinship** - refers on the relationships based on blood. This the bond between parents and their children and that between siblings is an example. - **Affinal Kinship** - refers to the relationships formed on the basis of marriage. An example is that of husband and wife. - **Fictive Kinship** - often described as the "family of choice" or the "family you choose." Fictive kin are people who are treated "like family". Ritual kinship is a type of fictive kinship established through a ritual such as "blood brothers" or choosing godparents for a child. In the **direct line,** ascent is made to the common ancestor. Thus the child is one degree removed from the parent, two from the grandfather, and three from the great-grandparent. In the collateral line, ascent is made to the common ancestor and then descent is made to the person with whom the computation is to be made. Thus, a person is two degrees removed from his brother, three from his uncle, who is the brother of his father, four from his first\... cousin, and so forth. **Degree of Kinship** - **Primary Kinship** refers to direct relations. - **Primary Consanguineal Kinship** are those who are directly related to each other by birth. This the relationship between parents and children. - **Primary Affinal Kinship** refers to the direct relationship formed as a result of marriage. This is the only direct affinal kinship is the relationship between husband and wife. - **Secondary Kinship** refers to the primary kin\'s of primary kin. - **Secondary Consanguineal Kinship** refers to the primary consanguineal kin\'s primary consanguineal kin. An example is the relationship between grandparents and grandchildren. - **Secondary Affinal Kinship** refers to one\'s primary affinal kins primary kin. This kinship includes the relationships between an individual and all his/her parents-in-law. - **Tertiary Kinship** are the secondary kin of our primary kin or primary kin of our secondary kin. - **Tertiary Consanguineal Kinship** refers to an individual\'s primary consanguineal kin (parents), their primary kin (parents\' parent) and their primary kin (parent\'s parent\'s parents). - **Tertiary Affinal Kinship** refers to primary affinal kin\'s primary kin\'s primary kin. This can be spouse\'s grandparents or grand uncles and aunts. **MARRIAGE** It is a [special contract of permanent union between a man and a woman] entered into [in accordance with law] for the establishment of [conjugal and family life]. It is the foundation of the family and an inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences, and incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulation, except that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the marriage within the limits provided by this Code. (Art 1, FC). **REQUISITES OF MARRIAGE** - Art. 2. No marriage shall be valid, unless these essential requisites are present: - \(1) Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female; and - \(2) Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer. - Art. 3. The formal requisites of marriage are: - \(1) Authority of the solemnizing officer; - \(2) A valid marriage license except in the cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; and - \(3) A marriage ceremony that takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age. **ON LEGAL CAPACITY:** - Each party must be at least 18 years old - The parties must be a man and a woman - There must no legal impediment like family relations or a subsisting prior marriage. **ON CONSENT:** - The consent must be freely given and not obtained through fraud. - the consent must be given in the presence of a solemnizing officer. **ON AUTHORITY OF A SOLEMNIZING OFFICER:** - Any incumbent member of the judiciary within the court's jurisdiction; - Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister of any church or religious sect ; - Any ship captain or airplane chief only in the case mentioned in Article 31; - Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, likewise only in the cases mentioned in Article 32; - Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul of the Philippines in marriages between Filipino citizens abroad - Municipal or city mayor within his/her jurisdiction **ON THE MARRIAGE CEREMONY** - **No prescribed form or religious rite for the solemnization of the marriage is required.** - **Requirements:** - The parties must appear personally before the solemnizing officer - The parties must declare that they take each other as husband and wife - The declaration must be in the presence of 2 witnesses. **Forms of Marriage** 1\. **Monogamy --** allows a man to marry only one woman at a given time. - In the Philippines, it is the accepted legal form of marriage. 2\. **Polygamy --** commonly known as multiple marriages. - **Types of Polygamy:** - **Polyandry --** an arrangement whereby a woman is legally married to two or more men at the same time. - **Polygyny --** marriage of a man to two or more women at a given time. **Art. 45. A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage:** - \(1) That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife; - \(2) That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; - \(3) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; - \(4) That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife; - \(5) That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable; or **Art. 46. Any of the following circumstances shall constitute fraud referred to in Number 3 of the preceding Article:** - \(1) Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party of a crime involving moral turpitude; - \(2) Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man other than her husband; - 3\) Concealment of sexually transmissible disease, regardless of its nature, existing at the time of the marriage; or - \(4) Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism or homosexuality or lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage. **FAMILY** - Smallest unit of society - Social and economic unit that consists of one or more parents and their children. **FAMILY STRUCTURES** 1. **Membership, Organization and Structure Patterns** 2. **Residence Pattern** 3. **Authority Pattern** 4. **Descent Pattern** **ECONOMY** **Economy** refers to the system of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services within a particular society or country. It involves various activities, including how people earn income, spend money, and allocate resources. **Economic Institution**- refers to a network of commercial organizations that determine how goods and services are produced, generated, distributed, and purchased. - Company or an organization that deals with money or with managing the distribution of money, goods, and services in an economy. Banks, government organizations, and investment funds are all economic institutions **Distribution/exchange of goods** **1. Non-market transaction** They are not driven by the exchange of goods or services for money but instead focus on collective, governmental, or nonprofit objectives. No exchange of cash for provisions of goods and rendered service. **2. Market transaction** An exchange of goods, services, or assets between buyers and sellers in a marketplace. This transaction is typically guided by the principles of supply and demand, where the price is agreed upon by both parties. **Non-market institution** **1. Reciprocity -** This economic process entails the exchange of commodities between parties, often on an individual basis. There are no goods and services lost because it is a circular process wherein you just receive and return the favor. (barter) **Forms of Reciprocity** Generalized Reciprocity ⚬ Gift giving without any expectation of immediate return. ⚬ Example: Giving birthday presents to a friend Balanced Reciprocity ⚬ Expecting immediate return from any given favor. ⚬ The value of the commodities is expected to be equal. Negative Reciprocity ⚬ The exchange tends to favor one party over the other, as the value of the goods for exchange is unequal. **2. Transfer-** When resources from one in dividual or organization are given to another with no expectation of return. Ex. Government transfers, donations, Remittances, Subsidies **3. Redistribution-** occurs when individuals\' goods or services are pooled together by a central authority to be used at a later time. It collects goods from individuals in a community to be kept by a central authority which will be used in the future by the same group. **Market Transaction** **Market** refers to a bigger setting where buyers and sellers simultaneously trade or exchange goods or services. It may either be a physical marketplace or a virtual market. In a market exchange, at least two people should be involved. All forms of market exchange would require the following: ⚬ medium of exchange **Elements of Market Transaction** ** Money -** it serves as means of exchange for goods and services**.** ** Prices -** the amount required or agreed upon by the exchanging parties. **Supply** - refers to the quantity of goods or services that are available to sell at a given price and period of time. **Demand** - refers to the quantity of goods or services that consumers are willing to purchase at a given price and time period. **State and Non-State Institution** **Institution-** refers to a set of formal and informal rules, norms, and organizations that shape economic behavior and influence the structure of economic interactions within a society. **State Institution-** These are the institutions controlled and supported by the government. **-**An organization or system established by the government to carry out specific functions for the state. **Non-State Institution-** These are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the government. It is an organization or group that operates independently of the government or state. **Forms of Non-State Institution** **❑Bank**- is a financial institution licensed to receive deposits and make loans. It is an institution for lending, borrowing, issuing or managing money. It receives the money deposited by people. **❑Corporation**- a company or group of people authorized as such in law. Ownership is shared by many individuals known as stockholders. **Corporations offer:** - **Stocks-** determine the level of ownership - **Bonds-** allow one to earn interest **❑Cooperative**- a legal entity owned and democratically controlled by its members. The members may be the employees, producers, and consumers of products and services. They share profits and benefits through dividends and patronage according to their capital shareholdings. **Key Characteristics of a Cooperative** 1\. Member Ownership 2\. Mutual Benefit 3\. Democratic Control 4\. Voluntary Membership 5\. Profit Sharing **❑Trade Union**- An organization whose membership consists of workers and union leaders, united to protect and promote their common interests. **Purpose:** 1\. Negotiate wages and working conditions 2\. Regulate relations between workers and employers 3\. Raise new demands on behalf of its members **Key Characteristics Of Trade Unions:** 1\. Collective Bargaining 2\. Membership 3\. Worker Representation 4\. Advocacy For Workers\' Rights 5\. Protection Of Interests **Isabelo delos Reyes**- spearheaded the establishment of labor union. He is known as the **"Father of Trade Unionism in the Philippines".** **Trade Union Congress of the Philippines (TUCP)** -- biggest registered union in our country. **❑Development Agency**- Committed/dedicated to distributing aid. These agencies are present in developing countries challenged by security conflict, food shortage, climate change and financial stability. **❑Transnational Advocacy Group**- They are self-organized advocacy groups or networks undertaking voluntary actions across state borders in pursuit of what they deem public interest. Their goal is to give the powerless (e.g. poor, women, marginalized indigenous peoples, consumers, politically vulnerable, etc.) a voice in domestic and international lawmaking bodies. **Key Features Transnational Advocacy Groups** ❑Cross-Border Collaboration: They operate in multiple countries, connecting activists, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and stakeholders globally. ❑Shared Goals: Members of TAGs work towards common objectives, such as environmental sustainability, gender equality, or human rights. ❑Use of Advocacy Tools: TAGs use campaigns, petitions, lobbying, and public awareness strategies to influence policy, public opinion, and international organizations. ❑Engagement with Multiple Stakeholders: They collaborate with governments, international organizations (like the United Nations), media, and civil society. **❑International Organization**- type of non-profit organization that operates across multiple countries, independent of government influence, to address global issues such as human rights, health, education, poverty, and environmental sustainability **EDUCATION** An act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and generally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life. Education is the social institution through which society provides its members with important knowledge, including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values (Macionis, 2012). **The System of Education in the Philippines** In the Philippines, a thirteen-year education is mandatory by law. These thirteen years run from kindergarten up to grade 12, also known as the K 12 program. After this, students have the option of whether to pursue higher education or not. **Purpose of K to 12** The primary goal of **RA 10533** is to produce holistically developed learners who are: Equipped with lifelong learning skills. Ready for higher education or technical/vocational careers. Competitive in local and international job markets **Three government agencies that manage the different levels of education in the Philippines:** The **Department of Education (DepEd)** sets the standards and implements standardized tests for public schools throughout K-12. The **Commission on Higher Education (CHED)** oversees higher education institutions, such as colleges and universities. **The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA)** regulates the Technical programs. **Types of Education** - **Formal Education-** This is also known as formal learning which usually takes place within the premises of the school. It refers to a systematic, well-structured, graded educational system from primary school to tertiary level. **Ex:** classroom learning, Institute grading/certification, or planned education of different subjects with a proper syllabus **Key Features of Formal Education** ** Organized Structure.** It follows a clear progression of levels. ** Curriculum.** The curriculum is standardized by the government and emphasizes core subjects like Mathematics, Science, English, Filipino, and Social Studies, alongside specialized tracks in Senior High School. ** Accreditation and Certification.** Schools, colleges, and universities must meet government standards for accreditation. Diplomas and certificates are issued as proof of completion at various levels. ** Focus on Lifelong Learning.** It aims to equip students with knowledge, skills, and competencies necessary for employment, further studies, and global competitiveness. supplemented extracurricular activities. ** Mode of Delivery.** Classes are conducted in formal classroom settings, with co-curricular and ** Mandated by Law.** Education is a constitutional right in the Philippines, and basic education is free and compulsory in public schools under the Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 (RA 10533). - **Nonformal Education**- refers to an educational activity carried outside the structure of a formal education. Includes education opportunities even outside school premises, that facilitates achievement of specific learning objectives for particular clientele, especially the out-of-school youths or adult illiterates who cannot avail of formal education. **Key Features of Nonformal Education** ** Accessibility:** Open to all ages, often targeting out-of-school youth, adults, and marginalized groups. ** Flexibility:** Designed to fit the learners\' schedules, needs, and contexts. ** Skills-Focused:** Emphasizes practical skills, literacy, numeracy, livelihood, and life skills. **Ex:** Alternative Learning System (ALS)/ TESDA **Informal Education**- It is a lifelong process of learning by which every person acquires and accumulates knowledge, skills, attitudes, and insights from daily experiences at home, work, at play and from life itself. **Ex:** preparing a meal or riding a bicycle. **THE FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE** **Socialization** Since school is an agent of socialization, thus, education helps transform human in becoming literate and recognize its function in the society. we also learn social norms, values and culture that are fortified by our teachers, our textbooks, and our classmates as well. **Transmission of Culture** Through socialization in school (teachers to learners, and learner to learner), the transmission of culture is at the highest possible. Through education, human learn the values, beliefs, and social norms of their culture. **Social Placement** Education provides a social placement for everyone. It prepares us for the later station of our lives, and, to buy the necessities of life. **Ability to work in group** **Expanding people\'s network** **Important Goal of Education** - **Productive Citizenry**- The idea that a citizen by him/herself must create the environment and opportunities to become productive. Ex. having a decent job. - **Self-Actualization**- realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal experiences. **Social Stratification and Social Mobility** **Social stratification** is a systematic categorization of individuals and institutions according to their roles and status in society. It also refers to society's classification of its people into rankings based on wealth, income, prestige, education, and power. Social stratification is divided into three social classes. **Social Classes** ** Upper Class** -- elite individuals or group of people that are most prolific and successful in their respective areas. These people may be stockholders and investors in very huge well-known companies from different industries here and abroad. ** Middle Class** -- The middle in social stratification refers to the middle class, which occupies a position between the upper class and the lower class in the social hierarchy. They are mostly professional individuals or groups of people like lawyers, doctors, managers, owners of small businesses in the locality, and executives who work in the corporate world, etc. Their income can afford them a comfortable lifestyle. ** Lower Class** --The lower class is typified by poverty, homelessness, unemployment. and The people in this class belong to the bottom of the socio-economic ladder. In social stratification, the term \"lower\" typically refers to the lower class or the lower strata of society. This group occupies the bottom tier in a stratified social hierarchy, characterized by limited access to resources, opportunities, and social power. **Four Basic Principles of Social Stratification** **1. Social stratification is a trait of the society** This means that social stratification is bigger compared to individual differences. Social stratification could be present even from the moment of birth. **2. Social stratification is carried over from one generation to the next** It is a common practice in our society for parents to pass on their social position to their children. If they own a business empire, it is more likely that they will pass their business to their children, and eventually the children will gain the same wealth and status as their parents. **3. Social stratification is universal but variable** Social stratification is unavoidable; it can be found anywhere. However, stratification is not the same for all societies. Each society has its own way of categorizing people based on its own cultural traditions. **4. Social stratification is anchored on beliefs as well** Inequality depends on the way culture evaluates it. A particular culture could see certain individual category as unfair but another culture can see it as fair. An example of this is the tradition of polygamous marriage for male Muslims, whereas polygamous relationship is unacceptable for non-Muslims. **Social Mobility** It is a process by which individuals or groups move from one status to another or from one class to another. It is the movement of people from one position to another in the social stratification system. An example of this is the movement of the status of a person from being poor to rich like People's Champ Manny Pacquiao whose rags to riches story has become an inspiration to many Filipinos. **Types Of Social Mobility** **1. Vertical Social Mobility** -- refers to upward or downward social mobility. a) Upward social mobility- refers to the increase or upward shift in social class. b) Downward social mobility- refers to the lowering of one's social class. **2. Horizontal Social Mobility** -- is a movement within a social class or social position where an individual slightly improves and/or declines in his/her social position within his/her class level. Take note that horizontal social mobility does not involve a shift into a higher or lower stratum. The movement of people is only within the same social strata where they belong.