Normal Cognition

Cognition is the complex set of mental processes by which individuals acquire, store, retrieve, and use ______.

Cognition primarily involves activities that are controlled by the ______ hemispheres.

A definition of normal cognition depends on social and cultural ______ and the environment in which the individual operates.

The desired and most basic consequences of normal cognition are to obtain a level of ______ and adaptation.

Normal cognition enables individuals to function effectively as a ______ being.

What is the primary function of normal cognition in terms of social interaction?

Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of normal cognition?

What is the primary characteristic of normal cognition in terms of information processing?

How does normal cognition vary across different cultures and environments?

What is the ultimate goal of normal cognition in terms of individual development?

Perception refers to an interpretation of ______ or inputs that takes place in the brain.

External stimuli or inputs include touch, taste, vision, hearing, and ______.

Internal stimuli include proprioceptive sensations that contribute to ______ function and spatial awareness.

Orientation is a component of normal perception that includes four basic elements: person, place, time, and ______.

Orientation to person is the ability to correctly identify one’s own ______.

What is the primary function of external stimuli in perception?

Which of the following is an example of internal stimuli?

What is the purpose of orientation to time in normal perception?

Which of the following is NOT a component of normal perception?

What is the primary role of proprioceptive sensations in perception?

The reticular activating system (RAS), thalamus, and frontal cortex are the structures that are primarily involved in ______ and attention.

The neurotransmitters dopamine and ______ both play a major role in regulating attention.

Individual ______ depends on the ability to attend and focus.

Attention refers to the brain’s ability to remain ______ and aware while selectively prioritizing concentration on a stimulus.

Variations in attention span are typical among healthy individuals and may be impacted by ______, genetics, biological rhythms, culture, and other environmental factors.

What is the primary function of the structures involved in arousal and attention?

What is the significance of a change in an individual's level of awareness and attention span?

What is the primary role of dopamine in regulating attention?

What is the primary factor that influences variations in attention span among healthy individuals?

What is the primary consequence of impaired attention in terms of individual safety?

Memory refers to the process by which individuals retain, store, and retrieve information gained from previous ______.

Sensory ______ refers to the earliest stage of memory, in which visual input and auditory information are retained for less than a few seconds.

Short-term ______ refers to the active processing and manipulation of information in conscious awareness.

Long-term ______ is used to describe the final sequence or destination of information that can be stored indefinitely.

Declarative memories are those that are explicit and can be consciously accessed; they are distinguished as semantic (storing ______ and verbal information) and episodic (composed of personal experiences).

What is the primary function of short-term memory?

What is the primary characteristic of declarative memories?

What is the primary limitation of short-term memory?

What is the primary role of working memory?

What is the primary difference between declarative and nondeclarative memories?

Memory plays a significant role in communication and ______.

Social cognition is the ability to process and apply ______ information accurately and effectively.

Motor coordination refers to the planning, organizing, and execution of complex ______ tasks.

Cognitive function and motor coordination are carried out by shared ______ pathways in the brain.

Individuals with intact cognition exhibit normal variations in ______ function and coordination.

What is the primary function of social cognition?

Which brain regions are responsible for cognitive function and motor coordination?

What is the characteristic of motor function in individuals with intact cognition?

What is the role of memory in communication and social cognition?

What is the primary characteristic of individuals with impaired motor function?

Executive function is an umbrella term that is used to describe the mental skills involved in planning and executing complex ______.

Intellectual function is a general term used to describe the mental capacity of an individual in relation to learning, reasoning, and ______.

Adaptive behavior refers to a set of practical skills people need to function in their everyday ______.

Cognition largely depends on brain and ______ system functioning.

The three categories of adaptive behavior are conceptual skills, social skills, and ______ skills.

What is the primary purpose of executive function in cognitive processes?

Which of the following is NOT a category of adaptive behavior?

What is the primary role of the limbic system in cognition?

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex in cognition?

What is the primary characteristic of intelligence quotient (IQ) scores?

Research demonstrates that genetic makeup accounts for as much as 80% of the ______ in cognition found in the general population.

Different genes can be linked to particular components of ______ function, such as attention in working memory in healthy adults.

The pathophysiology of these conditions is generally related to conditions causing abnormalities in the ______ and function of the brain.

Perceptual disturbances may be a function of structural and physiologic ______ abnormalities in several areas of the cerebral cortex.

Illogical thinking may be the result of ______ lobe dysfunction and dopamine imbalance.

What percentage of variations in cognition found in the general population can be attributed to genetic makeup?

What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism underlying alterations in cognitive function?

What is the primary cognitive component affected in individuals with frontal lobe dysfunction and dopamine imbalance?

Which of the following brain regions is responsible for perceptual processing?

What is the primary consequence of dysregulation of one or more of the key components of normal cognition?

Confusion is a general term used to describe increased difficulty in thinking clearly, making judgments, and focusing ______.

Disorientation is an element of confusion in which the individual is unable to correctly identify one or more of the following: person, place, ______, and situation.

Delusions are rigid, false beliefs—for example, believing that members of a healthcare team are actually government ______ assigned to gather information that will be used to harm the patient or others.

Hallucinations are sensory experiences that do not represent reality, such as hearing, seeing, feeling, or smelling things that are not actually ______.

Types of hallucinations include auditory, in which an individual hears voices or sounds that are not there; visual, in which an individual sees things that are not there or sees distortions of things that are ______.

What is the primary difference between disorientation and delusions?

What is the primary characteristic of hallucinations?

What is the primary indicator of altered thought processes and content in an individual with psychosis?

What is the primary difference between delusions of persecution and delusions of reference?

What is the primary characteristic of an individual with confusion?

Alterations in attention are characteristic of many of the cognitive disorders discussed in this module and may also occur as a distinct disorder classified as attention-deficit disorder (ADD) or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (______).

Memory impairments may be temporary or chronic and may range from ______ to severe.

Issues in processing arise from the inability to control output—meaning that an individual may lack the ability to preview and inhibit an inappropriate or unsafe ______ or action.

Amnesia is a general term that is used to refer to the loss of recent or remote ______.

Patients experiencing memory loss may unconsciously attempt to compensate for memory gaps by filling them in with fabricated events through a process known as ______.

Which of the following is a characteristic of individuals with attention difficulties?

What is a possible underlying cause of memory impairments?

What is confabulation?

What is a characteristic of alterations in attention?

What is a possible consequence of impaired attention?

Memory loss may manifest as problems related to ______ or long-term memory.

Individuals with ______ memory loss may retain the ability to remember events that occurred 15 years ago.

Deficits in semantic memory can be manifested as ______, the inability to recognize objects through the use of one or more senses.

[Blank] is the inability to use or understand language.

Alogia refers to a lack of (sometimes called impoverished) ______.

What is the primary distinction between short-term and long-term memory loss?

Which of the following is NOT a type of aphasia?

What is the primary role of working memory in cognitive function?

What is the primary consequence of impaired attention in terms of individual safety?

What is the primary distinction between agnosia and anomia?

Frontal-lobe and right-brain dysfunction impact spatial awareness to the extent that affected individuals have difficulty gauging physical aspects of social ______, such as how close to stand to someone else.

The pathways used for cognitive processing and motor ______ and function are shared.

Dyspraxia is a general term used to describe difficulty with the acquisition of motor ______ and coordination through the process of growth and development.

Apraxia refers to alterations in ______ as a result of impaired motor function.

Ataxia is a term used to describe problems with ______ and coordination associated with neurologic dysfunction.

Which of the following is a result of impaired visual processing in social communication?

What is a term used to describe difficulty with the acquisition of motor learning and coordination through the process of growth and development?

Which of the following is an example of a complex tic?

What is the primary consequence of impaired spatial awareness in social communication?

Which of the following is a term used to describe problems with balance and coordination associated with neurologic dysfunction?

Tremors are unintentional rhythmic movements manifested in shaking of the affected part of the ______.

Essential ______ are those that are not associated with another condition and may be genetic in origin.

Akathisia is an internal feeling of ______ that may lead to rocking, pacing, or other constant movement.

Executive function is significantly affected by structural and physiologic abnormalities impacting the ______ cortex.

Avolition is decreased motivation, or the inability to initiate ______-directed activity, and may be in part related to deficits in executive dysfunction.

What is the primary characteristic of resting tremors?

Which of the following is an example of a dyskinesia?

What is the primary manifestation of impaired executive function?

What is the primary characteristic of bradykinesia?

What is the primary characteristic of avolition?

Alterations in intellectual function and learning may be either ______ or acquired.

Learning disabilities are a group of disorders that impact an individual’s ability to ______ information.

Intellectual disabilities are characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and ______ behavior that begin prior to age 18.

An IQ score of 70 to 75 or below is considered indicative of limited ______ functioning.

Nurses are in a key position to assess for variations in development that may suggest an underlying ______ issue.

What is a characteristic of individuals with learning disabilities?

What is the primary role of nurses in assessing learning disabilities?

What is a common challenge faced by individuals with learning disabilities?

What is the criteria for intellectual disability?

What is a potential cause of learning disabilities?

The classification of cognitive disorders in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is referred to as ______.

Two common learning disabilities recognized by the DSM-5 are auditory processing disorder (APD) and ______.

Individuals with ______ may have difficulty processing and acting on verbal instructions and benefit from visual cues.

Nurses support patients with learning difficulties and their families in seeking appropriate ______ and accommodations.

Nurses encourage activities that focus on ______ and build self-esteem in patients with learning difficulties.

What is the primary focus of nursing care for individuals with cognitive disorders, regardless of medical diagnosis?

Which of the following learning disabilities involves difficulty processing sounds and recognizing their source?

What is the benefit of using visual cues, pictorial schedules, and active demonstrations for individuals with auditory processing disorder (APD)?

What is the primary goal of nursing care for individuals with learning difficulties?

What is the primary role of nurses in supporting individuals with learning difficulties?

Down Syndrome is characterized by ______ hands with a single traverse palmar crease.

Fragile X Syndrome is often accompanied by ______ ears located low on the head.

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome typically involves ______ eyes and a flattened nasal bridge.

Individuals with Down Syndrome often have a ______ likelihood of diabetes, leukemia, and heart defects.

Fragile X Syndrome can also cause ______ risk of middle ear infections.

What is a common physical characteristic of individuals with Down syndrome?

Which of the following conditions is caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

What is a common cognitive feature of individuals with fragile X syndrome?

What is a common physical characteristic of individuals with fetal alcohol syndrome?

What do Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) have in common?

Down syndrome occurs when an individual’s cells contain a third full or partial copy of the ______ chromosome

Fragile X syndrome arises from a single recessive abnormality on the ______ chromosome

Individuals with Down syndrome are at increased risk of several problems not normally seen in childhood, including ______ defects

Children with Down syndrome are also more likely to experience ______ loss

Affected individuals with fragile X syndrome may also exhibit autistic behaviors; speech ______; anxiety and mood problems

What is the primary cause of intellectual disability and physical impairments in individuals with Down syndrome?

What is the typical life expectancy of individuals with Down syndrome?

What is the primary characteristic of fragile X syndrome?

What is the primary health concern for individuals with Down syndrome?

What is the primary difference between Down syndrome and fragile X syndrome?

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders are completely preventable conditions caused by maternal ______ intake during pregnancy.

Alcohol crosses the placenta and the fetal ______ cannot process it, the fetus has the same blood alcohol content as its mother.

A diagnosis of FAS requires growth deficits, characteristic facial abnormalities, and ______ abnormalities.

Early treatment can help lessen some symptoms and improve an affected individual’s ______ of life.

FASDs involve some degree of physical, intellectual, behavioral, and/or ______ disability.

What is the primary way to prevent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs)?

What is the characteristic of facial abnormalities in children with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?

What is the result of the nervous system abnormalities in FASDs?

What is the effect of alcohol on the fetus during pregnancy?

What is the benefit of early treatment for individuals with FASDs?

Prematurity and low birth weight forecast ______ more reliably than any other conditions.

Delirium is usually an acute change in mental state that is characterized by ______; inability to focus, shift, or sustain attention;

Malnutrition, childhood diseases, exposure to environmental health hazards, and a lack of ______ stimulation early in life are also factors that have been linked to intellectual disability.

Comprehensive prenatal care, including testing for diseases and administering ______ acid to expectant mothers, also reduces the risk of intellectual disability.

In the United States and in other countries around the world, prevalence rates of intellectual ______ have dropped thanks to public health measures.

Which of the following is NOT a preventable cause of intellectual disability?

What is the primary consequence of delirium in individuals?

Which of the following is a result of public health measures in the United States and other countries?

What is the primary cause of delirium?

Which of the following is a common complication observed during stays in acute-care settings?

Dementia is a general term used to describe the loss of one or more cortical functions or cognitive attributes as a result of degeneration of the neurologic systems of the ______.

The DSM-5 uses the term mild and major ______ neurocognitive disorder (NCD) to replace the older term dementia.

Alzheimer disease is the most common form of ______, accounting for about 80% of all cases.

Vascular dementia often results from multiple small strokes or ______ that block major blood vessels in the brain.

Low blood pressure (hypoperfusion) from other conditions, such as blood clots, ruptured blood vessels, or narrowing or hardening of blood vessels that supply the ______, can also lead to vascular dementia.

What is the primary distinction between individuals with mild and major neurocognitive disorders (NCDs)?

Which of the following is a common characteristic of vascular dementia?

What is the term used to replace the older term 'dementia' in the DSM-5?

What is the approximate percentage of all dementia cases accounted for by Alzheimer disease?

Which of the following can exacerbate or cause dementia?

Nurses and other healthcare professionals need to recognize that a variety of conditions can mimic ______, especially in older individuals.

Psychotic disorders encompass a broad range of ______ alterations that result in altered perceptions of reality and abnormal thinking in the absence of an underlying condition.

Schizophrenia represents one type of ______ disorder identified in the DSM-5 and is discussed in detail as an exemplar for cognition.

Most developmental and acquired cognitive disorders have a nonmodifiable familial/______ component that predisposes individuals to the development of a specific disorder.

Most cognitive disorders are believed to be multifactorial or the consequence of ______ factors and age, sex, lifestyle behaviors, environmental exposures, or other health conditions.

What is the primary reason why depression and emotional problems may cause cognitive slowing and disorientation in older individuals?

What is the estimated percentage of the population that experiences some type of psychotic disorder?

What is the common risk factor among most developmental and acquired cognitive disorders?

What is the primary reason why diagnostic tests should be run to rule out any underlying illness or causative agent in psychotic disorders?

What is the primary characteristic of cognitive disorders?

Cerebral perfusion is necessary for normal ______ functioning

Chronic and subtle mechanisms involved in decreased ______ supply to the brain can negatively impact cognitive function

Inflammation can occur in the brain and CNS as a direct result of ______, cerebral infarction, or infection

Substances such as ______, illicit drugs, and some pharmaceuticals can impact cognitive function

Cognitive function and other systems tend to be interdependent, so determining the extent to which other ______ or systems are involved can be difficult

Which of the following can result in chronic and subtle mechanisms involved in decreased oxygen supply to the brain?

Which of the following is a primary consequence of chronic or persistent inflammation?

Which of the following can impact cognitive function?

Which of the following is a consequence of acute alterations in cognitive function due to subtle variations in perfusion?

Which of the following is a primary factor that influences cognitive function?

Prevention of cognitive disorders includes measures to reduce modifiable risk factors and enhance ______ factors.

Universal prevention of cognitive disorders targets the ______ population and includes interventions such as public health campaigns.

Indicated prevention is aimed at individuals who have minimal but detectable manifestations of ______ disorder.

A general assessment of ______ status is an essential component of the nursing assessment of all patients.

The priority assessment focuses on addressing potentially life-threatening factors that may be contributing to the problem through physical assessment, history, and diagnostic ______ procedures.

What is the primary goal of universal prevention of cognitive disorders?

Which type of prevention is aimed at individuals who have minimal but detectable manifestations of cognitive disorder?

What is the primary focus of the priority assessment when a patient presents with the onset of cognitive changes?

In which settings can screening and detection of cognitive disorders occur?

What is an essential component of the nursing assessment of all patients?

Any changes in cognition require immediate ______ to ensure the safety of patients.

Cognitive assessment is performed during an initial ______ or home care visit.

The Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is a multidimensional, multidisciplinary assessment of the medical, mental, and functional ______ of older people with frailty.

The nurse may also make general observations related to social skills, motor function, activity level, ability to attend and focus on the ______, and ability to provide logical and coherent responses to questions.

When assessing pediatric patients or patients with moderate to severe cognitive impairment, a family member or ______ may be asked to provide information.

What is the primary reason for prompt assessment of a patient's cognitive impairment?

Which of the following individuals is at increased risk for cognitive problems and warrants more frequent assessment of cognitive status?

What is the primary source of information when assessing cognitive function in patients?

What is the purpose of observing a patient's appearance and dress during an initial assessment?

Why is it critical to initiate safety measures quickly in response to changes in cognition?

The medical history includes gathering information about both the presenting problem and the presence or development of altered health patterns across the ______.

Initial questions may proceed from broad questions about a typical day, including ______, self-care activities, and perceived level of health and wellness.

When patients or family members report changes in cognitive function, ask nonthreatening questions such as: Can you describe the ______?

Be sure to obtain a list of all current ______ with the dose, route, and frequency and to inquire about the use of any complementary health approaches.

Depending on the patient's responses, seek additional detail about the impact on daily ______, frequency and duration of symptoms, suspected causes or contributing factors.

When gathering information about the patient's current problem, what is the primary focus of the initial questions?

What is the purpose of asking questions about the patient's ability to pay attention and remember things?

What is the purpose of inquiring about the patient's use of complementary health approaches?

What is the purpose of obtaining a list of the patient's current medications?

What is the purpose of asking questions about the frequency and duration of symptoms?

A thorough history of patient development, illness and injury, and health behaviors (including substance use) is necessary when working with patients with alterations in ______.

When assessing ______ in children, consider parenting techniques and capabilities, as well as access to activities and stimulation that promote cognitive development.

The mental status exam includes a series of procedures and tools used to detect alterations in ______ and thinking.

Determine the possibility of any current or past exposures to toxic substances at ______ or at work.

The physical examination incorporates an organized pattern of assessment to identify alterations that may be contributing to ______ dysfunction.

When assessing cognition in children, which of the following factors should be considered?

What is the purpose of the mental status examination in the assessment of cognitive alterations?

Why is it important to ask about family members with disorders such as dementia, schizophrenia, and developmental or learning problems?

What should the nurse consider when assessing environmental factors that may be contributing to the patient's cognitive status?

What is the primary purpose of the physical examination in the assessment of cognitive alterations?

Changes in cognitive function are often an early sign of decreased oxygenation or perfusion or an alteration in another biophysical ______.

Auscultation of the heart and lungs may reveal an underlying problem with gas ______ or perfusion.

An assessment of peripheral perfusion may indicate vascular problems that are compromising cerebral ______.

Observable physical alterations may be associated with many cognitive syndromes, including intellectual disabilities and ______.

An important component of the physical examination includes an assessment of ______ function.

What is the primary purpose of assessing peripheral perfusion during a physical examination?

Which of the following physical alterations may be associated with cognitive syndromes, including intellectual disabilities and schizophrenia?

What is the primary component of the physical examination that helps rule out perceptual problems related to impaired sensory function?

What is the significance of changes in gait or other evidence of movement disorders during a physical examination?

What is the primary purpose of genetic testing and serum and urine tests in a physical examination?

Laboratory tests may include toxicology screens to rule out ______ or substances as a causative factor for changes in mental status

Liver function tests, complete blood count, and thyroid function are used to rule out ______ conditions that may contribute to alterations in mental status

Diagnostic imaging may detect conditions requiring emergency management, such as ______ edema

Genetic testing can identify ______ factors or underlying causes of a variety of cognitive disorders

MRIs and CT scans can detect abnormalities suggestive of certain ______ disorders

Which of the following laboratory tests is used to identify biomarkers for schizophrenia?

What is the primary purpose of conducting a complete blood count (CBC) in a patient with altered mental status?

What is the purpose of conducting a fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-abs) test in a patient with altered mental status?

Which of the following laboratory tests is used to detect abnormalities suggestive of certain neurocognitive, neurodevelopmental, and psychotic disorders?

What is the primary purpose of conducting genetic testing in a patient with altered mental status?

According to Jean Piaget, cognitive development is an ______ and sequential process.

Psychometric tests include a variety of standardized tests that are usually administered by a ______ or neuropsychologist.

Nurses in community health and primary care settings play a critical role in addressing health-related behaviors and suggesting ______ measures that can reduce the risk of developing cognitive disorders.

Nursing interventions include teaching prevention, coordinating care and making appropriate ______, and advocating for the needs of individuals impacted by alterations in cognition.

Independent Interventions include teaching prevention, coordinating care and making appropriate referrals, implementing measures to promote individual/family ______ and well-being, and advocating for the needs of individuals impacted by alterations in cognition.

What is the primary role of nurses in community health and primary care settings with respect to cognitive disorders?

According to Jean Piaget, what is the primary way children learn and adapt to their environment?

What is the primary purpose of rating scales in comprehensive neuropsychological testing?

What is a key component of cognitive development, according to Jean Piaget?

What is the primary role of independent interventions in health promotion, according to the content?

Nurses in all settings often plan care for individuals that promotes ______ and adaptive functioning.

The home health nurse may work with individuals with schizophrenia or Alzheimer disease, monitoring ______ to treatment, providing emotional support to the patient and family.

When patients do require hospitalization for acute changes in cognition, the priority is to identify and manage underlying ______ that may be contributing to the problem.

Evaluating risk of ______ or suicide is an example of interventions across settings.

Nurses have a role in ensuring that patients are not ______ or exploited and are able to partner in healthcare decisions to the greatest degree possible.

What is the primary goal of the nurse's interventions in patients with cognitive disorders?

What is the role of the nurse in promoting the patient's autonomy in healthcare decisions?

What is the primary benefit of the nurse's emotional support to patients with cognitive disorders?

What is the primary goal of the nurse's assessment of patient and family strengths?

What is the primary benefit of the nurse's advocacy for patients with cognitive disorders?

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ensures that individuals with ______ have equal access to government services, employment, and public accommodations.

The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 requires that children with any type of ______ have access to free public education.

The Developmental Disabilities and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 provides federal funding to state, public, and nonprofit agencies that provide community-based ______ activities and education to individuals with developmental disabilities.

When working with individuals at risk for or experiencing alterations in cognitive function, nurses should anticipate collaborating with the patient, family, other members of the healthcare team, and potentially professionals from other disciplines, such as ______ and law.

Additional resources may be available through local chapters of organizations such as the Alzheimer’s Association, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, and the National Alliance on ______ Illness.

Which of the following laws ensures that individuals with disabilities have equal access to government services, employment, and public accommodations?

Which of the following professionals may be involved in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment planning of individuals with cognitive impairments or intellectual disabilities?

What is the primary purpose of the U.S. Administration on Developmental Disabilities?

Which of the following organizations may provide additional resources for individuals with cognitive impairments or intellectual disabilities?

What is the primary goal of collaborative therapies when working with individuals at risk for or experiencing alterations in cognitive function?

Nurses are responsible for educating family and caregivers about administering medications and their ______ effects.

Cognitive function is mediated by the interaction of ______ and experience, both of which provide the foundation for cognitive changes that occur across the lifespan.

Long-acting ______ formulations (e.g., extended-release tablets, transdermal drug patches) may enhance adherence.

Nurses must assess patients with cognitive alterations to determine their ability to ______-administer medication.

Drugs for treating neurocognitive disorders are primarily aimed at slowing further ______ changes and deterioration in functioning.

What is the primary goal of medication therapy in treating neurocognitive disorders?

What is a critical aspect of medication administration that nurses must assess in patients with cognitive alterations?

What is abenefit of using long-acting drug formulations in treating cognitive disorders?

What is a key aspect of lifespan considerations in cognitive function?

What is a critical role of nurses in medication administration for patients with cognitive disorders?

Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, emphasized the importance of social interaction in the development of ______.

Simple neuronal connections that shape ______ first occur shortly after the period of conception.

Rapid development of neuronal connections occurs during the first few years of life and corresponds with the process through which children assimilate new information, revise cognitive constructs through a process called ______, and form new thinking structures or schemes to facilitate adaptation.

One aspect of normal development is called ______, a process by which unused connections are remodeled or eliminated in order to strengthen cognitive efficiency.

During infancy and early childhood, for example, brains are primed for stimulation of visual pathways and ______.

According to Vygotsky, social interactions influence the formation of:

During brain development, what process eliminates unused connections to strengthen cognitive efficiency?

What influences the development of cognition from conception to adolescence?

What is critical for the development of complex schemes and movement from one stage of development to the next?

What is the primary consequence of insults during embryonic development?

Changes in activity in the ______ system are believed to account for increased sensation seeking and need for arousal.

Deficits in decision making can place adolescents at increased risk for ______.

Adolescents experiencing cognitive dysfunction are at increased risk for a number of problems, including ______, suicide, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior.

The social implications of cognitive disorders can have a devastating impact on ______ and peer relationships.

Teaching focuses on providing developmentally and cognitively appropriate information on issues such as ______, sexuality, adaptive coping, and management of the cognitive condition.

What is the primary factor that contributes to deficits in decision making among adolescents?

What is the consequence of new-onset cognitive dysfunction in adolescence?

What is the primary goal of teaching adolescents with cognitive alterations?

What is the impact of cognitive disorders on adolescents' social implications?

What is the primary role of dopamine in adolescent behavior?

Brain maturation, especially areas responsible for ______ function, are not fully mature until the mid- to late 20s.

Middle-aged adults demonstrate an enhanced ability to read other people’s ______ states.

Vocabulary and other elements of accumulated facts and knowledge have been found to peak even later in ______.

Research is mixed related to the impact of ______ and childbirth on maternal cognition.

Older adults typically have more difficulty with ______ functions, such as word retrieval and episodic memory.

What is the age range when brain maturation, especially areas responsible for executive function, is not fully complete?

Which cognitive function is enhanced in middle-aged adults?

What is the likely cause of reduced cognitive function in mothers after childbirth?

What is the result of modest shrinkage of brain tissue and decreased blood flow in older adults?

Which cognitive function is typically more difficult for older adults?

Incoherence/word salad/neologisms refer to speaking in meaningless phrases with words that are seemingly ______ chosen

Loose associations refer to a pattern of speech in which a person's ideas slip off track onto another unrelated or obliquely related ______

Tangentiality occurs when a person digresses from the ______ at hand and goes off on a tangent, starting an entirely new train of thought

Disorientation is characterized by difficulty with ______ attention

Hallucinations are a type of ______ disturbance

Illogicality refers to speech in which there is an absence of ______ and rationality

Memory problems can be addressed through ______ remediation

The Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) is a ______ interview-style exam that screens specifically for signs of delirium.

The Cornell Assessment of Pediatric Delirium is a validated, rapid ______ tool for screening children in intensive care for delirium.

The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a brief ______ that asks patients how they've felt over the past 7 days; it assesses for depression in older adults.

The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a ______ interview-style exam that assesses a patient's memory, language skills, attention level, and ability to engage in mental tasks.

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment is a ______ test that briefly assesses a patient's ability in a variety of cognitive domains.

The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) is a ______ examination that assesses the severity of depression in adult patients.

The Weinberg Depression Scale for Children and Adolescents (WDSCA) is modeled on the HRSD and adapted for children over age ______.

The Edinburgh Depression Scale is a validated ______ item questionnaire used to screen for the presence and severity of symptoms of postnatal depression.

The Nonverbal Learning Disabilities (NVLD) Scale assesses deficits in the areas of ______ skills, visuospatial skills, and interpersonal skills.

Which alteration is characterized by difficulty in interpreting environmental stimuli, thinking clearly and logically, and maintaining orientation to person, place, time, and situation?

What is the primary goal of therapy for individuals with alterations in perception and attention?

What is a characteristic of impaired attention?

Which of the following is NOT a component of normal perception?

What is the primary function of reality orientation and validation therapy?

What is the primary consequence of impairment in ability to recall information?

Which of the following is not a characteristic of normal cognition?

What is the primary function of internal stimuli in perception?

What is the primary role of dopamine in regulating attention?

What is the primary limitation of short-term memory?

Memory problems can lead to ______ in ability to recall information.

Individuals with memory problems may have difficulty with ______ finding and recognition.

Cognitive remediation involves providing ______ strategies and memory aids.

Memory problems can result in difficulty remembering ______ events.

Memory problems can also lead to difficulty remembering ______ events.

Perceptual disturbances/psychosis can be characterized by alterations in ability to interpret _______ stimuli.

Impaired attention is characterized by difficulty sustaining or directing _______ to focus.

Perceptual disturbances can result in _______ and disorientation.

Treatment for perceptual disturbances/psychosis includes identifying and treating the underlying _______ and reducing environmental stimulation.

Impaired attention can result in easily being _______ and avoiding situations that require sustained focus.

Which of the following speech patterns is characterized by a rapid flow of words with an extreme sense of urgency, making it nearly impossible to interrupt the person?

What is the term for speaking in meaningless phrases with words that are seemingly randomly chosen, often made up, and not connected?

Which of the following speech patterns is characterized by digressing from the topic at hand and going off on a tangent, starting an entirely new train of thought?

What is the term for speech that is characterized by an absence of reason and rationality?

Which of the following speech patterns is characterized by speaking little or responding briefly, with an absence of spontaneous speech?

Pattern of speech in which a person's ideas slip off track onto another unrelated or obliquely related topic is also known as _______________.

Speaking in meaningless phrases with words that are seemingly randomly chosen, often made up, and not connected is referred to as _______________.

A person who goes into excessive detail about an event and has difficulty getting to the point of the conversation is exhibiting _______________.

The opposite of pressured speech is characterized by the absence of spontaneous speech in an ordinary conversation and is referred to as _______________.

Speech in which there is an absence of reason and rationality is referred to as _______________.

What characteristic distinguishes delirium from dementia?

Which of the following is a common characteristic of depression?

What is the primary difference between delusions and hallucinations in delirium?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of dementia?

What is the primary difference between the outcome of delirium and dementia?

In delirium, le ______ es rapid e sudden.

In dementia, le ______ es slow e progressive.

Delirium es characterisate per ______ mood swings.

In depression, le ______ es episolodic.

In dementia, le ______ es affectate in le stato final de la maladia.

What is the primary etiology of dementia due to HIV?

What is the name of the dementing illness caused by HIV-1?

What is a characteristic of symptoms in the early stages of HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex?

What is the primary impact of HIV-1 on cognitive function?

What is a common feature of dementia due to HIV?

What is the primary consequence of HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex?

What is the relationship between cognitive function and motor coordination in individuals with HIV-1-associated cognitive/motor complex?

Which type of dementia is characterized by cognitive and motor slowing, impaired memory, and impaired executive functioning?

What is the typical age range for the onset of Huntington disease?

Which type of dementia is distinguished by the presence of Lewy bodies in the cortex and brainstem?

What is the most common neurobehavioral symptom following head trauma?

In which percentage of people with Parkinson disease is dementia reported?

What is the duration of Huntington disease typically?

What is the primary characteristic of Lewy body dementia in comparison to Alzheimer disease?

What is the typical course of dementia due to Parkinson disease?

Infection with HIV-1 produces a dementing illness called HIV-1-associated ______ complex.