23 Tables.docx

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Stage and Age Range | Description | Developments | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Sensorimotor | Infants use motor and | Children develop a | |...

+-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Stage and Age Range | Description | Developments | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | Sensorimotor | Infants use motor and | Children develop a | | | sensory capabilities | sense of "self" and | | Birth to 2 years | to explore the | "other" and come to | | | physical environment. | understand object | | | Learning is largely | permanence. | | | trial and error. | Behavioral schemes | | | | begin to produce | | | | images or mental | | | | schemes. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Preoperational | Young children use | Children participate | | | symbols (images and | in imaginative play | | 2--7 years | language) to explore | and begin to | | | their environment. | recognize that others | | | Thought is | don't see the world | | | egocentric, and | the same way they do. | | | children cannot adopt | | | | the perspectives of | | | | others. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Concrete operational | Older children | Children are no | | | acquire cognitive | longer fooled by | | 7--11 years | operations or mental | appearances. They | | | activities that are | understand the basic | | | an important part of | properties of and | | | rational thought. | relations among | | | Logical reasoning is | objects and events, | | | possible but limited | and they are | | | to concrete | proficient at | | | (observable) | inferring motives. | | | problems. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Formal operational | Adolescents' | Logical thinking is | | | cognitive operations | no longer limited to | | 11 years and beyond | are organized in a | the concrete or | | | way that permits them | observable. Children | | | to think about | engage in systematic, | | | thinking. Thought is | deductive reasoning | | | now systematic and | and ponder | | | abstract. | hypothetical issues. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+