UCSPOL Past Paper PDF

UCSPOL -- 2^nd^ QUARTER UNIT 5 LESSON 1: Primary and Secondary Groups Group - A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, common feeling of camaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals. Social Group - Has been defined as...

UCSPOL -- 2^nd^ QUARTER UNIT 5 LESSON 1: Primary and Secondary Groups Group - A collection of individuals who have regular contact and frequent interaction, mutual influence, common feeling of camaraderie, and who work together to achieve a common set of goals. Social Group - Has been defined as two or more people who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and collectively have a sense of unity. **[CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUPS]** \* The members interact with each other over some period of time. \* Each member identifies with the group and is recognized as part of the group by the other members. \* Each member is entitled to certain privileges and at the same time is expected to accept certain responsibilities and duties. \* There is specialization, or role in their activities which is carried out by the members of the group. **[TYPES OF GROUPS]** 1. - Ex. [*FAMILY*] - a group consisting of parents and children living together in a household, people united by ties of blood. *[NEIGHBORHOOD]* - a district, especially one forming a community within a town or city, are often social communities with face-to-face interaction among members. [*BAYANIHAN*] - The term bayanihan itself literally means "being in a bayan", which refers to the spirit of communal unity, work and cooperation to achieve a particular goal. *[PEER GROUP]* - a group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests with a loosely organized structured; often called "gang" "barkada" or "tropa". 2. - **[Function of Secondary Group]** Since secondary groups are establish to perform functions, people's roles are more interchangeable. A secondary group is one you have chosen to be a part of. Ex. Vendor to Client relationship. Workers in an office. Doctor to patient. Athletic Team A University Class. UNIT 5 LESSON 2: In-Groups & Out-Groups +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **IN-GROUPS** | **OUT-GROUP** | | | | | Sense of Belongingness  | Different Dislike | | | | | Sense of Identity | Strangeness | | | | | Mutual Social Behavior | Avoidance | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ **Social Group: According to Purpose** a. b. c. **Social Group: According to Social Organization** 1. - - 2\) **Gesellscaft** - - *These concepts were developed by German sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies (1887) to differentiate between urban and rural life or community living and living in the mass society.* **What is Peer Pressure?** - UNIT 5 LESSON 3: Reference Groups **REFERENCE GROUP** - - - **INFORMAL REFERENCE GROUP** - - **FORMAL REFERENCE GROUP** - - **[REFERENCE GROUPS PERFORM THREE BASIC FUNCTION:]** I. II. III. UNIT 5 LESSON 4: SOCIAL NETWORKS SOCIAL NETWORK - a social structure that exists between actors, individuals or organization. - SOCIAL NETWORK THEORY - study of how people, organizations or groups interact with others inside their network - EGO-CENTRIC NETWORKS - are connect with a single node or individual. For example, you the node, connected to all your close friends SOCIO-CENTRIC NETWORKS - closed networks by default. Two commonly-used examples of this type of network are children in a classroom or workers inside an organization OPEN SYSTEM NETWORKS - boundary lines are not clearly defined. A few examples in this type of network are America's elite class, connections between corporations, or their chain of influencers of a particular decision. Due to lack of clearly-defined boundaries, this type of network is considered the most difficult to study SOCIAL MEDIA - the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input, interaction, content-sharing and collaboration UNIT 6 LESSON 1: KINSHIP, MARRIAGE, AND THE HOUSEHOLD **KINSHIP** -- means relationship based on blood or marriage - - - a. b. c. **KINSHIP BY BLOOD** - - **KINSHIP BY MARRIAGE** MARRIAGE -- an institution that admits men and women to family life - - - - - - - - - **KINSHIP BY RITUAL** **RITUAL KINSHIP** - form of God parenthood played an important role in strengthening and extending the ties of kinship as it did in much of Latin Amerikana Parents selected godparents for a child at his or her baptism confirmation and marriage - \-\-\-- A privileged social relationship established by ritual, such as that of godparents or fraternal orders VARIATION IN FAMILY PATTERNS A. CONJUGAL FAMILY -- a nuclear family of adult and their children (by birth or adoption) where the family relationship is principally focused inward and ties to extended kin are voluntary and based on emotional bonds rather than strict duties and obligations - EXTENDED FAMILY -- a simply family until that extends past the nuclear family to include other relatives such as aunts, uncles, and grandparents - B. **THE FAMILY OF ORIENTATION** - a group in which we are born and reared. It is the family where everyone grows up from **THE FAMILY OF PRO-CREATION** - the family we establish when we marry and have children of our own C. PATRILINEAL FAMILY - a group whose members traced their relationships and affiliations with relatives on the father side MATRILINEAL FAMILY - a family whose members traced the relationship and affiliations with relatives on the mother side BILATERAL FAMILY - the family members traced the relationships and affiliations with relatives on both parents D. PATRIARCHAL - one in which authority vested in the oldest man member in the family, the patriarch or the **father** MATRIARCHAL - one in which family authority is exercise by mother who dominates the household EGALITARIAN -- family is one where both husband & wife exercise equal amount of authority and enjoy the same rights and privileges E. PATRILOCAL - a family where in the newly-married couple lives with or near the home of the groom\'s parents MATRILOCAL - a family where in the newly-married couple resides with or near of the bride\'s parents BILOCAL - a family where in the newly-weds choose to stay with either the groom or bride\'s parents NEOLOCAL - a family where in the couple resides independently from either groom or bride\'s parent AVUNCULOCAL - a family where in the couple is prescribed to reside with or near the domicile of the maternal uncle of the groom POLITICS OF KINSHIP Kinship Politics - built based on the classic political principle \"blood is thicker than water\" - - BRUTUS SYNDROME - concept is accepted by reference to the fact that politics is often replete with adversity, conflict, and betrayal UNIT 6 LESSON 2: POLITICAL AND LEADERSHIP STRUCTURES POLITICAL SCIENCE - - - **FOUR MAIN TYPES OF POLITICAL ORGANIZATION** 1. 2. 3. - 4. **TYPES OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY** a. b. c. UNIT 6 LESSON 3: ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS WHAT IS ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION? - PROPERTY -- is best understood as a socially acknowledge right rather than as a material object. It involves the right of ownership which differs from a simple possession over goods or commodities ECONOMIC EXCHANGE - is the process by which individuals and organizations give each other valuable goods and services in return for different goods and services DIVISION OF LABOR -- it refers to the distribution of work in reference to age, gender, skill or qualification. In an economic organization, tasks are specialized and there is interdependence among various statuses and roles ECONOMIC SOCIALIZATION - is the process by which people learn the values and behavior needed to fill positions in the economic community PRICE - refers to the monetary value of goods and services. It is determined by the interplay of supply and demand LAW OF SUPPY AND DEMAND -- it states that when demand is greater than supply, the price increases; and when supply is greater than demands, price decreases **TYPES OF ECONOMIC ORGANIZATIONS** - - - - ex. online businesses, sari-sari store, reseller, student business, vendor - - - ex. small family own businesses like coffee shop, milk tea, restaurant - - ex. e-jeep, corporation - - **TYPES OF COOPERATIVES IN THE PHILIPPINES** - - - - - - UNIT 6 LESSON 4: NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS **NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS** a. - **ROLE OF BANKS** - Banks play an important role as an intermediary, or go-between, in the financial system. They have three main functions: i. ii. iii. **CORPORATION** - - - b. - - - - c. - d. - e. - +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **[Development and Operation of | **[Technical Assistance and | | Infrastructure:]** | Training:]** | | | | | Community-based organizations | Training institutions and NGOs | | (CBOs) and cooperatives can | can develop a technical | | acquire, subdivide and develop | assistance and training capacity | | land, construct housing, provide | and use this to assist both CBOs | | infrastructure and operate and | and governments. | | maintain infrastructure such as | | | wells or public toilets and solid | | | waste collection service. | | +===================================+===================================+ | **[Supporting Innovation, | **[Research, Monitoring and | | Demonstration and Pilot | Evaluation:]** | | Projects:]** | | | | Innovative activities need to be | | NGO have the advantage of | carefully documented and shared - | | selecting particular places for | effective participatory | | innovative projects and specify | monitoring would permit the | | in advance the length of time | sharing of results with the | | which they will be supporting the | people themselves as well as with | | project - overcoming some of the | the project staff. | | shortcomings that governments | | | face in this respect. | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **[Facilitating | **[Advocacy for and with the | | Communication:]** | Poor:]** | | | | | NGOs use interpersonal methods of | In some cases, NGOs become | | communication, and study the | spokespersons or ombudsmen for | | right entry points whereby they | the poor and attempt to influence | | gain the trust of the community | government policies and | | they seek the benefit. | programmed on their behalf. This | | | may be done through variety of | | | means ranging from demonstration | | | and pilot projects to | | | participation in public forums | | | and the formulation of government | | | policy and plans, to publicizing | | | research results and case studies | | | of the poor | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ UNIT 6 LESSON 5: EDUCATION **EDUCATION** - the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits - **FORMAL EDUCATION** - the process of training and developing people in knowledge, skills, mind, and character in a structured and certified program **INFORMAL EDUCATION** - a spontaneous process of helping people to learn. It works through conversation and dialogue, and the exploration and enlargement of experience - UNIT 6 LESSON 6: RELIGION AND BELIEF SYSTEM RELIGION - is a specific fundamental set of beliefs and practices generally agreed upon by a number of persons or sects - INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION - - - **FEATURES OF INSTITUTIONALIZED RELIGION** Beliefs - Religious beliefs are expressed in the form of doctrines, articles of faith and the like Ex. Christians believes in the authority of the Holy Bible, Mormons based their beliefs in the Book of Mormon, Muslims adheres to the teachings of the Koran Symbols - to emphasize the character and meaning of supernatural forces and mysteries Ex. Cross is to the Christians, Crescent Moon is to the Muslims Rituals - these included the offering of human and non-human sacrifices, feasts, dances, processionals, chanting, and birth or death rites. Also include prayer, song, and meditation - Ex. Baptism for Christians, Going to Church on Sundays Magic and Supernatural Events - employment of magic is performed and the supernatural occurrences employed in certain aspects or circumstances Ex. Magical rituals to ensure good crops, Magical rituals to cure illness Hierarchy - many religions are characterized by hierarchical arrangement of personnel Ex. Roman Catholic clergymen perform administrative duties within the church and its leader is the Pope, the traditional successor of Apostle Peter Propitiation - ritual is intimately connected with the idea of propitiation which refers to the behavior deemed pleasing to the deity or gods - ex. In Romans 3:24-25 believers in Christ have been "justified freely by His grace through the redemption that is in Christ Jesus, whom God set forth as a propitiation by His blood, through faith, to demonstrate His righteousness, because in His forbearance God had passed over the sins that were previously committed." **WORLD RELIGION** - - - - - - - - - - **5 PILLARS OF FAITH** 1. - - 2. - 3. 4. - 5. CHRISTIANITY - is a monotheistic faith based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as described in the New Testament - - - +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CRITERIA | MONOTHEISM | POLYTHEISM | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | DEFINITION | Belief in a singular | Belief of multiple | | | God | deities, gods, and | | | | goddesses | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | RELIGIONS | Zoroastrianism, | Jainism, Buddhism, | | | Christianity, | Hinduism, Shinto, | | | Judaism, Islam, | Taoism | | | Hinduism | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | COMMANDMENT | The One True God | There are numerous | | | Alone is to be | deities, each worthy | | CONCERNING | worshipped | of worship | | | | | | WORSHIP | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ **[SEPARATION OF STATE AND CHURCHES]** CHURCH and STATE in medieval Europe. Separation of **church** and **state**, political and legal doctrine that government and religious institutions are to be kept separate. UNIT 6 LESSON 7: HEALTH WHAT IS HEALTH? - - **BASIC CONDITIONS NECESSARY FOR MAINTAINING GOOD HEALTH** 1. - 2. - - - 3. - - - 4. - - 5. - - How much sleep do we need every day? **School age children (6- 13):**  Sleep range 9-11 hours **Teenager (14-17):** Sleep range 8-10 hours **Younger adults (18-25):** Sleep range 7-9 hours **Adults (26-64):** Sleep range 7-9 hours **Older adults (65+):** Sleep range 7-8 hours 6. - 7. - MEDICAL PLURALISM - **CULTURE-SPECIFIC SYNDROME AND ILLNESS** - - - - UNIT 7 LESSON 1: SOCIAL DESIRABLES (WEALTH, POWER, PRESTIGE) SOCIAL STRATIFICATION - Defines as the arrangement of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation **COMPONENTS OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATIONS** - - - **BASES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION** - - - **CAUSES OF INEQUALITY** - - - UNIT 7 LESSON 2: SOCIAL AND POLITICAL STRATIFICATION, MOBILITY SYSTEM SOCIAL MOBILITY - a movement of person from one position to another in the stratification system - **Types of Mobility** 1. 2. 3. - 4. **FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOCIAL MOBILITY:** - - - - - - - **TWO GENERAL SYSTEM OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION** 1. - - - 2. - UNIT 7 LESSON 3: SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL INEQUALITY - occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of social defined categories of persons **FORMS OF INEQUALITY** A. - - - - B. - C. - **ETHNIC MINORITIES** ETHNICITY -- the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition ETHNIC MINORITY GROUP OR MINORITY GROUP -- refers to any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination - SEXUAL MINORITY - a group whose sexual identity, orientation or practices differ from the majority of the surrounding society - -