Musculoskeletal System Overview PDF

Musculoskeletal system Musculoskeletal system Overview By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi  Overview The skeleton is the central The muscular and When muscles structure of the body, made skeletal systems work contract, they pull on up of bones, joints and together as the bo...

Musculoskeletal system Musculoskeletal system Overview By: Dr. Rana Aldahlawi  Overview The skeleton is the central The muscular and When muscles structure of the body, made skeletal systems work contract, they pull on up of bones, joints and together as the bones of the skeleton cartilage. The skeleton musculoskeletal system, to produce movement provides the framework for which enables body or hold the bones in a muscles and gives the body movement and stability stable position its defined human shape  Common Facts 206 300 Femur Middle ear The human Number of bones in The largest bone The smallest skeleton of the human body at in the human bones in the birth is 300 human body are an adult consist body is the femur However, as a child s of 206 bones (thigh bone) the ossicles in grows, some of the bones fuse the middle ear together Types of Tissue 1. Compact (cortical) bone: A hard outer layer that is dense, strong, and durable. It makes up around 80 percent of adult bone mass 2. Spongy or Cancellous bone: This consists of a network of trabeculae or rod-like structures. It is lighter, less dense, and more flexible than compact bone Bones consist of: Osteoblasts: bone forming cell Osteoclasts: bone resorbing cells or break down bone Osteocytes: are mature bone cells Inorganic mineral salts within the matrix Nerves and blood vessels Bone marrow Cartilage Membranes, including the endosteum and periosteum  Bone Remodelling The bone is always being remodeled. This is a two-part process: 1. RESORPTION An estimated 10 percent of an adult’s skeleton is When osteoclasts break replaced each year down and remove bone 2. FORMATION Remodeling allows the body to fix damaged sections, reshape When new bone tissue the skeleton during growth, is laid down and regulate calcium levels  The Main Functions Of The Skeletal System The skeleton has five main functions: Support and Production of blood Movement protection cells The skeleton allows movement of Support the body and also protect the Certain bones in the skeleton contain the body as a whole and its organs found within it. For example, bone marrow which produces red individual parts. The bones act as the cranium protects the brain, the blood cells, white blood cells and levers and also form joints that ribs offer protection to the heart and platelets. Examples of bones that allow muscles to pull on them and lungs, the vertebrae protect the spinal contain marrow are the pelvis, femur, produce joint movements cord and the pelvis offers protection sternum, vertebrae and clavicle to the sensitive reproductive organs Storage of Attachment of minerals muscles The bones themselves are made of The bones of the skeleton provide minerals and act as a mineral store surfaces for the attachment of for calcium and phosphorous, which muscles. Bones are often irregular can be given up if the body requires shapes and have bony points and the minerals for other functions grooves to provide attachment points  Types Of Bone There are four main types of bone Example Description Cylindrical in shape and found in the limbs. Their Long Femur main function is to act as a lever Small and compact, often equal in length and width. Short Carpals Designed for strength and weight-bearing Have a flat surface. Their function is for protection Flat Ribs for the internal organs of the body Complex individual shapes, variety of functions including Irregular Vertebrae protection and muscle attachment bones  BONES ANATOMY Joints of the skeletal system A joint is a place where two or more bones meet and is also called an articulation Connective tissues consist of ligaments, cartilage, and tendons A joint is held together by ligaments which give the joints their stability Cartilage is found at the ends of bones and where joints meet Tendons attach muscles to the skeleton  Connective tissue Functions Binds body tissues together Supports the body Provides protection Variations in blood supply: Some tissue types are well vascularized Some have poor blood supply or avascular e.g. the external ear  Connective Tissue Consist of two main elements Ground substance Fibers Mostly water along with Produced by the cells adhesion proteins and Types polysaccharide molecules Collagen fibers Elastic fibers Connective Tissue Types Bone (osseous tissue) Composed of: Bone cells in lacunae (cavities) Hard matrix of calcium salts Large numbers of collagen fibers Used to protect and support the body Cartilage Types 1. Hyaline cartilage Most common cartilage Composed of: Abundant collagen fibers Rubbery matrix Entire fetal skeleton is hyaline cartilage  Cartilage Types 2. Elastic cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage Provides elasticity Highly compressible Example: supports the Example: forms cushion-like discs external ear between vertebrae CARTILAGE locations  Synovial Joints 01 02 Freely movable joints allow the free movement Has synovial fluid in the joint cavity that to perform skills and techniques during physical lubricates or 'oils' the joint so it moves activity smoothly. Synovial fluid is made by the synovial membrane 03 04 The ends of the bones are covered Cartilage is a soft, spongy connective tissue. with cartilage (called articular cartilage) which The articular capsule prevents wear and tear cushions the joint and prevents friction and wear on the bones and tear between the bone ends The Main Features Of A Synovial Joint  Dense Dense Connective Tissue Main matrix element is collagen fibers Cells are fibroblasts The two main types of connective tissues that help the muscular-skeletal system produce movements Tendon – attach muscle to bone Ligaments – attach bone to bone  Function Of The Ligaments The bones in a synovial joint are connected by ligaments Function of the ligaments Connect bone to bone and help keep the joint together Stabilize the joints during movement and prevent dislocation by restricting actions outside the normal joint range Absorb shock because of their elasticity, which protects the joint Help maintain correct posture and movement The movement at a synovial joint is caused by the muscles attached across the joint. Muscles are attached to bone by tendons Tendons are very strong, inelastic connective tissues that allow a muscle to pull on a bone to move it  Types of Joints There are four main types Body location Types of movement Ball and Hip, Flexion/extension, rotation, socket shoulder abduction, adduction, circumduction Knee, Hinge elbow Flexion/extension Neck Rotation Pivot Flexion/extension, abduction, adduction, Condyloid Wrist circumduction  Types Of Synovial Joints Found in the elbow, knee and ankle Found in the neck between the top Hinge Pivot two vertebrae Allow the movement of the elbow and knee in only one Allows only rotational movement such as direction. They allow flexion and extension of a joint. When the toes are pointed downwards, it is plantar moving the head from side to side as if you flexion and when the toes are pointed upwards it is were saying 'no’ dorsiflexion Ball and Shoulder and hip Found at the wrist Condyloid socket Allow movement in almost every direction. A ball and Allows flex and extend of the joint, and move socket joint is made up of a round end of one bone that it from side to side fits into a small cup-like area of another bone Hinge Pivot Ball and Socket Condyloid  Summary Summary Skeleton system, 206 bones in adult, Types of bones by tissue: muscle system, femur (largest), middle Compact, spongy. Other ear (smallest) component of the bone function of muscles 1 2 3 Types of bone: Bone remodeling: Functions of the skeletal long, short, flat resorption, formation system and irregular 6 5 4 7 8 9 Connective tissue types: bone, Synovial joints, types Connective tissue Functions (Hinge, ball and socket, cartilage (hyaline, elastic and Connective tissue elements: pivot and condyloid) fibrocartilage), Dense ground substance, fibers connective tissue (tendon, (collagen, elastic) ligament)  End Thank you Any questions?