HKUGA College S3 History Past Paper PDF 2024-2025

HKUGA College S3 History (2024-2025) Module 2 – The American and French Revolutions Teacher version Name: Class: ( ) P. 1 Learning Objectives To analyse the role of the Enlightenment in the 18th century, including the birth of human righ...

HKUGA College S3 History (2024-2025) Module 2 – The American and French Revolutions Teacher version Name: Class: ( ) P. 1 Learning Objectives To analyse the role of the Enlightenment in the 18th century, including the birth of human rights and ideas of equality, in leading to the subsequent outbreak of the American Revolution and the French Revolution. To understand the impact of the American Revolution, such as the spread of revolutionary ideas to other European countries, the establishment of a separation of powers, and its influence on the formation of democratic governments. To understand the major causes of the French Revolution, including the corruption of the ruling class, the existence of an unfair social system, and the influence of the American Revolution. To understand the impact of the French Revolution, such as the establishment of "the Declaration of the Rights of Man" and the "Napoleonic Code," which laid the foundation for equality and the concept of the rule of law. Additionally, the Napoleonic Wars contributed to the rise of liberalism and nationalism in Europe. 1. Introduction Figure 1a shows the flags of the United States from selected periods. Figure 1b shows the British colonies in 1775. Figure 1a 1775-1777 1777-1795 1960-Present Figure 1b: The British colonies in 1775. P. 2 (a) According to Figure 1a, count the number of stars and stripes on the flags of the United States. 1775-1777 1777-1795 1960-Present Number of stars 0 13 50 Number of stripes 13 13 13 (b) Refer to Figures 1a and 1b. What is shown on the top left corner of the US flag from 1775-1777? Why is that? The Flag of Great Britain. It represents that America was colonized by the British in those two years. (c) Guess what the stars and stripes on the US flags represent. Stars: the number of states Stripes: the number of British colonies that US includes 2. Development of the American Revolution (1775-1783) Figure 2a: the information about what was happening in the 13 colonies before the American Revolution King at the time: King British taxed colonists on Colonists could only Unfair trade policies Monarchy Increasing financial burden George III many things, such as sell goods to Britain, newspapers, legal papers, limiting trade options. and playing cards. Family history: They were kings and queens Colonists couldn't who came from Tax system messed up freely trade with other Germany and became their daily lives and countries. the rulers of England businesses. for a while. British government They were taxed without gave exclusive tea- Power to rule: Comes agreeing and had no say in selling rights to East from being born into a British Parliament about it. India Company, royal family and the blocking others from belief that God chose Colonist organized selling tea. them to be in full boycotts and protests, charge of the kingdom. demanding fair treatment and equal rights from the British government. P. 3  a) Imagine yourself as Thomas Paine, an influential writer in the 13 colonies who was deeply influenced by Enlightenment ideas. Consider the items mentioned in Figure 2a and indicate whether they would bring him joy or sorrow by circling them in Figure 2a and providing notes below. Things that would make Paine Things that would make Paine Paine’s Enlightenment references influenced by Montesquieu, Britain practice hereditary who believed that the monarchy. The13 colonies could government power should not limit King George’s power. be limited inspired by Rousseau, who People did not have a say in the thought that the public decision making that caused huge could participate actively in effects their life e.g. imposing tax policy making arbitrarily East India Company enjoyed exclusive rights to trade, while traders from the 13 colonies could Colonist were fighting for more Influenced by Voltaire and not enjoy their privileges equality from the British John Locke, who fought for government through protests and equality, liberty and justice. British could levy taxes on the 13 boycotts colonies without their agreement. They had no say in British Parliament about it b) Refer to the table above and Figure 2a. Summarize the social problems that the colonists faced. Limited political representation Heavy financial burden from tax (Economic inequality) Social unrest P. 4  c) Based on Figure 2a, help Thomas Paine, an influential writer during that time, to draft a speech to encourage the colonists to support the American Revolution. Suggested lines of thoughts: leaders chosen by election based on their ability / general will equality / same opportunities / freedom Example: It's common sense… that we should have a voice and a say in matters that directly impact our lives. Question to arouse the public Is it fair for the British government to impose high and unfair taxes on us without letting us have a say in the government? Use evidence and call for action Think about the heavy taxes imposed by the British. They take our hard-earned money without even asking for our opinion on how it should be spent. It's just not right. Shouldn't we come together to fight against this unfairness and demand the right to be part of decisions that directly affect us? It’s common sense … without asking our opinion on how they should d us e Question to arouse the public Use evidence and call for action it. The taxes on stamps clearly show that we're taxed without having a say, which goes against our basic rights. Shouldn't we come together to fight against this unfairness and demand the right to be part of decisions that directly affect us? P. 5 Round up 1) Introduction and development of the American Revolution (1775-1783) Britain established 13 colonies in North America, attracting migrants seeking 17th-18th centuries wealth and religious freedom. 1760s-1770s Growing oppression under British rule sparked the American Revolution. Colonists (殖民地居民), led by George Washington (喬治華盛頓), fought battles 1775 -1783 against British armies. France allied with the American cause. Thomas Jefferson (托馬斯·杰斐遜) authored the Declaration of Independence (獨 1776 立宣言). 1783 Britain surrendered, acknowledging American independence. The map of the American colonies under the British rule and Britain in 1775 P. 6 2) Causes of the American Revolution a) Rising tension between the Colonist and the British rule British enforced strict trade regulations on the colonies that limited their economic growth (e.g. colonist can only sell their goods to Britain) In order to get more money from the Thirteen Colonies, they taxed many goods (e.g. tea, sugar, "Join, or Die" is a famous political cartoon by Benjamin Franklin. The cartoon depicts a severed snake divided into eight segments, each representing a different colony or region. The purpose of the cartoon was to encourage the colonies to unite against foreign oppression. stamps…) 🡪 increased financial burden of the colonist b) Influence of the Enlightenment The works of European Enlightenment thinkers, such as John Locke’s, spreaded in North America, shaping colonists' views. Colonists embraced the concept of natural rights, asserting their rights against British authority. They believed in the right to overthrow absolute government and establish representative government. The idea of government with consent of the governed motivated colonists to seek independence from Britain. (If the government violated rights, people had the right to alter or abolish it.) Influential thinkers like Thomas Paine criticized British rule, fuelling resistance among colonists. Thomas Paine writing his famous book “Common Sense” to encourage American colonists to support independence from Britain. P. 7 3. What are the impacts of the American Revolution? Figure 3a: The conversation among French farmers Did you hear what happened across the ocean in America? People must be crazy! Ordinary people came together and fight for freedom… against the strong BRITISH EMPIRE! Where did they get that courage from!? Figure 3b: The monologue from Marquis de Lafayette I fought in the American Revolution with George Washington! It inspired me because a new country was created where people had freedom and equal rights. France! Let us embrace the spirit of freedom and overthrow our stupid king! Learn from our American allies, for they have shown the path to liberty! Marquis de Lafayette a French military officer who played a significant role in both the American and French Revolutions a) Refer to Figure 3a. What was the world’s reaction towards the American Revolution? The world was shocked and inspired by the American Revolution. Ordinary people defying the British Empire for freedom amazed many. b) Refer to Figures 3a and 3b. What message did the success of the American Revolution send to the world regarding achieving liberty and overthrowing oppressive rule? The success of the American Revolution sent the message that it was possible for people to achieve liberty and overthrow oppressive rule through revolution. It sparked discussions and inspired revolutionary movements, showing that determined individuals could achieve independence. P. 8 What was the US government like after the American Revolution? The Constitution of the United States The Constitution of the United States is significant and established the framework for the American government and continues to shape the nation's governance. It materialized the Enlightenment ideas of: (1) Popular sovereignty – it states that governmental authority should come from the consent of the governed. This is reflected in the Constitution's emphasis on democratic processes and representative government. (2) The separation of powers and limited government, inspired by Montesquieu, ensures checks and balances among branches of government. (3) Protecting natural rights - the Constitution enshrines the protection of inherent rights of individuals, such as freedom of speech and religion. Presidential system and the separation of powers The President of the United States was the head of the republic and was elected by eligible citizens. Washington was the first President. The federal government followed the principle of the separation of powers. Powers were divided between the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary, enabling the three to check and balance each other. This system materialised Enlightenment ideas by preventing the concentration of power and embodying the principles of popular sovereignty and limited government. George Washington P. 9 DBQ skill practice corner (1) Figure 3c: a monologue of Simón Bolívar, a key figure in the independence movements of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. The United States is unique because it was built on the strong belief that everyone has rights to life, freedom, and happiness. This is reminding us Spanish colonies in South and Central America, that we too can rise against the oppression of Spaniards! Refer to Figure 3c. Identify and explain the impacts of the American Revolution. (3 marks) [Conceptualisation] The American Revolution inspired other revolutions in South and Central America. [Source use] According to Figure 3c, Bolivar expressed his admiration for United States as a new country built upon enlightenment ideas. He also expressed his longing to revolt against the oppression of Spaniards in Southern and Central America. [Explain] The American Revolution's emphasis on freedom and equality resonated with those seeking independence and led to similar movements for liberation in other parts of the Americas / served as a beacon of hope that inspired liberation movement in other parts of Americas P. 10 Round-up 3) Impact of the American Revolution a) Promoting revolutionary movement The American Revolution showcased the practical application of Enlightenment ideas like the social contract and liberty. Its success further illustrated to the world that it was possible to achieve liberty and overthrow oppressive rule through revolution. The American Revolution set off a series of revolutions in other parts of the world. In 1789 the French started the French Revolution to overthrow absolute rule. The Central and South American colonies also revolted against their European colonial rulers and gained independence in the early 19th century. b) Setting example of liberty and democracy The Constitution embodied principles of liberty and democracy. The American republican system, with its separation of powers, became a model for many nations, establishing the United States as an exemplar of liberty and democracy. P. 11 4. Introduction to French revolution Figure 4a: the lyrics (in French and English translation) of the 1st stanza of “La Marseillaise”, the national anthem of France written in 1792. “La Marseillaise” https://youtu.be/PIQSEq6tEVs Allons enfants de la Patrie, Arise, children of the Fatherland, Le jour de gloire est arrivé! The day of glory has arrived! Contre nous de la tyrannie, Against us, tyranny’s L'étendard sanglant est levé Bloody standard is raised, L'étendard sanglant est levé Bloody standard is raised, Entendez-vous dans les campagnes Do you hear, in the countryside, Mugir ces féroces soldats? The roar of those ferocious soldiers? Ils viennent jusque dans vos bras They’re coming right into your arms Egorger vos fils, vos compagnes! To cut the throats of your sons, your women! Aux armes, citoyens! To arms, citizens, Formez vos bataillons! Form your battalions, Marchons, marchons! March, march! Qu'un sang impur Let an impure blood Abreuve nos sillons! Water our furrows! 1. Listen and read the lyrics of “La Marseillaise” in Figure 4a and answer the following questions. a) What are some key themes and emotions expressed in "La Marseillaise"? (Circle the correct ANSWERS) Key themes: irrationality / unity / courage / defiance / excitement Emotions: happiness / patriotic / determined / fear b) What messages of resistance against tyranny can be found in the lyrics of "La Marseillaise"? (“Arise, children of the Fatherland, The day of glory has arrived! Against us, tyranny’s” ) The lyrics encourage bravery and standing up against oppressive rule. c) How does the song inspire a sense of unity among the French people? By rallying them together under a shared national anthem and invoking a collective spirit (“Arise children of the Fatherland”). It highlights the need to protect the nation from threats and defend its values. (“They’re coming right into your arms; To cut the throats of your sons, your women!”) Extra information: "La Marseillaise" was written during the French Revolution as a song to inspire people during times of war. It talked about the enemy or oppression being the foreign armies, like the Austrians and Prussians, who wanted to stop the revolution and bring back the king. P. 12 5. Step into the shoes of the people before the French Revolution Figure 5a describe the lives of the people before the French Revolution. King Louis XVI Claimed absolute power given by God. Indecisive and not confident. Unaware of growing discontent and lived in a grand palace in Versailles. He struggled with massive debt problem Queen Marie Antoinette Ordered hundreds of gowns, extravagant hairstyles, and hosted lavish parties. Exceeded her yearly wardrobe allowance of $3.6 million. Focused on pleasing courtiers and her family, ignorant of conditions in Paris Might not know about the hardship ordinary French people faced Jacques (an ordinary peasant) Suffering from rising prices and you could not afford daily necessities (e.g. bread) Even if you are an educated person (e.g. doctor) you do not have say in the political system a) If you had a yearly wardrobe allowance of $3.6 million like Queen Marie Antoinette, what extravagant fashion choices would you make? Free answer b) Imagine yourself as Jacques. What is your struggle? What would you feel after seeing the queen and king’s life? Free answer (being unable to afford necessities like bread due to rising prices, while witnessing Marie Antoinette's excessive spending / the king’s magnificent palace during a time of economic hardships 🡪 probably would feel resentment, anger, frustration, hopelessness, sense of injustice) c) If you were Jacques and you hear about the news from America about a successful revolution, what would you think? Would you tell others about this and what reaction do you expect from others? Witnessing the American Revolution, which fought against oppressive rule, would have been inspiring and provided hope for a better future. The unfair treatment of the majority in France, while a small privileged group held power, likely sparked anger and a strong desire for change among many people. People would have shared my feelings of having their rights and needs ignored, and experienced a strong desire for change. P. 13 DBQ skill practice corner (2) Figure 5b: a picture of Palace of Versailles, where Marie Figure 5c: a picture of a peasant that is Antoinette threw many extravagant parties to entertain struggling to buy bread. nobles. Refer to Figures 5b and 5c. Identify and explain ONE cause of the French Revolution. (3 marks) [Conceptualisation] The French Revolution was caused by political corruption [Source use] According to Figure 5b, the monarchy and the nobility indulged in opulent lifestyles, as seen in the extravagantly decorated Palace of Versailles and the huge parties Marie Antoinette would throw. On the contrary, peasants, as seen in Figure 5c, could not even afford to buy bread. [Explain] This corruption created a sense of injustice and inequality among the French population, fueling their discontent and desire for political change. P. 14 Round up 4) Introduction to the French Revolution French Revolution (1789-1799) implemented Enlightenment ideas, shaped the modern world. The absolute rule in France, particularly during Louis XVI's reign (1774-1792), faced challenges due to corruption and crises. French people started a revolution against absolute rule in France. 5) Causes of the French Revolution a) Political corruption Louis XVI ruled France in the late 18th century. He failed to address financial and social problems. Nobles and officials did not care to solve food shortage issues among the lower class. They used their positions for personal gains only. Food shortage for people + extravagant lifestyle of the king caused unpopularity. b) Social Inequalities in France Majority did not have any say in the government & shouldered heavy tax burdens. Minority held power, enjoyed privileges without taxes. Unfair treatment caused discontent among the majority. c) Inspiration of the Enlightenment In the 18th century, the ideas of liberty, equality, and civil rights, promoted by Enlightenment thinkers, became popular in France. This deepened the discontent of the French people against social inequalities. They were determined to challenge absolute rule in France. d) Encouragement of the American Revolution French soldiers took part in the American Revolution. They shared their experiences and brought back the ideas of equality and liberty to France. The success of the American Revolution in breaking away from the British's oppressive rule encouraged French people to fight for their rights and end absolute rule and social inequalities in France. Check your understanding Statement T/F The French Revolution was inspired by the success of the American Revolution. T The French people demanded Louis XVI to be replaced by less corrupted king. F The huge difference between the privileges enjoyed by nobles and the peasants T sparked huge discontent and anger among lower class people. French soldiers were not involved in the American Revolution. F P. 15 7. How did Enlightenment influence the French Revolution? In the midst of French Revolution, on 4 August 1789, the National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. This is a statement of democratic principles grounded in the philosophical and political ideas of Enlightenment thinkers like Rousseau. Match the following ideas from the Declaration to the relevant Enlightenment thinkers and ideas. Ideas in the Declaration of the Rights of Man Enlightenment thinkers and ideas of the Citizen "People have the right to hold their own opinions and beliefs, as long as they do not disrupt public order." Natural rights Equality: the concept of social equality; believed that all individuals "No individual or group should monopolize all the should have equal rights and power" opportunities Separation of Powers (John Locke) "Laws are made together by the people or their representatives to express the general will and everyone has the right to participate in forming Natural rights: individuals have the law." Equality natural rights that should be protected by the government. (John Locke) "The ultimate power resides with the people, and no person or group should have authority that does not come directly from the people." General will Separation of power: the idea of dividing governmental powers into separate branches to ensure checks and balances (Montesquieu) "Laws should only prescribe punishments that are necessary and clearly defined, and no one should be punished unless it is done according to a law that was in place before the offense." Equality & Separation of Powers Government formed by general will: legitimate political authority should be derived from the consent of the governed (Rousseau) "The purpose of government is to protect people's natural and basic rights, such as freedom, property, security, and the right to resist oppression." Natural rights P. 16 Round up 6) the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen a) In August 1789, the National Constituent Assembly proclaimed the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. It reflected the French people's desire for liberty and equality, inspired by Enlightenment ideas: Equality: All people are born free and equal; Natural rights: People enjoy freedom of speech, the press, religion and so on; Separation of power: limited government power to protect individual rights; and Government formed by general will: Power of the government comes from the people. 7. Life of Napoleon Source 7a shows the major events of the life of Napoleon. (1804) Napoleon crowning himself as the Emperor As a general of the Republic, he played a crucial role in defending and expanding the territorial interests of France. He fashioned himself a defender of the revolution ideals and many supported his war against other European countries. However, his military achievements also provided him with the platform to consolidate his own power and eventually establish his empire. (1803 – 1815) Expansion of Napoleon’s control in Europe Napoleon defeated many monarchies in Europe during his reign. His control in Europe spread quickly. (1813) Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) Troops from Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Sweden and others joined together to combat Napoleon's French forces and ultimately achieved a decisive victory at the Battle of Nations, leading to a significant setback for Napoleon's empire. In the Battle of Waterloo, he was again decisively defeated by a coalition of European powers. P. 17 (1814-1815) Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna aimed to restore stability and pre-Napoleon order in Europe after Napoleon's defeat. It sought to establish a balance of power, redraw borders, and prevent future revolutions or the rise of another military dictator. E.g. It restored the Bourbon monarchy and made Louis XVIII king (brother of Louis XVI), as a means of stability and maintaining the traditional ruling families. (1815 June) End of Napoleonic Era Following his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, he was forced to abdicate and exiled again, this time to the remote island of Saint Helena, where he died in 1821. (a) Read Source 7a. Determine if the statements below are true or false. Statement True or False I. Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor in 1804. T II. Napoleon's control in Europe spread quickly overnight. F III. The Battle of Leipzig, also known as the Battle of Nations, resulted in a F decisive victory for Napoleon's French forces. IV. Napoleon was decisively defeated at the Battle of Waterloo by a coalition of T European powers. V. The Napoleonic Era ended in June 1815 following Napoleon's defeat at the T Battle of Waterloo. VI. The Congress of Vienna aimed to establish a balance of power, redraw borders, and prevent future revolutions or the rise of another military T dictator. P. 18 Round up 7) Development of France after the revolution After the revolution, France became a republic. Then, Napoleon, a general of the Republic, took power in 1799 and defended France against other European country’s attacks. Napoleon's ambitions and actions ultimately led to the erosion of republican ideals and the establishment of his autocratic regime. He became emperor and conquered many other European territories but was defeated in 1815. Napoleon was exiled 🡪 Napoleonic Era ended. Painting of Napoleon Bonaparte as the emperor P. 19 8. How is the French Revolution related to the rise of nationalism in Germany and Italy Figure 8a: the situation of modern-day Italy and Germany in 1800 Modern day country Situation In 1800 many independent Italian speaking kingdoms, Italy states, and republics many independent German speaking kingdoms Germany and smaller states Figure 8b: the map of Napoleon’s control in Europe in 1812 Figure 8c: The call for military recruitment by Napoleon Citizens of France, hear my call! I, Napoleon Bonaparte, a devoted patriot, implore you to join me. Let us unite! We'll defend our beloved homeland, ignite the spirit of the French Revolution, and safeguard our people's interests. Rise, brave souls! Join the French army and we shall represent liberty and equality! (a) Read Figures 8a-8c. Answer the following questions. P. 20  Question Yes/No 1. Was modern day Italy a unified country during 1800? No 2. Was modern day Germany a unified country in 1800? No 3. Were modern day Italian and German territories under the control of yes Napoleon during 1812? 4. Did Napoleon successfully spread his control across Europe in 1812? yes (b) If you were a German or Italian speaking person under Napoleon’s control during 1812, what would you feel about Napoleon’s expansion and his speech in Figure 8c? Suggested answer: Feel inspired / encouraged Related points: patriotism & nationalistic pride Napoleon portrayed himself as a champion of the principles of the French Revolution, such as liberty, equality, and the overthrow of oppressive regimes (c) “The French Revolution and Napoleon’s subsequent expansion in Europe sparked the rise of nationalism in Europe.” Why do you think this is the case? Explain your answer. The French Revolution inspired other Europeans with its ideals of liberty and equality, showing them the power of people standing up for their rights. Napoleon was promoting the ideas of French Revolution. These ideas were inspiring other nations to assert their own identities and seek independence. It sparked a sense of national pride and the desire to break free from foreign rule, leading the rise of nationalism in Europe (e.g. Italy and Germany) P. 21 Figure 8d shows the map of Europe in 1789 and 1815. Map of Europe in 1815 Map of Europe in 1789 Set by the Congress of Vienna after before the Napoleonic Era Napoleon was defeated a) Refer to Figure 8d. Are there any major differences in the boundaries of countries / kingdom in Europe made by the Congress of Vienna? Yes / No b) What was the major aim of the Congress of Vienna? (Give the correct answers a ✓) (i) restore Europe’s old order before the Napoleonic Era ✓ (ii) promote the rise of nationalism and liberalism (iii) prevent the rise of Napoleon ✓ (iv) spread French Revolution ideals of equality c) What would people’s reactions be like towards Congress of Vienna? People Reason of their reactions OR Nobles/ kings Regained power Being unfairly ruled once again Feel that the enlightenment ideals of liberalism Peasants / lower class are betrayed. people / non-nobles Boundaries of nation are not drawn based on a shared language or culture but based on the monarchy’s divine power P. 22 8) Impact of the French Revolution During the French Revolution, liberalism and nationalism arose and triumphed in France. After the revolution and the Napoleonic Era, the two ideas spread and took root across Europe. a. Liberalism i. This is the belief that all people are born free and equal, and that all people should enjoy a life of freedom. Some liberals suggested that people have the right to overthrow an absolute government. ii. ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity' was the slogan of the French Revolution. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was proclaimed and absolute rule was abolished. Liberalism started to take root in France. iii. The Code Napoleon guaranteed by law people's various civil liberties. Liberalism became unshakable. b. Nationalism i. This is the belief that people with a common history, religion, language and customs should join together and govern themselves. They should not be controlled by other ethnic groups or countries. ii. The French Revolution gave birth to nationalism. iii. Since 1789, the French people joined together to defend the revolution and their country. iv. Moreover, France dominated Europe during the Napoleonic Era. It made the French people proud of their country and nationalism became a strong force. v. The rule of Napoleon also encouraged people in the conquered areas to fight for national liberation. This led to the spread of nationalism. vi. After the Napoleonic Wars, nationalist revolutions and unification movements emerged in Europe, showing the lasting power of nationalism. c. Congress of Vienna 1815 i. Napoleon was decisively defeated by a coalition of European powers. He was exiled to an island. ii. The Congress of Vienna was held after the battle of Waterloo to restore stability and establish a new balance of power in Europe 🡪 restore the “old order” (pre-Napoleon order) iii. It also solidified the determination of European powers to prevent Napoleon or any similar figure from rising to power again. iv. Many people were discontent with the arrangements made by the Congress, as they felt it betrayed the ideals of liberalism and nationalism. v. This discontent contributed to uprisings and revolutions in the years that followed, as people sought to challenge the restored monarchies and pursue their aspirations of freedom and self- determination. P. 23 Check your understanding Statement T/F Before the American Revolution, the 13 colonies were ruled by the French F monarchy. Germans’ desire to unify and self-rule was related to Napoleon’s power over T them. French people wanted to fight for justice and end the social inequality because they learned about ideas such as equality and liberty from Enlightenment T thinkers. The French Revolution inspired the independence movement in South America. F The French Revolution was a success because it created a republic and ended F absolute rule forever in France. The American system of government, with a president instead of a monarch, T served as inspiration for other nations seeking alternative forms of governance. P. 24 9. Compare and contrast the two revolutions American Revolution French Revolution Causes Causes Opposition against British monarchy (external) Opposition against unjust absolute rule Opposition against French monarchy (internal) Unreasonable trading policy Influence of Enlightenment ideas (e.g. John Locke and Voltaire) Food shortage Spread of enlightenment ideals Spread of a governmental Sparked revolutions in other places Impacts Spread of nationalism (e.g. Impacts model (presidential system, Germany and Italy) separation of power) P. 25 DBQ skill practice corner (3) Figure 9a: a painting that shows the public execution of Luis XVI in France The economy crashed, people starved, while he became fat! Figure 9b: a painting of American colonist bringing down the statue of King George III in America No to unreasonable tax! No to unreasonable ruler! Refer to Figures 9a and 9b. Identify and explain the similarity in the cause that led to both the American and French Revolutions. (3 marks) [Conceptualisation] Both revolutions were caused by the shared desire of revolting against oppressive absolute rule. [Source use] According to Figure 9a, the French people faced harsh social and economic conditions under the absolute rule of King Louis XVI. The monarchy's disregard for the rights and welfare of the common people fueled widespread anger and frustration, eventually resulting in the pursuit of radical political and social reforms. Similarly, as seen in Figure 9b, the colonists in British America were subjected to unjust policies and taxation without representation imposed by the British monarchy. This led to a deep sense of resentment and a desire for self-governance, ultimately culminating in the Declaration of Independence and the establishment of a democratic republic [Explain] In both cases, the people were driven to seek freedom and challenge the unchecked power of their respective monarchies. P. 26 Glossary List Absolute rule 絕對統治 Limited government 被管制的政府 American Revolution 美國革命 Louis XVI 路易十六 Battles 戰役 Napoleon 拿破崙 Checks and balances 制衡 Napoleonic Code 拿破崙法典 Colonies 殖民地 Napoleonic Wars 拿破崙戰爭 Constitution 憲法 National liberation 民族解放 Declaration of Independence 獨立宣言 Nationalism 民族主義 Declaration of the Rights of 人權宣言 Natural rights (天生的)權利 Man and of the Citizen Democracy 民主 Political corruption 政治腐敗 Emperor 皇帝 Popular sovereignty 人民主權 Enlightenment 啟蒙運動 President 總統 Executive 執行部門 Representative government 代議政制 Exiled 流亡 Republic 共和國 French Revolution 法國大革命 Resistance 抵抗 French Revolutionary Wars 法國革命戰爭 Revolutionary movement 革命運動 George Washington 喬治·華盛頓 Separation of powers 權力分立 Independence 獨立 Social inequalities 社會不平等 John Locke 約翰·洛克 Taxation 徵稅 Judiciary 司法 Tension 緊張 Legislature 立法機關 Thomas Paine 湯馬斯·潘恩 Liberalism 自由主義 Trade regulations 貿易規章 Liberty 自由 Unification movements 統一運動 Extended Reading Reading Reading 1 Reading 2 P. 27